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	JOHN VIII. - LoveToKnow Article on JOHN VIII. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		, pope from 872 to 882, successor of Adrian II., was a Roman by birth.
		His chief aim during his pontificate was to defend the Roman state and the authority of the Holy See at Rome from the Saracens, and from the nascent feudalism which was represented outside by the dukes of Spoleto and the marquises of Tuscany and within by a party of Roman nobles.
		John attempted to temporize, but Lambert, duke of Spoleto, a partisan of Carloman, whom sickness had recalled to Germany, entered Rome in 878 with an overwhelming force, and for thirty days virtually held John a prisoner in St Peters.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /J/JO/JOHN_VIII_.htm (390 words)

	JOHN VIII, pope. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		John strenuously opposed the activities of St. Ignatius of Constantinople in Bulgaria.
		When Ignatius died, John recognized Photius as patriarch and called the council (879–80) that momentarily reconciled the differences between East and West.
		He crowned Charles II (Charles the Bald) emperor and excommunicated the future Pope Formosus for opposition to his policy.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/jo/John8.html (118 words)

	Pope Formosus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		John's successor Pope Marinus I in 883 restored him to his Diocese of Porto.
		Following the reigns of Marinus, Pope Hadrian III (884-885) and Pope Stephen V (885-891), Formosus was elected Pope on October 6 891.
		Pope Stephen VII, the successor of Boniface, influenced by Lambert and Agiltrude sat in judgment on Formosus in 897, in what was called the Cadaver Synod.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pope_Formosus (554 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope John VIII
		The more important acts of John's reign may be divided into four groups, according as they relate to the affairs of Eastern Europe, to the empire of the West, to Southern Italy and the Saracens, or to those persons with whom he came into more frequent contact.
		John had to write "that all our coasts have been plundered, and the Saracens are as much at home in Fundi and Terracina as in Africa." To make head against these terrible enemies of Christianity John spared not his person, his time, nor his money.
		John received in Rome Burhred (Burgraed), King of Mercia, whom the miseries which the Danes were causing throughout England had driven to seek peace at the shrine of the Apostles.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08423c.htm (1958 words)

	Pope John VIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John VIII was pope from 872 to 882.
		John later confirmed the permission to use Slavonic that had been originally granted by Pope Adrian II, John's predecessor.
		According to the legend of Pope Joan, a woman named Joan reigned as Pope under the name of John VIII earlier in the 9th century; the legend says that she was erased from the historical record when her identity was discovered.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_John_VIII (235 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope John XII
		John began secret negotiations with Adalbert, son of Berengarius, and sent envoys with letters to Hungary and to Constantinople for the purpose of inciting a war against Otto.
		John now sent an embassy to Otto to propitiate the latter, and at the same time to explain the pope's grievance, which was that the emperor had received for himself the oath of allegiance from those cities of the Ecclesiastical States, which he had reconquered from Berengarius.
		On 26 February, 964, John held a synod in St. Peter's in which the decrees of the synod of 6 November were repealed; Leo VIII and all who had elected him were excommunicated; his ordination was pronounced invalid; and Bishop Sico of Ostia, who had consecrated him, was deprived forever of his dignities.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08426b.htm (964 words)

	Keeping Catholics Catholic Page XXV-The Timeline-The Ninth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		John, Archbishop of Ravenna was excommunicated by Pope St. Nicholas I for interfering with his suffragans, abusing the Pope's subjects and agents, and refusing to obey his summons.
		Pope Adrian II sent Bishop Donatus of Ostia; Stephen, Bishop of Nepi; and the Deacon, Marinus as Papal legates to the Eighth General Council of the Church.
		Pope John VIIl got the Clergy and the Senate of Rome to acclaim Louis' uncle, Charles the Bald, who was also King of France, Holy Roman Emperor.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/6461/9cent.html (2873 words)

	Pope Joan
		Engraving of Pope Joan from an 18th Century polemic, "A Present for a Papist." Note the infant at her feet.
		As Pope John VIII he ruled for two years, until 855 A.D. However, while riding one day from St. Peter's to the Lateran, he had to stop by the side of the road and, to the astonishment of everyone, gave birth to a child.
		During the Reformation in the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church began to deny the existence of Pope Joan.
	www.museumofhoaxes.com /popeJoan.html (388 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Urban VIII
		Pope Urban VIII was a diplomat, poet and musician.
		Pope Urban VIII commissioned Bernini to redesign Saint Peter's Square from a square to the ellipse it is today, and Pope Urban III consecreated Saint Peter's Basilica in 1621 after more than 100 years of construction.
		Although Pope Urban VIII was an early admirer and supporter of Galileo, Pope Urban VIII oversaw Galileo's trial on heresy charges at the Inquisition because Galileo defended Copernicus' theory that the earth orbited the sun which contradicted Saint Thomas Acquinas who was greatly influenced by Aristotle.
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopeUrbanVIII.htm (211 words)

