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	Pope Julius II
		The warrior pope who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Raphael to paint the Stanze di Raffaello in the Vatican, and Bramante to begin the new St. Peter's Basilica.
		Julius, who was of warlike bent, first proceeded to extend the papacy's temporal power.
		Julius, who himself laid the cornerstone, had wished to be buried there, and had even commissioned an imposing tomb from Michelangelo.
	www.luminarium.org /encyclopedia/julius2.htm (662 words)

	Pope St. Julius I - Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Julius convened the synod at Rome, having dispatched two envoys to bear a letter of invitation to the Eastern bishops.
		Pope Julius took this occasion to write a letter, which is still extant, to the priests, deacons, and the faithful of Alexandria, to congratulate them on the return of their great pastor.
		Julius died on 12 April, 352, and was buried in the catacombs of Calepodius on the Aurelian Way, and, very soon after his death, was honoured as a saint.
	www.heiligenlexikon.de /CatholicEncyclopedia/Julius_I.html (1142 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Saint Julius I
		On 6 Feb., 337, Julius, son of Rustics and a native of Rome, was elected pope.
		The synod was held in the autumn of 340 or 341, under the presidency of the pope, in the titular church of the presbyter Vitus.
		He was entirely orthodox in his views, and, at the request of the pope and other Western bishops, interceded with his brother Constantius, Emperor of the East, in favour of the bishops who had been deposed and persecuted by the Arian party.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08561a.htm (1122 words)

	Pope Julius II
		Julius II, born Giuliano della Rovere, Roman Catholic Pope from the 1st of November 1503 to the 21st of February 1513, was born at Savona in 1443.
		Julius had already issued, on the 18th of July 1511, the summons for a general council to deal with France, with the reform of the Church, and with a war against the Turks.
		Julius was undoubtedly in energy and genius one of the greatest popes since Innocent III, and it is a misfortune of the Church that his temporal policy eclipsed his spiritual office.
	www.nndb.com /people/520/000097229 (989 words)

	Pope Julius I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Julius sent a letter to the Eastern bishops that is an early instance of the claims of primacy for the bishop of Rome.
		Julius died on April 12, 352 and was succeeded by Liberius.
		Julius is considered a saint in the Roman Catholic Church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Julius_I (388 words)

	Pope Julius III
		Julius sent Cardinal Reginald Pole as legate to England with extensive faculties to be used at his discretion in the interests of the Catholic restoration.
		In February, 1555, an embassy was sent by the English Parliament to Julius III to inform him of its unreserved submission to the papal supremacy, but the embassy was still on its journey when the pope died.
		Julius was also extremely lavish in bestowing ecclesiastical dignities and benefices upon his relatives.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/j/julius_iii,pope.html (920 words)

	ST. JULIUS I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Julius informed the Arians at Alexandria of this decision and let them know that he was displeased at their uncooperative attitude.
		Pope Julius approved of the plan and sent legates to Sardica, the modern Sofia, where the council gathered.
		Pope Julius, delighted, wrote a letter to the people of Alexandria, congratulating them on the return of their true bishop.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp35.htm (448 words)

	Pope Julius II Summary
		Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere) was a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV (1471–84).
		He was elected as Pope Julius II to the papal dignity by the unanimous vote of the cardinals, almost certainly by means of bribery.
		Her overall assessment of Julius is strongly negative, and she attributes to him some of the blame for provoking the Reformation.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Julius_II (2467 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Julius II (1503-1513) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pope Julius II is best remembered for rebuilding the papal kingdom and crafting a mecca at Rome for artists and art lovers.
		Their purpose was to depose the pope, but Pope Julius II stripped the rebellious cardinals of their rank, and the council moved to Milan where they declared Pope Julius II suspended.
		With Pope Julius II’s influence, three Renaissance artists left their indelible imprint: Bramante, with his grandiose plan for reconstruction of the Vatican, Raphael, with his frescoes in the palazzo of Pope Nicholas V, and Michelangelo, with his remarkable masterpieces in the Sistine Chapel.
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopeJuliusII.htm (621 words)

	Julius II - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Pope Julius showed himself first of all a warrior, and he ably completed the work, begun by his enemy Cesare Borgia, of restoring the Papal States to the church.
		Julius was a great patron of art, and Raphael (who painted his portrait), Michelangelo, and Bramante enjoyed his favor.
		Worldly as Julius was, he was one of the first to suppress nepotism and to try, albeit feebly, to break the hold of corruption on Rome.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Julius2.html (419 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Julius III
		Julius III was born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte in 1487.
		Two years later, in 1550, when Julius became pope, he had his brother adopt Innocenzo, and over the vehement protests from other church leaders he not only named him a cardinal but gave him a responsible administrative position as his "chief diplomatic and political agent," a task for which he was entirely incompetent.
		It was said that Julius, awaiting Innocenzo's arrival in Rome to receive his cardinal's hat, showed the impatience of a lover awaiting a mistress and that he boasted of the boy's prowess in bed.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/julius_III.html (722 words)

