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	Gregory VII - LoveToKnow Watches
		Hildebrand (the future pope) would seem to have been born in Tuscany - perhaps Raovacum - early in the third decade of the 11th century.
		The reprimands of the pope, couched as they were in such an unprecedented form, infuriated Henry and his court, and their answer was the hastily convened national council in Worms, which met on the 24th of January 1076.
		The communication of these decisions to the pope was undertaken by the priest Roland of Parma, and he was fortunate enough to gain an opportunity for speech in the synod, which had barely assembled in the Lateran church, and there to deliver his message announcing the dethronement of the pontiff.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Gregory_VII (5636 words)

	Pope Gregory VII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Upon the death of Leo IX, Hildebrand was sent as a Roman envoy to the German court to conduct negotiations regarding his successor.
		When Pope Stephen IX was elected without previous consultation with the German court, Hildebrand and Bishop Anselm of Lucca were sent to Germany to secure a belated recognition and he succeeded in gaining the consent of the empress Agnes de Poitou.
		The reprimands of the pope, couched as they were in such an unprecedented form, infuriated Henry and his court, and their answer was the hastily convened national council in Worms, Germany, which met on January 24, 1076.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Hildebrand (3007 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Gregory VII
		Later, on the same day, Hildebrand was conducted to the church of San Pietro in Vincoli, and there elected in legal form by the assembled cardinals, with the due consent of the Roman clergy and amid the repeated acclamations of the people.
		Hildebrand was clearly the man of the hour, his austere virue commanded respect, his genius admiration; and the prompitude and unanimity with which he was chosen would indicate, rather, a general recognition of his fitness for the high office.
		During the year 1074 the pope's mind was also greatly occupied by the project of an expedition to the East for the deliverance of the Oriental Christians from the oppression of the Seljuk Turks.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06791c.htm (3362 words)

	Pope Nicholas II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicholas II (died July 19 or July 27, 1061), born Gérard de Bourgogne, Pope from 1059 to July 1061, was at the time of his election Bishop of Florence.
		Meanwhile, Peter Damian and Bishop Anselm of Lucca had been sent by Nicholas II to Milan to adjust the difference between the Patarenes and the archbishop and clergy.
		After Pope Nicholas II's Death in July 1061 there would be a reform of papal elections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II (365 words)

	pope gregory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		When Pope Stephen X was elected, without previous consultation with the German court, Hildebrand and Bishop Anselm of Lucca were sent to Germany to secure a belated recognition, and he succeeded in gaining the consent of the empress Agnes de Poitou.
		Pope Gregory did this at a time when he himself was confronted by a reckless opponent in the person of Cencius, who on Christmas-night surprised him in church and carried him off as a prisoner, though on the following day Pope Gregory was released.
		Pope Gregory had no power to compel the English king to an alteration in his ecclesiastical policy, so he chose to ignore what he could not approve, and even considered it advisable to assure him of his particular affection.
	www.crusades-history.com /Pope-Gregory.aspx (2778 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Gregory VII
		Cardinal Hildebrand was elected pope on April 22, 1073, and Pope Gregory VII was consecrated pontiff on June 30, 1073.
		Pope Gregory VII remained neutral in the civil war that followed in Germany; but in 1079 Pope Gregory VII decreed that King Henry IV be deposed when it became clear that King Henry IV would not cooperate with the forces working for peace in the empire.
		Pope Gregory VII died in 1085 and was interred in Saint Matthew Church in Salerno.
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopeGregoryVII.htm (421 words)

