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	Pope Innocent XII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Innocent XII, né Antonio Pignatelli (March 13, 1615 – September 27, 1700) pope from 1691 to 1700, was the successor of Alexander VIII.
		Innocent XII appears as one of the narrators in Robert Browning's long poem The Ring and the Book (1869), based on the true story of Innocent's intervention in a historical murder trial in Rome during his papacy.
		This benevolent, self-abnegating and pious pope died on September 27, 1700 and was succeeded by Clement XI.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII (382 words)

	Pope Innocent XI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Innocent annulled the four articles on April 11, 1682, and refused his approbation to all future episcopal candidates who had taken part in the assembly.
		Innocent notified the new French ambassador, Marquis de Lavardin, that he would not be recognized as ambassador in Rome unless he renounced this right, but Louis XIV would not give it up.
		It was due to Innocent's earnest and incessant exhortations that the German Estates and King John Sobieski of Poland in 1683 hastened to the relief of Vienna which was being besieged by the Turks.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI (1382 words)

	Pope Innocent VII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For his services the king extorted various concessions from Innocent, among them the promise that he would not reach any accommodation with the rival pope in Avignon that would compromise Ladislas' claims to Naples, which had been challenged until very recently by Louis II of Anjou.
		Innocent had made the great mistake of elevating his highly unsuitable nephew, Ludovico Migliorati— a colorful condottiere formerly in the pay of Giangaleazzo Visconti of Milan, most of whose violent career as a soldier of fortune lay ahead of him— to the cardinalate, an act of nepotism that cost him dearly.
		Pope, court and cardinals, with the Migliorati faction, fled towards Viterbo.
	www.wikipedia.com /wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII (820 words)

	Pope Alexander VIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alexander VIII, né Pietro Vito Ottoboni (April 22, 1610 – February 1, 1691), pope from 1689 to 1691, was born of a noble Venetian family, and was the son of Marco Ottoboni, chancellor of the Republic of Venice.
		At the request of the Venetian Republic, Ottoboni was made Cardinal by Innocent X in 1652, and was later given the bishopric of Brescia, in Venetian territory, where he quietly spent the best years of middle life.
		The ambassador of King Louis XIV of France succeeded in procuring his election on October 6, 1689 as successor to Pope Innocent XI; nevertheless, after months of negotiation Alexander finally condemned the declaration made in 1682 by the French clergy concerning the liberties of the Gallican church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII (416 words)

	Pope Clement XII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He is known for building the new façade of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano and beginning the Trevi Fountain and the purchase of Cardinal Albani's collection of antiquities for the papal gallery.
		As a Corsini, with his mother a Strozzi, the new pope represented a family in the highest level of Florentine society, with a cardinal in every generation for the previous hundred years.
		Instead he resigned his right of primogeniture and from Pope Innocent XI he purchased, according to the custom of the time, for 30,000 scudi, a position of prelatial rank and devoted his wealth and leisure to the enlargement of the library bequeathed to him by his uncle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Clement_XII (821 words)

	Biography – Pope Innocent XII – The Papal Library
		Innocent XII, a Neapolitan, was born on the 13th of March, 1615, at Spinazzola, a fief of his family, in the Basilicate, and was the son of Fabricius Pignatelli, first Prince of Minervino, and of Porzia Caraffa, daughter of the Duke of Andria.
		Innocent having thus taken from his relatives all prospect of enriching themselves at the expense of the Church, and having thus left himself without natural relatives, substituted the poor.
		A counter-edict of the pope was opposed to that of the emperor.
	www.saint-mike.org /library/Papal_Library/InnocentXII/biography.html (3563 words)

	Pope Gregory XII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Correr relatives of Gregory XII and Ladislas of Naples, the supporter of Gregory and his predecessor for political reasons, used all their influence to prevent the meeting, and each pope was fearful of being captured by the party of the rival pope.
		On May 4, 1408, Gregory XII convened his cardinals at Lucca, ordered them not to leave the city under any pretext, and supplemented his following by creating four of his Correr nephews cardinals, despite his promise in the conclave that he would create no new cardinals.
		Gregory XII, who had meanwhile created ten more cardinals, had convoked a rival council at Cividale del Friuli, near Aquileia; though only a few bishops had appeared, Gregory's cardinals pronounced Benedict XIII and Alexander V schismatics, perjurers, and devastators of the Church.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII (411 words)