	John VIII (d. 882) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		John was a deacon of the Roman church when elected on Dec. 14, 872, to succeed Pope Adrian II.
		Meanwhile, John was harassed by the cardinal bishop of Porto, Formosus (later pope), and his supporting faction.
		John solved a controversy over orthodoxy between the Holy See and the East by recognizing in 879 the heretofore condemned Photius as patriarch of Constantinople.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/PopeJohn-VIII/PopeJohn-VIII.html (179 words)

	Pope Tribute - Pope Joan the mythical female pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pope Joan was dragged feet-first by a horse through the streets of Rome, and stoned to death by the outraged crowd.
		The myth of Pope Joan was discredited by David Blondel, a mid-17th century Protestant historian, who suggested that Pope Joan's legend may have originated in a satire against Pope John XI.
		The 'testicle seat' which popes supposedly sat on to have their masculinity ascertained long predates the era of 'Pope Joan' and has nothing to do with a requirement that a pope have his testicles checked.
	popetribute.com /content/view/13/31 (947 words)

	JOHN VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Pope sent legates to a synod held in 879- 880.
		Although Photius did tamper with papal letters, he explained the matter to Pope John's satisfaction, and John not only acknowledged Photius but approved the acts of this synod which wiped out the synod of 869-870, the so-called Eighth Ecumenical Council.
		According to one German annalist, a relative of Pope John gave him poison, but sick and old though the Pope was, the poison worked slowly.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp108.htm (487 words)

	Popes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pope John XIII once had a cardinal castrated, Pope Julius III was a homosexual, and the corpse of Pope Formosus
		The female Pope might have ruled longer but her true gender was discovered after a love affair resulted in her giving premature birth to a boy during a ceremonial procession.
		John was finally beaten to death by an irate husband while in the arms of a lover.
	www.freewebs.com /wraithist/popes.html (844 words)

	AllRefer.com - Photius (Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: General Biography) - Encyclopedia
		In 861 the legates of Pope St. Nicholas I approved the election of Photius, but the pope refused to recognize him.
		Pope John VIII recognized him as patriarch and sent legates to a synod, held in 879–80, which the Orthodox Eastern Church regards as an ecumenical council.
		Photius continued as patriarch until the accession of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI in 886, when he was forced to resign under imperial pressure; he died in exile.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Photius.html (575 words)

	Pope Joan (Morgana's Observatory)
		Pope Joan is one of the most fascinating, extraordinary characters in Western history -- and one of the least well known.
		Hus was condemned for preaching the heretical doctrine that the Pope is fallible.
		Each newly elected Pope after Joan sat on the sella stercoraria (literally, "dung seat"), pierced in the middle like a toilet, where his genitals were examined to give proof of his manhood.
	www.dreamscape.com /morgana/popejoan.htm (1057 words)

	Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient His Holiness Pope John Paul II
		Pope John Paul II wears traditional Polish dress during his first visit (June 1979) to his native country after acceding to the Papacy.
		The Pope was outspoken in his encouragement to the Polish people in their fight for freedom.
		Pope John Paul II motto is "De labore Solis" meaning "from the labor of the sun".
	www.medaloffreedom.com /PopeJohnPaulIIPhotos.htm (1629 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope John VIII
		He did much to root out corruption in the church in Rome, excommunicated corrupt nobility, and was one of the strongest popes of the 9th century, though he was forced to bribe Saracens to keep them out of Rome.
		He crowned Charles the Bald as emperor, and excommunicated the future Pope Formosus for opposing him.
		The first pope to be killed in office for non-religious reasons.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0107.htm (166 words)