	Pope Gregory VII
		Hildebrand (the future pope) would seem to have been born in Tuscany -- perhaps Raovacum -- early in the third decade of the 11th century.
		The reign of Nicholas II (1059-61) was distinguished by events which exercised a potent influence on the policy of the Curia during the next two decades -- the rapprochement with the Normans in the south of Italy, and the alliance with the democratic and, subsequently, anti-German movement of the Patarenes in the north.
		Under the sway of Pope Alexander II (1061-73) this man loomed larger and larger in the eye of his contemporaries as the soul of the Curial policy.
	www.nndb.com /people/953/000091680 (5170 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Schaff, 1910 edition with power search.
		It is strange that Hildebrand, who abhorred simony, should begin his public career in the service of a simonist; but he regarded Gregory as the only legitimate pope among the three rivals, and followed him, as his chaplain, to Germany into exile.
		On his return, Hildebrand, with the help of Duke Godfrey, expelled the usurping pope, and secured, with the consent of the empress, the election of Gerhard, bishop of Florence, a strong reformer, of ample learning and irreproachable character, who assumed the name of Nicolas II.
		A far-reaching act of this council was the transfer of the election of a pope to the "cardinal-bishops" and "cardinal-clergy."15 At the pope’s death the initiative was to be taken by the cardinal-bishops.
	www.bible.ca /history/philip-schaff/5_ch01.htm (5068 words)

	Medieval Church History - Cutting Edge Ministries
		One notable occurrence is the crowning of Nicholas I as Pope.
		The Pope had assured the earthly monarchs that his power continued to embrace both the spiritual and the temporal, although the temporal is loaned to the monarch to wield on behalf of the people of his jurisdiction.
		Clement V became Pope around A.D. The seat of the papacy was moved from Rome to Avignon, France, and remained in France until A.D. This new dispensation of Church history is known as the period of the Babylonish Captivity as the papacy is said to have become largely submissive and dependent to the French King.
	pws.prserv.net /cuttingedge/Medieval.htm (19598 words)

	The High Middle Ages, a Time of Faith and
		Pope Leo IX brought him back to Rome, ordained him a deacon, made him a cardinal, and thereafter he was made the administrator of the property of the Church in Rome and became an advisor to succeeding popes in the reform of the Church.
		Under Pope Nicholas II (1059-1061), Hildebrand was named archdeacon of the Roman Church, and during this time a constitution was drawn up for the election of new popes.
		He declared the pope deposed and sent a decree to Rome which was addressed "to Hildebrand, not pope, but false monk." Pope Gregory VII immediately excommunicated the emperor and declared that Henry's subjects no longer owed him obedience.
	catholiceducation.org /articles/history/world/wh0066.html (6383 words)

	January 27: Nine Rounds to the Knockout
		According to their allegations, Hildebrand had sworn to Henry III (now dead) never to become pope; he had been elected unlawfully; he had dealt with a high hand toward bishops in four nations; he was accepting the counsel of women; and he had violated an election decree established in 1059.
		Hildebrand was commanded to step down and his bishops told to appear before the king to elect a new pope.
		Hildebrand excommunicated Henry and absolved Henry's subjects of loyalty to the emperor.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2001/01/daily-01-27-2001.shtml (793 words)

	VICTOR II
		Hildebrand had been in France working for reform and in Leo's name investigating a heretic named Berengarius.
		Therefore, Hildebrand persuaded the Romans to hold up the election and send him to ask Emperor Henry to give the Romans a pope of their choice.
		The Pope helped Henry on his death bed, and after this untimely death Victor did much for the Empress Agnes and her boy Emperor Henry IV, who was only six years old.
	www.cfpeople.org /books/pope/POPEp151.htm (512 words)

	History of the Mass (13histot.htm)
		Thus, the next morning the holy man Hildebrand, the monk from Tuscany, who had greatly influenced the curia in the reform movement as secretary to five popes, was unanimously selection as the one hundred and fifty seventh successor to Peter.
		Hildebrand chose the name Pope Gregory VII in deference to the last Gregory Pope Gregory VI who had bestowed minor orders on the young Hildebrand as the new pontiff's mentor in 1046.
		This installment was dedicated to the papacy of just one pope because of the impact Gregory VII played in the History of the Mass and Holy Mother Church, replacing the Mozarabic rite in Spain with the Roman rite and setting fixed Ember days for fasting throughout the universal Church.
	www.dailycatholic.org /hist/13histot.htm (2438 words)

