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Topic: Pope Innocent X

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	Pope Innocent X
		Innocent aided the Venetians financially against the Turks in the struggle for Candia, while the Venetians on their part allowed Innocent free scope in filling the vacant episcopal sees in their territory, a right which they had previously claimed for themselves.
		Both Urban VIII and Innocent X, in deference to Spain, refused to acknowledge the new king and withheld their approbation from the bishops nominated by him.
		But the pope seemed to be unable to get along without her, and at her instance Astalli was deprived of the purple and removed from the Vatican.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_x,pope.html (961 words)

	Pope Innocent X - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Innocent X confiscated their property, and on February 19, 1646, issued a bull ordaining that all cardinals who might leave the Papal States for six months without express papal permission, should be deprived of their benefices and eventually of their cardinalate itself.
		Innocent X objected to the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia, against which his nuncio in his name vainly protested, and against which he issued the bull Zelo Domus Dei in November 1648, which was ignored by the European Powers.
		Innocent X died January 5, 1655, and was succeeded by Pope Alexander VII (1655–67).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Innocent_X (901 words)

	Pope Innocent XI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Personally not unfriendly to Molinos, Innocent XI nevertheless yielded to the enormous pressure brought to bear upon him to confirm in 1687 the judgement of the inquisitors by which sixty-eight Molinist propositions were condemned as blasphemous and heretical.
		In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and inaugurated a cruel persecution of the Protestants.
		It was due to Innocent XI's earnest and incessant exhortations that the German Estates and King John III of Poland (1674–96) in 1683 hastened to the relief of Vienna which was being besieged by the Turks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI (1502 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Pope Innocent X
		Innocent X born Giovanni Battista Pamphili (May 6, 1574 – January 5, 1655) was Pope from 1644 to 1655.
		In a conclave that was bitterly contested between the parties of France and Spain, with the assent of the French cardinals, Cardinal Pamphili was chosen to succeed Urban VIII as Pope on September 15, 1644.
		Innocent X died January 5, 1655, and was succeeded by Alexander VII.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X (551 words)

	pope innocent iii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Pope Innocent III made use of the weakness of Frederick II (who was four) to reassert papal power in Sicily, and acknowledged Frederick II as king only after the surrender of the privileges of the Four Chapters, which William I of Sicily had previously extorted from Pope Adrian IV.
		Pope Innocent III called for the Fourth Crusade in 1198, directing the call towards the knights and nobles of Europe, rather than the kings (he preferred that neither Richard I of England and Philip II of France, who were still engaged in war, nor his German enemies, participate).
		Pope Innocent III excommunicated the Venetians in return, and although he was not pleased with the means by which it was done, he accepted the end result of the temporary reunification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches after the Great Schism of 1054.
	www.crusades-history.com /Pope-Innocent-III.aspx (1062 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent X
		Innocent confiscated their property, and on 19 February, 1646, issued a Bull ordaining that all cardinals who had left or should leave the Ecclesiastical States without papal permission and should not return within six months, should be deprived of their ecclesiastical benefices and eventually of the cardinalate itself.
		The duke was forced to resign the administration of his district to the pope, who undertook to satisfy the creditors.
		Innocent X was a lover of justice and his life was blameless; he was, however, often irresolute and suspicious.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08020b.htm (884 words)

	Pope Innocent X
		Innocent X, given name Giovanni Battista Pamfili, was born in Rome on the 6th of May 1574, served successively as auditor of the Rota, nuncio to Naples, legate apostolic to Spain, was made cardinal in 1627, and succeeded Urban VIII as pope on the 15th of September 1644.
		Evidences of the change were numerous: Innocent promoted pro-Spanish cardinals; attacked the Barberini, protégés of Jules Mazarin, and sequestered their possessions; aided in quieting an insurrection in Naples, fomented by the Duke of Guise; and refused to recognize the independence of Portugal, then at war with Spain.
		Innocent died on the 7th of January 1655, and was succeeded by Pope Alexander VII.
	www.nndb.com /people/186/000094901 (323 words)

