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Topic: Pope Innocent VI

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	Pope Innocent VI
		Innocent VI, given name Étienne Aubert, Roman Catholic Pope from the 18th of December 1352 to the 12th of September 1362, was born at Mons in Limousin.
		On the death of Pope Clement VI, the cardinals made a solemn agreement imposing obligations, mainly in favor of the college as a whole, on whichever of their number should be elected pope.
		Innocent was one of the best Avignon popes and filled with reforming zeal; he revoked the reservations and commendations of his predecessor and prohibited pluralities; urged upon the higher clergy the duty of residence in their sees, and diminished the luxury of the papal court.
	www.nndb.com /people/147/000094862 (439 words)

	Pope Innocent X
		Innocent confiscated their property, and on 19 February, 1646, issued a Bull ordaining that all cardinals who had left or should leave the Ecclesiastical States without papal permission and should not return within six months, should be deprived of their ecclesiastical benefices and eventually of the cardinalate itself.
		Innocent aided the Venetians financially against the Turks in the struggle for Candia, while the Venetians on their part allowed Innocent free scope in filling the vacant episcopal sees in their territory, a right which they had previously claimed for themselves.
		Innocent X was a lover of justice and his life was blameless; he was, however, often irresolute and suspicious.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_x,pope.html (934 words)

	Pope Innocent VI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On the death of Clement VI, after the cardinals had each bound themselves to a particular line of policy should he be elected, Aubert was chosen (December 18, 1352), taking the name of Innocent VI; one of the first acts of his pontificate was to declare the pact to have been illegal and null.
		It was largely through the exertions of Innocent VI that the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) between France and England was brought about.
		Innocent VI was a liberal patron of letters, and, if the extreme severity of his measures against the Fraticelli are ignored, he retains a high reputation for justice and mercy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI (349 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent VI
		Pope Innocent VI Born at Mont in the Diocese of Limoges (France);
		Innocent VI sought to terminate the war between France and England, and finally through his intervention the Peace of Brétigny was concluded in 1360.
		To protect the papal residence against the bands of freebooters that were then devastating France, Innocent increased the fortifications of Avignon; but before these were completed he was attacked and constrained to buy off his assailants by an enormous ransom.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08018b.htm (757 words)

	Avignon papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pope Gregory XI In 1378 the seat was moved back to while a disputing party continued to honor bishop in Avignon as the head of church.
		Popes such as John XXII Benedict XII and Clement VI reportedly spent fortunes on expensive wardrobe at banquets silver and gold plates were Overall the public life of leading church resembled more those of princes rather than of the clergy.
		Although the Pope was French born still under strong influence by the French the increasing conflict between factions friendly and to the Pope posed a threat to Papal lands and to the allegiance of itself.
	www.freeglossary.com /Avignon_Papacy (2695 words)

	Pope Innocent VI
		The new pope also gave immediate proofs of the thoroughly ecclesiastical spirit which was to animate his policy.
		Pope Innocent viewed favourably the imperial coronation of the German king, Charles IV, at Rome, but at the same time exacted from him a solemn pledge that be would leave Rome the very day on which the ceremony would take place.
		Innocent VI sought to terminate the war between France and England, and finally through his intervention the Peace of Brétigny was concluded in 1360.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_vi,pope.html (772 words)

	Avignon - France.com
		Avignon became the residence of the Pope in 1309, at which time the town and the surrounding Comtat Venaissin was under the rule of the kings of Sicily (the house of Anjou).
		In 1348 Pope Clement VI bought it from Queen Joanna I of Sicily for 80,000 gold gulden, and it remained a papal possession until 1791, when, during the disorder of the French Revolution, it was incorporated with France.
		Pope Gregory XI This period from 1309-1377 was also called the Babylonian Captivity, in reference to the Israelites' enslavement in biblical times.
	www.france.com /docs/546.html (799 words)

	Pope Innocent IV Summary
		Innocent was particularly concerned with the Tartars, and he sent a papal envoy to the ruler of the Mongol empire.
		Innocent IV, severely ill with pleurisy, died in Naples on December 7, 1254, and was buried in a tomb at the Basilica of Santa Restituta in Naples.
		Pope Innocent IV (Genoa, 1180/90 – Naples, December 7, 1254), born Sinibaldo de Fieschi, Pope from 1243 to 1254, belonged to the feudal nobility of Liguria, the Fieschi, counts of Lavagna.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Innocent_IV (1778 words)

	Pope Innocent III
		Pope (1198-1216), who is generally considered the most capable and effective of the medieval popes.
		When Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI died in 1197, Innocent used the opportunity to assert the pope's right to examine candidates to the throne and to arbitrate between rivals.
		Innocent's most controversial ventures were the two Crusades that he declared.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/demons/biblic/popeinnocent3.htm (622 words)