	The Pope Encyclopedia
		The first to receive this dubious honor was Pope John VIII, who in 882 was first poisoned and then clubbed to death by scheming court menbers.
		Of the twenty-six popes during this era, sexen died by violence.
		Pope Clement was reportedly so racked with guilt over disbanding the Jesuits that he spent his last years terified of being poisoned.
	media.isnet.org /kristen/Ensiklopedia/AssassinatedPontiffs.html (244 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Pope John VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He was an archdeacon before his election and is considered one of the greatest popes of the 9th century.
		He confirmed the permission granted by Adrian II to Saint Methodius to use the Slavonic language in the liturgy of the Church; endeavored to restore the Bulgarians to the jurisdiction of the Holy See; and condemned the schismatic Photius.
		Unceasing in his attempts to promote peace in Christendom, and to destroy the Saracen influence, the pope journeyed from one kingdom to another, sent legates to rulers, and aided their enterprises with subsidies.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd04376.htm (170 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: John VIII: Indulgence for Fighting the Heathen, 878 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		John VIII to the bishops in the realm of Louis II [the Stammerer].
		You have modestly expressed a desire to know whether those who have recently died in war, fighting in defence of the church of God and for the preservation of the Christian religion and of the state, or those who may in 'he future fall in the same cause, may obtain indulgence for their sins.
		The pope who was ruling in 878 was John VIII (872-882).
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/john2-ind878.html (231 words)

	ST. HADRIAN III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As pope, Hadrian had his troubles with the gang of evildoers broken up by Pope John VIII.
		Emperor Charles the Fat invited Pope Hadrian to a diet at Worms at which the question of the imperial succession would be discussed.
		Except for the exiled Pope St. Martin I, Hadrian III is the first pope since Gregory the Great not to be buried in St. Peter's.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp110.htm (410 words)

	Pope Joan
		As Pope John VIII she ruled for two years until one day while riding from St. Peter's to the palace of St. John Lateran, the Pope stopped by the side of the road and gave birth to a baby boy.
		Pope Leo IV died July 17th 855 AD according to official records and Pope Benedict III immediately took the Papacy.
		Pope John VIII did exist and reigned for ten years between 872-882 AD but I can't find any evidence that he was really a woman disguised as a man. Keep in mind that the Protestant were enemies of the Church at the time.
	www.denofheathens.com /2005_apr.html (383 words)

	Pope Joan Discussion
		Lawrence Durrell's Pope Joan (1962) is a translation of Emmanuel Roydis' "life" of Pope Joan based on the legend that Pope John VIII was a woman.
		The "sexing of the popes" is another canard that seems to arise from a mistaken proto-archeologist's interpretation of a marble latrine chair found in the vicinity of the Lateran palace.
		Pope Joan did not exist because the circumstances of the origin of the myth [discussed by the way, in some detail on Mediev-l a year or so ago, and available viz Alta Vista Searches of its archives] are known and explicable.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~women/archives/threads/pope.html (2188 words)

	John VIII
		There is a reasonable body of evidence to suggest that John was Joan, or at least as much credible evidence as there is to support other historical myths like the crucifixion of Jesus Christ or the construction of Alexandria.
		What little we know for sure indicates that John VIII was a controversial pope, but this isn't exactly a point of great distinction in the ninth century church, when intramural political battles were the rule of the day.
		There are references in medieval Vatican manuscripts to a statue of the female pope with her child, and various legends are tied to the story, albeit not very convincingly.
	www.rotten.com /library/bio/religion/popes/john-viii (899 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Popes Nicholas I and Adrian II refused to move a bishop from one see to another.
		John readmitted Formosus to lay communion in 878 on the condition that Formosus stay in exile.
		Formosus was elected pope in 891, and after crowning Guido III of Spoleto and his son Lambert co-emperors the next year, the pope appealed to Arnulf, king of the East Franks, to free Rome from the tyranny of its co-emperors.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/formosus.html (296 words)

	Pope Joan-The Papal History That Will Not Go Away !
		Appointed a Cardinal by Pope Leo IV and upon his death in 853 was elected Pope.
		POPE JOAN ruled the Roman Catholic Church from 853 to 855.
		The citizens of Rome were so enraged at the deception — John was in reality Joan — that they tied their Pope to the tail of her horse and dragged her through the streets of Rome.
	www.webspawner.com /users/click (497 words)

	MARINUS (OF TYRE) - LoveToKnow Article on MARINUS (OF TYRE) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		as pope, but his election did not pass unchallenged either in eastern or in western Europe.
		This pope was on friendly terms with the English king, Alfred the Great.
		MARINUS II., sometimes called Martin III., pope from 942 to 946, was merely the puppet of Alberic (d.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MARINUS_OF_TYRE_.htm (410 words)

	Pope Joan / John VIII - The First Female Pope? 11.05.03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		According to the official record, John VIII was Pope from 872 to 882.
		I wish I had time to see what Geoffrey Barraclough says about John VIII in his The Medieval Papacy (1968) Unfortunately Ludwig Pastor's 40-volume History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages does not cover the earlier period.
		The documents about the early Popes are so scarce that it is impossible to write anything definitive about them.
	wais.stanford.edu /Religion/religion_FirstFemalePope(110503).html (501 words)

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