	Biography – Pope Innocent X – The Papal Library
		Innocent X was born at Rome, on the 7th of March, 1572, of a very noble family, originally of Gubbio.
		Innocent continued to embellish Saint John Lateran and its approaches; he also assigned funds for perfecting the interior of Saint Peter's; he laid the floor of the naves with precious marbles, and he ornamented the chapels with bas-reliefs by the most skillful masters.
		Innocent determined to share the glories of Sixtus V by erecting in the Piazza Navona an obelisk of red granite adorned with hieroglyphics, fifty-one feet high, which Caracalla had brought from Egypt and set up at the baths.
	www.saint-mike.org /Library/Papal_Library/InnocentX/Biography.html (4581 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Pope Innocent X (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Innocent X, Giovanni Battista Pamphili, Pope from 1644 to 1655, was born in Rome in 1574, attained the dignity of cardinal in 1629.
		With the help of French influence was chosen to succeed Urban VIII as Pope on September 15, 1644.
		He was one of the most politically shrewd Pontifs of the era, and much increased the temporal power of the Vatican.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/po/Pope_Innocent_X (235 words)

	Pope Innocent X: biography and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The pope is the catholic bishop and patriarch of rome, and head of the roman catholic church and the eastern catholic churches....
		A papal election is the method by which the roman catholic church fills the office of bishop of rome, whose incumbent is known as the pope....
		Innocent X died January 5, EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/pope_innocent_x.htm (1724 words)

	Portrait of Innocent X by VELÁZQUEZ, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y
		Pope Innocent, aged seventy-five at the time, was a man of remarkable vigour, with a great capacity for work and a hot and violent temper.
		The Pope is seated in a red armchair, which is picked out from the opulent red of the curtain behind it by its gilded ornamentation.
		The portrait of Pope Innocent X is by common consent one of the world's supreme masterpieces of portraiture, unsurpassed in its breathtaking handling of paint.
	www.wga.hu /html/v/velazque/07/0711vela.html (447 words)

	Diego Velázquez. Pope Innocent X. - Olga's Gallery
		On 15 September Pamfili was elected, and ascended the papal throne as Innocent X. During his hold of the post the papal relations with France aggravated to such an extent that France invaded the Ecclesiastical States.
		Innocent X aided the Venetians financially against the Turks in the struggle for Candia, while the Venetians on their part allowed Innocent to fill the episcopal vacancies in their territory, a right which they had previously claimed for themselves.
		Innocent X, as his predecessor Urban VIII, refused to acknowledge the new independent kingdom of Portugal and its newly elected king and did not give his approbation to the bishops nominated by the king.
	www.abcgallery.com /V/velazquez/velazquez46.html (274 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent III
		Innocent's exposition of his theory concerning the relation between the papacy and the empire was accepted by many princes, as is apparent from the sudden increase of
		The same legate was instructed by the pope to threaten Philip Augustus with interdict over the whole of France if within a month he would not be reconciled with his lawful wife, Ingeburga of Denmark, whom he had rejected and in whose stead he had taken Agnes, daughter of the Duke of Meran.
		right of electing the Archbishop of Canterbury, Innocent decided in favour of the monks, but in the present case he pronounced both elections invalid; that of Reginald because it had been made uncanonically and clandestinely, that of John de Grey because it had occurred before the invalidity of the former was proclaimed by the pope.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08013a.htm (4174 words)

	Some important popes
		Born in Canino, in the province of Viterbo.
		His importance as a pope is due to him launching the Counter-Reformation, during which the Catholic Church underwent a revival in order to combat the rise of the Protestant faith in the countries of Northern Europe.
		When he was reminded that, under a senatorial decree, statues of popes could only be erected after their death, he replied that the rule didn't apply to men of his stature.
	www.inforoma.it /feature.php?lookup=popes (435 words)

	Pope Innocent X: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Pope Innocent X: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Innocent X had great qualities: a kindly, peaceable disposition, frugal habits and—strange as it may seem in view of his treatment of the Barberini—a strong sense of justice.
		Two geniuses, Velazquez and Bernini, both at the height of their artistry, have left us contemporaneous portraits of Innocent X. They were both profound psychologists and uncannily proficient, the one with his brush and the other with his chisel, at rendering the personality of their sitters.
	www.pickle-publishing.com /papers/triple-crown-innocent-x.htm (2040 words)