	Avignon - France.com
		Pope Gregory XI This period from 1309-1377 was also called the Babylonian Captivity of the popes.
		Several synods of minor importance were held there, and its university, founded by Pope Boniface VIII in 1303 and famed as a seat of legal studies, flourished until the French Revolution.
		The walls built by the popes in the years immediately succeeding the acquisition of Avignon as papal territory are well preserved.
	www.france.com /docs/90.html (289 words)

	Papacy in the Late Middle Ages - Knox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		They agreed also that the new pope could not depose any of them, that their number would be capped at sixteen, and that no property could be sold without their approval.
		Innocent was one of the better popes of the 14th century.
		Innocent was faced with military concerns at home, too, because of the routiers plaguing southern France.
	www.boisestate.edu /courses/latemiddleages/papacy/10.shtml (509 words)

	Provence-Hideaways
		Pope Boniface VIII wanted to be recognized also as the supreme wordly power (the Unam Sanctam decree), which was rejected by Philippe IV, who even incarcerated the pope for a while.
		Pope Clement VI: 1342—1352, born in 1291 as Pierre Roger in a small village in the Corrèze, a Benedictine monk and doctor of theology.
		Pope Urban V: 1362—1370, born in 1310 as Guillaume Grimoard in Grizac, Languedoc, became a Benedictine monk and one of the most renowned professors of canon law, teaching in Montpellier, Avignon and Paris.
	www.provence-hideaway.com /218.html (2109 words)

	Pope Innocent III
		Pope Innocent III was born "Lothar of Segni", in 1160 or 1161.
		According to Innocent III's estimation, heresy was seen as "high treason committed against the divine majesty." (13) In fairness to Innocent, it must be stated that although he demonstrated cruel retribution on some "heretics", he also demonstrated farsightedness with others, stating that what really mattered was the "real faith" of those charged.
		Innocent III successfully hand-picked the succession of Frederick, he placed England and her king, John, under the Interdict as a result over the squabble surrounding Stephen Langton, and he secured several nation states as fiefs for the Holy See.
	www.goodnewsiowacity.com /pope_innocent_iii.htm (2155 words)

	Pope Paul III Summary
		Pope Paul III (February 29, 1468 – November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope from 1534 to 1549.
		Under Pope Clement VII (1523–34) he became Cardinal Bishop of Portus (Ostia) and dean of the College of Cardinals, and on the death of Clement VII in 1534, was elected as Pope Paul III.
		Paul III was in earnest in the matter of improving the ecclesiastical situation, and on June 2, 1536, he issued a papal bull convoking a general council to sit at Mantua in 1537.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Paul_III (1866 words)

	December 29 - January 3, 1999 THE HISTORY OF THE MASS AND HOLY MOTHER CHURCH: (29dechis.htm)
		Innocent reasoned that by cutting back the extravagance at Avignon it would also show the papacy was doing their part as well.
		To assure their protection, Innocent VI also drew up an agreement with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV that called for the latter to march into Rome as a show of force and then leave as quickly as he had come.
		It was left to the sixth and seventh of the Avignon Popes to restore a papacy badly wracked by war and dissent.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/98Dec/29dechis.htm (1181 words)

	November 9, 1999 LITURGY: (nov9lit.htm)
		It was so devastating that when Pope Gregory XI returned from exile in Avignon in the 1370's, he moved both the residential palace and the head of the See from the Caelian Hill to Vatican Hill which the Roman Senate had donated to the Pope.
		It was left to Pope Sixtus V to have the ruins of the Lateran torn down and in its place replaced them with late-Renaissance structures which he commissioned architect Domenico Fontana to construct.
		Pope Saint Leo the Great who became the 45th in the line of Peter when he was chosen to succeed Sixtus III on September 29, 440.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/99Nov/nov9lit.htm (1665 words)

	Papal Encyclicals Online
		Motu Proprio with which Pope Benedict XVI reinstates the traditional norms for the majority required to elect the Supreme Pontiff, June 11, 2007 [Latin]
		[Apostolic Letter] by Pope Leo XIII in which he sought to safeguard the significance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church.
		[Encyclical] of Pope Pius XI promulgated on December 20, 1935 1740.
	www.papalencyclicals.net (530 words)

	Pope
		The Pope's role is kind of like that of a chairman of a board, or captain of a football team, with the other team players being the bishops.
		Pope Innocent VII (1484-1492) and Pope Leo X (1513-1521) were from the Borgia and Medici families which were kind of like the Sopranos of the middle ages.
		Basically, the biggest reason that the Pope was head of his own country is that it is important that the Church not be interferred with by any other political leaders and if the head of the Church was in a country governed by a political leader it would be vulnerable to outside interference.
	www.davidmacd.com /catholic/pope.htm (4676 words)