	INNOCENT XII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Innocent XII was seventy-six when elected, but he had a commanding appearance and excellent health.
		Innocent XII reaped the fruit of the noble firmness of Innocent XI and the firm patience of Alexander VII in dealing with the arrogant Sun Monarch.
		Innocent XII approved of the fateful step by which Charles II of Spain passed over his Austrian kinsmen to choose Philip the grandson of Louis XIV as heir to his far-flung Spanish possessions.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp240.htm (438 words)

	Pope Innocent XII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Innocent XII''', né '''''Antonio Pignatelli'' (March 13, 1615 - September 27, 1700) pope from 1691 to 1700, was the successor of pope Alexander VIIIAlexander VIII.
		After the conclave after the death of Alexander VIII had gone on for 5 months he was a compromise candidate between the cardinals of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
		This benevolent, self-abnegating and pious pope died on September 27, 1700 and was succeeded by Pope Clement XIClement XI/
	www.infothis.com /find/Pope_Innocent_XII (232 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Innocent XI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Pope Innocent XI was a man of piety, ability, and firmness and was deemed to be one of the greatest seventeenth century pontiffs.
		Pope Innocent XI was strong in his dealings with King Louis XIV, but also prudent as The Sun Monarch was popular and would not sanction opposition from the pope.
		Pope Innocent XI died on August 12, 1689 and was buried under the altar of San Sebastiano in Saint Peter’s Basilica.
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopeInnocentXI.htm (497 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pope Innocent XII
		Alexander VIII, né Pietro Vitto Ottoboni (April 22, 1610 - February 1, 1691), pope from 1689 to 1691, was born of a noble Venetian family, the was the son of Marco Ottoboni, chancellor of the Republic of Venice.
		The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches.
		The Blessed Innocent XI, né Benedetto Odescalchi (May 16, 1611 - August 12, 1689) was pope from 1676 to 1689.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pope-Innocent-XII (1544 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Pius XII and the Jews: Greatness dishonored
		The issue is that of the "silence" of Pius XII in the face of the Nazi extermination of the Jews.
		Pius XII reached the conclusion that an act of protest on his part would not have achieved the slightest result, and indeed would have aggravated the persecution, and that therefore it would be irresponsible of him to do so.
		Innocent lives were at stake, and no thoughtless bravado action would be made if it just added to the sufferings of those caught therein.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=1064 (2732 words)

	Pope Innocent XII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Innocent XII né Antonio Pignatelli (March 13 1615 - September 27 1700) pope from 1691 to 1700 was the of Alexander VIII.
		He came of a distinguished Neapolitan and was educated at the Jesuit college Rome he in his twentieth year became official of the court of Urban VIII ; under successive popes he served as nuncio at Florence and Vienna and in and by Innocent XI he was made cardinal in 1681 archbishop of Naples.
		benevolent self-abnegating and pious pope died on September 27 1700 and was succeeded by Clement XI References
	www.freeglossary.com /Pope_Innocent_XII (331 words)

	Louis-Antoine, Cardinal de Noailles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		He was appointed bishop of Cahors in March 1679 but served only briefly before Pope Innocent XI ordered him transferred in 1680 to head the diocese of Châlons-sur-Marne, which made him a peer of France.
		Noailles had a complex relationship with the Jansenists; while he condemned their propositions, more orthodox theologians saw in his own teachings hints of Jansenism, and Noailles was an opponent of the Jesuits in their attacks on the sect.
		His position on Pope Clement XI's 1713 bull Unigenitus was also controversial; he opposed it, despite papal disapproval, up to 1728 but then abruptly reversed himself shortly before his death.
	www.lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Louis-Antoine,_Cardinal_de_Noailles (342 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 12, 1695
		Vice-governor of Fermo in the pontificate of Pope Alexander VIII (1689-1691).
		Grand-nephew of Pope Gregory XIV (1590-1591), and grand-nephew of Cardinal Francesco Sfondrati (1544) and nephew of Paolo Emilio Sfondrati (1590).
		XII Apostoli, Rome, where the funeral took place on March 22, 1719, and buried in the tomb of Cardinal Giulio Spinola, in the Jesuit church of S. Andrea al Quirinale, Rome.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/bios1695.htm (3551 words)