	Pope Innocent X (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Innocent confiscated their property and February 19 1646 issued a Bull ordaining all cardinals who might leave the Papal States for six months without express papal should be deprived of their benefices and of their cardinalate itself.
		During the papacy of Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini 1568-1644) whose princely rival the College of Cardinals was Giovanni Battista Antonio Barberini the pope's brother was a who had begun his career with the brothers.
		About 1635 at the height of Thirty Years War between Protestants and Catholics in Germany which the Papacy was intricately involved Cardinal commissioned a painting of the combattive archangel trampling Satan (the source of heresy and error) for the church of old Order.
	www.freeglossary.com /Pope_Innocent_X (637 words)

	Francis Bacon Image Gallery_The Popes_Bacon's Negative Hero (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Bacon painted the portrait of Pope Innocent X after Velazquez in 1951, and immediately followed it up with two [ I II ] further pictures based on the same image.
		This work does not properly belong to the series of Pope pictures; its significance is that of a precursor or a point of departure, and although the image of Innocent X governs in the background, it has not yet become the main force shaping the picture as a whole.
		But in order to do this, his study of Velazquez's portrait on Innocent X had to engage with the traditions that it sought to criticise and accept their basic framework of assumptions.
	www.francis-bacon.cx /themes/the_popes.html (1779 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Innocent X
		Consistorial advocate and auditor of the Rota for Pope Clement VIII.
		Papal nuncio to Naples for Pope Gregory XV.
		Chosen pope as a comprimise candidate among the warring French and Spanish factions in the College of Cardinals.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0236.htm (250 words)

	Catholic News Service - Vatican
		Pope Benedict XVI was so impressed with the piano skills of Brazil's Vatican representative that he invited the apostolic nuncio to give him a private concert in Italy.
		Pope Benedict XVI’s closest aide said the pope was pained and concerned by the “devastating scale” of clerical sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.
		Pope Benedict XVI was deeply saddened by the massacre at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg and prayed for the victims and their families, said the Vatican secretary of state.
	www.catholicnews.com /data/vatican/vatican.htm (11041 words)

	[No title]
		Pope Clement VII (1478-1534): Papal Bulla, c.1530, Sorry this item is sold.
		Pope Innocent X (Anno VII): Peace of Westphalia, 1651, Sorry this item is sold.
		Pope Martin V (1417-1431), c.1750, Sorry this item is sold.
	www.christophereimer.co.uk /archive.html (4047 words)

	channel4.com - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Venus at her Toilet is Velazquez's only known female nude; the painting achieved an unusual significance in 1914 when the British suffragette Mary Richardson slashed it in the National Gallery as a political protest.
		Velazquez's most sublime and penetrating portrait, Pope Innocent X, was painted when he visited Rome in 1649; Las Meninas was completed in 1656.
		Pope Innocent X, c.1650 (oil on canvas) Rome, Galleria Doria Pamphilij.
	www.channel4.com /culture/microsites/M/matts_old_masters/velasquez_3.html (477 words)

	Biography Base Letter I
		Innocent IX, Pope - aka Gian Antonio Facchinetti, (1519-1591)
		Innocent XI, Pope - aka Benedetto Odescalchi, (1676-1689)
		Innocent XII, Pope - aka Antonio Pignatelli, (1691-1700)
	www.biographybase.com /bio/i.html (247 words)

	Pope Innocent X by VELÁZQUEZ, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y
		Perhaps the preeminent Spanish artist of the seventeenth century, Velázquez was, from 1623 on, court painter to Philip IV in Madrid.
		In 1650 Velázquez was sent to Italy to buy paintings for one of his monarch's palaces; while in Rome the artist was commissioned to portray the Pope.
		The final version (now in the Galleria Doria, Rome) was preceded by several small sketches; this canvas by virtue of its great vivacity is sometimes assumed to be a direct study from life.
	gallery.euroweb.hu /html/v/velazque/1641-50/07innoce.html (165 words)

	Innocent X Biography - Biography.com
		From a noble family, he studied at the Roman College and became a church judge under Pope Clement VIII.
		He was made a cardinal (1626) by Pope Urban VIII, whom he succeeded in 1644.
		He condemned the Peace of Westphalia (1648), and supported the Spanish Habsburgs by refusing to recognize the independence of Portugal, then at war with Spain.
	www.biography.com /search/article.do?id=9349652 (151 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Clement X
		Papal nuncio to Naples for Pope Innocent X.
		Superintendent of the papal exchequer for Pope Clement IX.
		239th pope in 1670 at the age of 80 after a four month conclave.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0239.htm (97 words)

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