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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Pope Joan
		Pope Joan is regarded by historians as a myth, possibly originating as an anti-papal satire which gained a degree of plausibility due to certain genuine elements related in the story.
		The story of Pope Joan is primarily based upon a history of the papacy written by Platina (Bartolommeo de'Sacchi) in the 15th century.
		The 'testicle seat' which popes supposedly sat on to have their masculinity ascertained is said to long predate the era of 'Pope Joan' and to have nothing to do with a requirement that a pope have his testicles checked.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Pope_Joan (1250 words)

	Pope Joan - Free Encyclopedia of Thelema
		Pope Joan is generally regarded by historians as a myth, possibly originating as an anti-papal satire which gained a degree of plausibility due to certain genuine elements related in the story.
		Pope Joan was dragged feet-first by a horse through the streets of Rome, and stoned to death by the outraged crowd.
		The myth of Pope Joan was discredited by David Blondel, a mid-17th century Protestant historian, who suggested that Pope Joan's legend may have originated in a satire against Pope John XI.
	www.egnu.org /thelemapedia/index.php/Pope_Joan (1257 words)

	Pope Joan (Morgana's Observatory)
		Pope Joan is one of the most fascinating, extraordinary characters in Western history -- and one of the least well known.
		It is scarcely surprising that Joan does not appear in contemporary records, given the time and energy the Church has, by its own admission, devoted to expunging her from them.
		Hus was condemned for preaching the heretical doctrine that the Pope is fallible.
	www.dreamscape.com /morgana/popejoan.htm (1057 words)

	Pope Joan - Mysteries of History - U.S. News Online
		The female pope reportedly was born in Germany of English missionary parents and grew up unusually bright in an era when learned women were considered unnatural and dangerous.
		The chief weakness of the Pope Joan story is the absence of any contemporary evidence of a female pope during the dates suggested for her reign.
		Joan's detractors can only guess, but a favorite hunch is that somebody a long time ago tried to be funny.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/pope.htm (1185 words)

	Pope Joan
		As Pope John VIII he ruled for two years, until 855 A.D. However, while riding one day from St. Peter's to the Lateran, he had to stop by the side of the road and, to the astonishment of everyone, gave birth to a child.
		Engraving of Pope Joan from an 18th Century polemic, "A Present for a Papist." Note the infant at her feet.
		During the Reformation in the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church began to deny the existence of Pope Joan.
	www.museumofhoaxes.com /popeJoan.html (459 words)

	Antiquitas Feminae - Pope Joan
		Joan was indiscreet and her high level of intelligence was unable to protect her from her own biological clock.
		Joan gave birth to a child during a procession from St. Peter's to the Lateran, somewhere between the Coliseum and St. Clement's.
		Pope Joan's reign is placed by Martinus between the reigns of Leo IV and Benedict III.
	www.corrieweb.nl /amazon/historica4.htm (1386 words)

	The Straight Dope: Was there once a female pope?
		"Pope Joan," who supposedly served from 855 to 858, was said to be an Englishwoman who disguised herself as a monk to be with her cleric boyfriend.
		Pope John Paul II traveling around the globe reminding the faithful of the teachings of the Church is the most dramatic and common exercise of the Ordinary Magisterium today.
		It is prerequisite that the pope intend to demand irrevocable assent from the entire church in some aspect of faith or morals." The ordinary teachings of the Church, by contrast, are not infallible.
	www.straightdope.com /classics/a2_139.html (1499 words)

	Reading Group Guide \| POPE JOAN by Donna Woolfolk Cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Joan's story is equally rich, and has as much to tell us about medieval life, the role of women in the ninth century, the Church, and so on.
		Joan's statue stood undisputed alongside those of the other Popes in the Cathedral of Sienna until 1601, when, by command of Pope Clement VIII, it suddenly "metamorphosed" into a bust of Pope Zacharias.
		Joan's story was included in the official church guidebook to Rome used by pilgrims for more than three hundred years.
	www.readinggroupguides.com /guides/pope_joan-author.asp (1903 words)

	Pope Joan: a Novel by Donna Woolfolk Cross
		The Church position on Joan is that she was a late invention of Protestant reformers eager to expose papist corruption.
		Yet Joan's story is first documented hundreds of years before Martin Luther was born--and most of her chroniclers were Catholics, often highly placed in the church hierarchy.
		Joan's statue stood undisputed alongside those of other Popes in the Cathedral of Siena until 1601, when, by command of Pope Clement XIII, it suddenly "metamorphosed" into a bust of Pope Zacharias.
	www.popejoan.com /faqs.htm (1001 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on Pope Joan at Epinions.com
		Joan's education is facilitated by a very liberal bishop, and she is placed with a family while John resides with the other boys.
		Joan becomes, rather than a romantic heroine, a feminist and free-thinker, chosing to turn her back on a chance at true love so that she can retain her freedom and ability to use her mind.
		Pope Joan: A Novel is a fascinating read, not only as a fictionalized treatment of a Catholic legend, but also as a compelling story of a woman who wasn't afraid to buck convention to find her own place in the world.
	www.epinions.com /content_170449342084 (1077 words)