	Pope Nicholas II
		He was set up by Hildebrand, with the support of the empress-regent Agnes and of the powerful Duke Godfrey of Lorraine, against Benedict X, the nominee of the Roman nobles, and was crowned at Rome, after the expulsion of Benedict, on the 24th of January 1059.
		Pope Nicholas, moreover, had offended the German bishops by what they regarded as arbitrary interference with their rights: he had refused to send the pallium of Archbishop Siegfried of Mainz; he had sent a sharp letter of admonition to Archbishop Anno of Cologne.
		Personally he was one of the least important of the popes, and the great importance of the events of his pontificate is due to the fact that, as Pietro Damiani wrote, he possessed in Hildebrand, Cardinal Humbert and Bishop Boniface of Albano acutissimi et perspicacis oculi.
	www.nndb.com /people/517/000103208 (423 words)

	Eureka -- Vol 3-- Chap 13: sec 31
		But though the utmost licentiousness reigned in "the Eternal City," where six popes were deposed, two murdered, and one mutilated, the temporal power of the clergy generally was cherished and exalted by the superstition or policy of the Saxon dynasty, which blindly depended on their moderation, and fidelity to the imperial crown.
		The personal and local conflicts of the popes in the tenth century, left them no leisure, if they had possessed the capacity, to perfect the great system of temporal supremacy which was to deprive the emperors of their prerogatives pertaining to the ecclesiastical affairs of the empire.
		Pope Nicolas II, published a decree in A.D. 1059, which restored the right of nomination and election to the Cardinals of Rome; but leaving the confirmation of the pope elect to Henry, "now king and hereafter to become emperor," and to such of his successors as should personally obtain that privilege.
	www.west.net /~antipas/eureka/eureka_3/c13_s31.html (3661 words)

	GREGORY VII - Online Information article about GREGORY VII
		Roland of Parma, and he was fortunate enough to gain an opportunity for speech in the synod, which had barely assembled in the Lateran church, and there to deliver his message announcing the dethronement of the pontiff.
		pain of excommunication, all lands of the church, held by him as fiefs from princes or clerics; and that, henceforward, the assent of the pope, the archbishop, andc., was requisite for any investiture of ecclesiastical property.
		metropolitan; after which the consent of the pope or archbishop was to be procured; if ahy violation of these injunctions occurred, the election should be null and void and the right of choice pass to the pope or metropolitan.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /GRA_GUI/GREGORY_VII.html (5874 words)

	EWTN - Document Library - www.ewtn.com
		Hildebrand quotes Pope John XXIII for his reply: "The Church must imprint her seal on every age and nation, not the other way around.
		Pope Paul VI has written: "Like Christ himself, his minister is wholly and solely intent on the things of God and the Church, and he imitates the great High Priest who stands in the presence of God ever living to make intercession for us...
		Hildebrand demonstrates how the thoroughly secularized mentality that causes so many Christians to question the veracity of long established dogmas of the Church is at the root of the attempt to overturn her discipline and training for the priesthood.
	www.ewtn.com /library/PRIESTS/HILDEBRA.HTM (2480 words)

	GraciousCall.org books
		Hildebrand was convinced that, however unworthy personally, he was, in his official character, the successor of Peter, and as such the vicar of Christ in the militant Church.
		The stern old pope, as hard as a rock and as cold as the snow, refused admittance, notwithstanding the earnest entreaties of Matilda and Hugo, till he was satisfied that the cup of humiliation was drained to the dregs, or that further resistance would be impolitic.
		The pope had no need to protest his innocence, and had referred the charges against the king to a German tribunal; the king had previously promised him to appear before this tribunal; his present purpose was simply to get rid of the interdict, so as to be free to act.
	www.graciouscall.org /books/history/5_ch02.shtml (13694 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Investiture Contests
		Pope Gregory VII, however, refused to recognize anything divine about the lay rulers and contended that popes alone had the power to appoint and depose not only bishops but kings and emperors also.
		To underline this, Pope Gregory VII excommunicated and deposed Henry IV.
		In the Concordat, Henry V gave up lay investiture and the pope conceded to the emperor the privilege of bestowing the symbols of territorial and administrative jurisdiction.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/invest.html (491 words)