	BLESSED INNOCENT XI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		BLESSED INNOCENT XI When the cardinals chose Benedetto Odescalchi to be Pope Innocent XI, they chose a man of piety, ability, and firmness who was to be one of the greatest seventeenth century pontiffs.
		And the Pope was not impressed by the clumsy and highhanded treatment of French Protestants which culminated in the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
		Innocent also was too prudent to encourage James II in his well-meant but untimely actions in favor of English Catholics.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp238.htm (450 words)

	Pope Innocent VIII -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		An important event of his pontificate was the fall of (A city in southeastern Spain; site of the Alhambra (a palace and fortress built by Muslims in the Middle Ages) which is now a major tourist attraction) Granada in January 1492, which was celebrated in the Vatican with great rejoicings.
		The pope was sent a hundred fine (Open land usually with peaty soil covered with heather and bracken and moss) Moorish slaves, whom he distributed among the ((Roman Catholic Church) the central administration governing the Roman Catholic Church) Curia and to friends, and granted Ferdinand V of Aragon the epithet "Catholic Majesty."
		His successor was (Pope and father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (1431-1503)) Alexander VI.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/pope_innocent_viii3.htm (281 words)

	Monument to Pope Pius XII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Pope Pius XII (1939-58), who guided the Church during the difficult days of World War II could not fail to be honored in the Basilica he loved so dearly.
		Opposite this monument is the one to his predecessor Pope Pius XI (1922-39), the pope of "dauntless faith", of the great social encyclicals, the pope of Catholic Action, of the missions, of the Eucharistic Congresses, of the University of the Sacred Heart.
		Under the altar, between the two monuments in a crystal casket are the remains of the Blessed Pope Innocent XI (1676-89).
	www.miraclerosarymission.org /piusxll.html (291 words)

	Nepotism - TheBestLinks.com - Maldives, Pope, Pope Alexander VI, Pope Callixtus III, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Several popes are known to have engaged in nepotism, often by elevating nephews and other relatives to the cardinalate.
		For instance, Pope Callixtus III, of the Borgia family, made two of his nephews Cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a Cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming Pope Alexander VI.
		The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a Cardinal.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Nepotism.html (443 words)

	[No title]
		Innocent used the Eucharist to symbolize the "inseparable unity between Christ and his Church." Christ was the bridegroom who was joined to the Church in holy matrimony; a prelate's marriage to his church mirrored the marriage of Christ.
		Innocent employed the imagery of sacramental anointing to describe the distribution of authority within the church.
		Consequently, it is hard for me to believe that Innocent would have cited D.79 c.3 to support his contention that the pope should be chosen from among the cardinals or would have made such a sweep-ing generalization if he had been aware of the glosses of the canonists.
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/Medieval%20Papacy/LegalEducInnoc2.htm (5174 words)

	St Peter's - Monument to Innocent XII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Pope is portrayed seated, with the "Triregno" on his head and his right hand in the act of blessing, with a peaceful pose, but not adequately communicative.
		This mother clutching the sleeping child to her breast does in effect pay due respect to the charitable conduct of Pope Innocent XII, who was always humble and solicitous toward the poor.
		Innocent XII was a reformist pope in the style of his hero Innocent XI, striking especially at nepotism.
	www.stpetersbasilica.org /Monuments/InnocentXII/InnocentXII.htm (323 words)

	Pope Innocent XII
		Innocent XII, Antonio Pignatelli, pope from 1691 to 1700, was the successor of Alexander VIII.
		He came of a distinguished Neapolitan family, and was born March 13, 1615.
		Educated at the Jesuit college in Rome, he in his twentieth year became an official of the court of Urban VIII; under successive popes he served as nuncio at Florence and Vienna and in Poland; and by Innocent XI he was made cardinal in 1681 and archbishop of Naples.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Pope_Innocent_XII.html (302 words)

	Innocent XII on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		He was frequently employed by his predecessors as a nuncio, and Innocent XI created him cardinal.
		The ambassador and the pope: Pius XII, Jacques Maritain and the Jews.
		Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust: a reply to Daniel Goldhagen.(Comment)(Critical Essay)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/I/Innocent12.asp (316 words)

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