	Encyclopædia Britannica - Britannica's Heritage
		JOAN, POPE, a person, supposed to have been of the female sex, who was for many centuries believed to have occupied the Papal throne between the years 855 and 857.
		The fable of Pope Joan long held its ground in the annals of the Romish Church as a piece of authentic history.
		An anonymous chronicle in the library of St Paul at Leipzig, which comes down to 1261, mentions the fact of a female pope of learning and beauty, who during her papacy gave birth to a child; and states that the name and date of this pope are both unknown.
	www.britannica.com /heritage/article?content_id=1381 (1012 words)

	Myth of Pope Joan Refuted (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		The myth of "Pope Joan" is the subject of a recent best-selling book "Pope Joan" by Donna Woolfolk Cross, and is the subject of a soon to be released movie, produced by Harry Ufland (producer of The Last Temptation of Christ and One True Thing).
		According to legend, an English woman, disguised as a monk, was elected pope in the year 853 (or 855, depending on the version of the legend).
		Pope Joan said to have reigned as John VIII from 855 to 858 until she was found out.
	www.angelfire.com /ms/seanie/popejoan.html (556 words)

	Amazon.com: Pope Joan: Books: Donna Cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Joan is always central to the vivid action as she wars with the two sides of herself, "mind and heart, faith and doubt, will and desire." Ultimately, though she leads a man's life, Joan dies a woman's death, losing her life in childbirth.
		The Joan in this novel has all the qualities a woman would need to become pope: superior intelligence, imagination, daring, and the determination that her sex would not keep her illiterate and subservient, as were most women of the period.
		Joan is an apt pupil at the cathedral school, where she is allowed to study only because her brother cannot master Latin.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0517593653?v=glance (2392 words)

	Who is Pope Joan? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		The character Pope Joan a legendary female who is thought to have disguised herself as a man and served as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church between 854 and 856.
		Joan, who was English, disguised herself as a man and fled to Athens to study with her lover when she was 12.
		She succeeded Pope Leo IV as Pope, and had a new lover, a cardinal.
	www.wsu.edu /~cmaier/TopGirls/page7.htm (115 words)

	Pope Joan -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		In this account the nameless pontiff was a clever scribe who became a papal notary and later was elected pope; pregnant at the time of her election, she gave birth during the procession to the Lateran, whereupon she was dragged out of Rome and stoned to death.
		Support for the version that she died in childbirth and was buried on the spot was derived from the fact that in later years papal processions used to avoid a particular street, allegedly where the disgraceful event had occurred.
		Joan was taken out of prison for the first time in four months on May 24 and conducted to the cemetery of the church of Saint-Ouen, where her sentence was to be read out.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9043692 (1085 words)

	Pope Joan
		Cross says she is not surprised that the contemporary church records fail to mention Joan since those clerics were so "appalled" by the deception that they would have been motivated to conceal her existence by writing her out of history.
		The church insists that the chair was used in consecrations because of its handsome appearance, and that the hole in the seat was irrelevant.
		Pope John Paul II recently made this reply to the under secretary general of the United Nations, a Pakistani woman who had protested male violence against women: "Don't you think that the irresponsible behavior of men is caused by women?"
	www.ffrf.org /fttoday/1998/may98/johnson.html (2198 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Joan
		The fable about a female pope, who afterwards bore the name of Johanna (Joan), is first noticed in the middle of the thirteenth century.
		She enjoyed the greatest respect on account of her conduct and erudition, and was finally chosen as pope, but, becoming pregnant by one of her trusted attendants, she gave birth to a child during a procession from St.
		Further it was noticed that, on the occasion of his formal inauguration in front of the Lateran Basilica, the newly-elected pope always seated himself on a marble chair.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08407a.htm (1641 words)

	The Legend of Pope Joan: In Search of the Truth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		It was only in the early 13th century that historians and church scholars began to uncover myriad clues and document her tenure as the Vicar of Christ on earth.
		Stanford also discovers several statues and portraits of Joan in Italian churches, as well as a shrine on the street where Joan was stoned to death.
		Finally, he documents Joan's presence in the modern world: she has figured prominently in Stendhal's Voyages en Italie, feminist theology, several popular novels, a dreadful 1972 film with Liv Ullmann, a British board game called Pope Joan, and the arcana of Tarot cards.
	www.bostonphoenix.com /archive/books/99/03/25/bookmarks/PETER_STANFORD.html (472 words)