	Eleventh century history of the church
		was that the Orthodox denied the supremacy of the Pope.
		The Roman Catholic Church maintains that the Pope the successor of Peter, the head of the entire Church before the split and after the Schism.
		The personal excommunications were mutually rescinded by the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople in the 1960s, although the schism is not at all healed.
	biblia.com /history/eleven.htm (1355 words)

	Saints of May 25
		Hildebrand, as papal legate to France, mediated between Lanfranc and Berengarius of Tours during the controversy over the Eucharist.
		Hildebrand was influential in securing the election of Bishop Gebhard of Eichstaett as Pope Victor II in 1055, was papel legate to Empress-Regent Agnes of Germany's court in 1057 to get her to accept the election of Pope Stephen, and helped secure the election of Bishop Gerhard of Florence as Pope Nicholas II in 1059.
		During the Nicholas's pontificate, Hildebrand was instrumental in the publication of the papal decree mandating that the election of popes was to be vested in the college of cardinals and was responsible for negotiating a treaty of alliance with the Normans in the Treaty of Melfi in 1059.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0525.htm (5456 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Leo IX
		Chosen 151st pope with the support of the Roman citizens and Henry III of Germany.
		Leo brought his reforming, disciplinary ways to the Church as a whole, reforming houses and parishes, fighting simony, enforcing clerical celibacy, encouraging liturgical development and the use of chant.
		He received the nickname of Pilgrim Pope due to his travels through Europe, enforcing his reforms, insisting that his bishops, clergy, and councils follow suit.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/saintl13.htm (326 words)

	Holy Spirit Interactive: Catholic Saints - St. Gregory VII
		But when Pope Alexander II died, the cardinals made up their minds to elect Hildebrand pope.
		With one voice they cried out: "Hildebrand is the elect of St. Peter!" "They carried me to the throne," the saint wrote afterward.
		Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand) is known for his tremendous personal courage.
	www.holyspiritinteractive.net /dailysaint/may/0525.asp (419 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Pope Gregory VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Gregory VII, the pope who carried the Church through the tumults of the Investiture Contest, was a complex figure, ill-understood in either his own day or ours.
		When Pope Stephenandnbsp;X was elected, without previous consultation with the German court, Hildebrand and Bishop Anselm of Lucca were sent to Germany to secure a belated recognition, and he succeeded in gaining the consent of the empress Agnes de Poitou.
		When Nicholas II died and was succeeded by Pope Alexanderandnbsp;II, Hildebrand loomed larger in the eyes of his contemporaries as the soul of Curial policy.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/pope_gregory_vii (3442 words)

	Latin Mass Magazine, in support of traditional Roman Catholicism
		It pertains to the rift between Pope Pius XII and the then Bishop Montini (the future Paul VI) who was his Undersecretary of State.
		The Pope resisted giving credence to this rumor until he was given incontrovertible evidence that Montini had been corresponding with various Soviet agencies.
		The Pope sent word that the document should be placed in the offices of the Congregation for the Clergy, specifically in a safe with a double lock.
	www.latinmassmagazine.com /present.asp (3213 words)

	Holy Spirit Interactive Kids: A Saint a Day - St. Gregory VII
		There he was given very important positions under five popes until he himself was made pope.
		Then, once again, the emperor sent his armies to capture Pope Gregory and the pope was forced to leave Rome.
		Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand) is known for his fantastic courage.
	www.holyspiritinteractive.net /kids/saints/0525.asp (415 words)

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