	Avignon Papacy
		This nick-name is polemical, in that it refers to the claim by critics that the fabulous prosperity of the church at this time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the Papacy's spiritual integrity, especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the Frankish emperor.
		Boniface VIII was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 to 1303.
		The popes who immediately succeeded him were completely under the influence of the kings of France, and removed the Papal seat from Rome to Avignon, sometimes known as the Babylonian Captivity.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/avignon_papacy.htm (1125 words)

	Interesting Facts
		The names in Italics without numbers belong to the Popes that have never been acknowledged and are considered to be Anti-popes.
		Pope Luciani was the first Pope in history to name himself with a double name.
		"This morning, September 29, 1978, the Pope's private secretary, as he usually did, went to look for him in his private chapel, since the Pope was not there the secretary went to his room and found him dead in bed, with the lights still on, as if he was reading".
	www.popechart.com /Popelist.htm (182 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Innocent VI, Pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pope Innocent VI Reigned from 18 December 1352 to 12 September 1362.
		Born c.1287 near Pompadour, Limoges, France as Etienne Aubert; died on 12 September 1362 at Avignon, France.
		As pope he banished luxury from his court and commanded visiting clergy to leave Avignon and repair to their "respective places of residence.
	www.catholic-forum.com /SAINTS/ncd00217.htm (111 words)

	Popes
		Unfortunately Innocent was too old and sick to have the necessary energy.
		Innocent resumed the work of Benedict XII in reforming religious orders.
		Brigit of Sweden declared that "Pope Innocent, more abominable than Jewish usurers, a greater traitor than Judas, more cruel than Pilate, has been cast into hell like a weighty stone." Historians do not endorse this harsh judgment of the Swedish mystic, who, though she was a saint, sometimes said more than her prayers.
	gallery.euroweb.hu /database/glossary/popes/innoce06.html (479 words)

	Avignon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In 1309 the city was chosen by Pope Clement V as his residence when the city and the surrounding Comtat Venaissin were ruled by the kings of Sicily from the house of Anjou, and from 9 March 1309 till 13 January 1377 was the seat of the Papacy instead of Eternal Rome.
		The popes were followed to Avignon by agents (factores) of the great Italian banking-houses, who settled in the city as money-changers, as intermediaries between the Apostolic Chamber and its debtors, living in the most prosperous quarters of the city, which was known as the Exchange.
		Its summit is occupied by a public garden and, to the south of this, are the cathedral of Notre-Dame des Doms and the Palace of the Popes.
	en.filepoint.de /info/Avignon (3628 words)

	Avignon Papacy - Pope Innocent VI - Palace of the Popes - Pope Innocent 6
		Avignon Papacy - Pope Innocent VI - Palace of the Popes - Pope Innocent 6
		Overwhelmed by too many worries, Innocent VI's health declined and he died on September 12, 1362.
		The Popes - Clement V - Jean XXII - Benoit XII - Clement VI - Innocent VI
	www.avignon-et-provence.com /avignon-tourism/popes-avignon/pope-innocent-vi.htm (198 words)

	Gibbon (Edward) History of Decline and Fall of Roman Empire Summary
		Pope Leo IX leads expedition against Normans and is defeated 1053 by Richard of Aversa and Robert Guiscard (one of several sons of Tancred, dies 1085); Humphrey.
		The death of a pope often led to controversy and war, until right of cardinals to elect them is established by Alexander III 1179.
		Popes often fled the dangers of Rome to France and to Anagni, Perugia, and Viterbo.
	www.mcgoodwin.net /pages/otherbooks/eg_declinefall.html (5750 words)

	St. Thomas Aquinas Biography
		His family was related to the Emperors Henry VI and Frederick II, and to the Kings of Aragon, Castile, and France.
		Innocent IV examined closely into his motives in joining the Friars Preachers, dismissed him with a blessing, and forbade any further interference with his vocation.
		Pope Innocent VI (quoted in the encyclical, Aeterni Patris, of Leo XIII) declared that, with the exception of the canonical writings, the works of St. Thomas surpass all others in "accuracy of expression and truth of statement" (habet proprietatem verborum, modum dicendorum, veritatem sententiarum).
	www.edocere.org /st_thomas_aquinas_bio.htm (9874 words)

	Saints of December 19
		It is from Pope Anastasius that priests have the instruction to read the Gospels standing and bowing their heads.
		Pope Clement VI appointed him abbot of St. Germain, Auxerre, in 1352, and nine years later Pope Innocent VI appointed him abbot of St. Victor, Marseilles, and legate to Queen Joanna of Naples.
		On September 28, 1362, he was on a papal mission to Naples when he learned that Innocent VI had died and that he himself had been elected pope, though he was not a cardinal.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/1219.htm (1423 words)

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