	VH1.com : Movies : Movie : Pope Joan : Plot
		Liv Ullman portrays a female pope -- based on a long-held rumor that the papacy was held by a woman between the reigns of Leo IV and Benedict III -- in this rambling saga directed by Michael Anderson.
		Searching through her past lives to see whether she is the reincarnation of Pope Joan, the film then flashbacks 1000 years to pick up Joan (Ullman in an earlier incarnation of her character) undergoing a succession of trials and tribulations.
		In Greece, Joan's street-corner preaching draws the attention of Pope Leo IV (Trevor Howard), who is impressed by her impassioned rendering of the Gospel.
	www.vh1.com /movies/movie/70655/plot.jhtml (329 words)

	John VIII
		There is a reasonable body of evidence to suggest that John was Joan, or at least as much credible evidence as there is to support other historical myths like the crucifixion of Jesus Christ or the construction of Alexandria.
		There are references in medieval Vatican manuscripts to a statue of the female pope with her child, and various legends are tied to the story, albeit not very convincingly.
		Some claim that Joan was the archetypical model for the High Priestess card in the Tarot, but most of these date the influence to the 14th century, which was a few centuries before the Tarot is documented to have existed.
	www.rotten.com /library/bio/religion/popes/john-viii (899 words)

	Pope Joan Guestbook Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Joan Butterfield was her name: she was an avid reader and just adored the book club that she was a member of - and they loved her right back.
		Joan loved to read and she was quite the knowledgeable one because she enjoyed so many genres of books.
		I had heard that Pope Joan was never mentioned in any historical document before the 13th century, though she reigned during the 9th century.
	www.popejoan.com /Guestbook-old/2001.htm (15347 words)

	Pope Joan-The Papal History That Will Not Go Away !
		Appointed a Cardinal by Pope Leo IV and upon his death in 853 was elected Pope.
		POPE JOAN ruled the Roman Catholic Church from 853 to 855.
		The citizens of Rome were so enraged at the deception — John was in reality Joan — that they tied their Pope to the tail of her horse and dragged her through the streets of Rome.
	www.webspawner.com /users/click (497 words)

	Amazon.com: The Legend of Pope Joan : In Search of the Truth: Books: Peter Stanford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Pope Joan reigned for about two years until, as the story goes, she died after giving birth to a child.
		Marozia wielded considerable influence on her son the Pope and it is quite possible that the Roman citizenry mockingly referred to him as "Pope Joan" (as in Latin, John = Ioannes and Joan = Ioanna).
		Stanford does an excellent job of weaving together the threads of written accounts, historical artifacts and theoretical arguments in his comprehensive approach to the mystery of 'Pope Joan.' Although there is room to dispute his interpretation of the evidence he uncovers, he cannot be faulted for the thoroughness of his research.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/042517347X?v=glance (2385 words)

	Pope Joan by Donna Woolfolk Cross
		According to the author, Joan's story was universally known and accepted until the seventeenth century.
		Joan earned disapproval because her intelligence and competence challenged prevailing male opinion that women lacked the ability for scholarly or clerical pursuits." Were there other females of ancient or medieval times who challenged this prevailing opinion?
		Discuss the inner conflicts Joan faces--between the pagan beliefs taught by her mother and the Christian beliefs she learns from religious instructors; between her mind and her heart; between faith and doubt.
	www.randomhouse.com /catalog/display.pperl?isbn=0-345-41626-0&view=rg (811 words)

	Pope Joan / John VIII - The First Female Pope? 11.05.03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		The Woman Who Was Pope: A Biography of Pope Joan, 853-855 A.D., 1931.
		According to the official record, John VIII was Pope from 872 to 882.
		The documents about the early Popes are so scarce that it is impossible to write anything definitive about them.
	wais.stanford.edu /Religion/religion_FirstFemalePope(110503).html (501 words)

	Random House \| Books \| Pope Joan by Donna Woolfolk Cross
		For a thousand years men have denied her existence--Pope Joan, the woman who disguised herself as a man and rose to rule Christianity for two years.
		When her older brother dies in a Viking attack, the brilliant young Joan assumes his identity and enters a Benedictine monastery where, as Brother John Anglicus, she distinguishes herself as a scholar and healer.
		Joan's life, one may want her to be a real person, only because it is so
	www.randomhouse.com /catalog/display.pperl?0345416260 (538 words)

	Was there really a Pope Joan? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		The Pope, being somewhat uneasy at this accumulation of power in one man, offered to crown Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor, and thereby appear to put him at the service of the Pope.
		His heirs needed the Pope's blessing as much as the Church needed the Empire's armies and funds.
		The character of Nicholas is the historical Pope Nicholas I, whose vision and organizational ability enabled the Church to wrest itself from the influence of the Holy Roman Empire and become the dominant political force of the Dark Ages until the Reformation.
	www.orlok.com /herstory.html (567 words)

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