	Biography – Pope Julius III – The Papal Library
		Julius III, the son of a famous Roman jurisconsult, was born on the 10th of September, 1487.
		Julius III, on his accession, was faithful to his engagement, and gave the government of Parma to Octavius, with the title of Vessillifere (standard-bearer) of the Holy See.
		Julius knew how useful the council general, of which he had been president, might be made, and he convoked it to meet at Trent, with the Cardinal Marcellus Crescenzi as president.
	www.saint-mike.org /papal-library/JuliusIII/biography.html (2132 words)

	Pope Julius II, Raphael (1511-12) \| \| Guardian Unlimited Arts
		Distinguishing features: Julius doesn't look at you, as if he won't or can't bear to; and the aged, melancholy softness of his face only adds to the sense that his disapproval is terrible and final.
		In fact, Julius was depressed because the city of Bologna had seceded from the papal states.
		Popes are old, and painters with the task of glamorising them had to find ways to make age seductive.
	arts.guardian.co.uk /portrait/story/0,11109,739744,00.html (652 words)

	Pope Julius II Biography (Religious Figure) — Infoplease.com
		Pope Julius II is remembered more for his patronage of the arts -- including commissioning Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel -- than for his theological impact on the Catholic church.
		As pope, Julius continued to extend papal authority and the temporal power of the church, with particular designs on Venice and France.
		Julius II was the first pope to have a beard...
	www.infoplease.com /biography/var/juliusii.html (348 words)

	THE AGE OF POPE JULIUS III
		Pope Julius III (Giovanni Maria de' Ciocchi del Monte) has little place in history or in theology and he is almost forgotten.
		Julius III built a new entrance to Palazzo dei Conservatori which matched the entrance to the monastery and the ceiling of the loggia shows his coat of arms.
		One of the greatest worries of the Popes after 1527 was to strengthen the defence of Rome and Castel Sant'Angelo (map1 5/C2) was seen as key to the Pope's personal security.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Giulio3.html (444 words)

	Famous Water Fountains: Fountain of Pope Julius page 2
		The original style was inspired by the great monumental fountains of the Ancient Roman period, of which the last remaining example, at least still partly standing at the time, was the showpiece (known as the Trophies of Marius) at the mouth of the old Aqua Julia in what is now Piazza Vittorio.
		Indeed, the pope was so fond of his “vigna” that when, anxious to plan the ceremonies, the ushers asked him, “Your Holiness, shall we be going to Consistory tomorrow?”, he sometimes replied, “No, tomorrow we are going to my vigna”.
		Yet, having his villa built there, he spared no expense and had workmen dig deep and diligently from where his residence is today as far as the start of this road to do this good deed for the public.
	www.garden-fountains.com /fountains-of-rome/pope-julius-fountain-2.htm (287 words)

	May 25, 1999 THE HISTORY OF THE MASS AND HOLY MOTHER CHURCH: (may25his.htm)
		Julius saw this and summoned a new Holy League, this time with Venice as an ally to oust France with the battle cry, "Out with barbarians!" The battles that ensued took their toll on both sides and a new fued broke out between Julius II and Louis XII.
		Julius expedited the beginning of this Council for Maximilian had sided with Louis and thus, being an astute military genius, sought to cut the snake off at the head rather than scatter the pit.
		Julius recaptured Parma, Piacenza and Reggio Emilia and was hailed as the liberator of Italy.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/99May/may25his.htm (1285 words)

	Sistine Chapel
		The Pope was supposed to be the absolute monarch of the Papal States, the church’s secular empire: but the states of Perugia and Bologna declared their independence of Rome and refused to pay taxes.
		Julius must have felt that the problem of the mold could be solved, because he told Michelangelo to keep working on the ceiling.
		Pope Julius died in February of 1513, a few months after Michelangelo finished painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
	www.oldnewspublishing.com /sistine.htm (2837 words)

	Pope Julius III: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Pope Julius III: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Julius III was a Tuscan, which explained Cosimo de Medici's anxiety to secure his election.
		Their disapprobation did not trouble Julius in the least, he merely made fun of their squeamishness; and indeed the younger ones soon discovered that they had worse things to put up with from him than his oaths.
	www.pickle-publishing.com /papers/triple-crown-julius-iii.htm (2266 words)

	Pope Julius III
		Julius III, born Giovanni Maria del Monte, Roman Catholic Pope from 1550 to 1555, was born on the 10th of September 1487.
		He was created cardinal by Pope Paul III in 1536, filled several important legations, and was elected pope on the 7th of February 1550, despite the opposition of Charles V, whose enmity he had incurred as president of the council of Trent.
		Love of ease and desire for peace moved him, however, to adopt a conciliatory attitude, and to yield to the emperor's desire for the reassembling of the council (September 1551), suspended since 1549.
	www.nndb.com /people/522/000097231 (213 words)

	The Frescoing of the Sistine Chapel \| Michelangelo \| Pope Julius II
		Pope Julius II, the one who commissioned the Sistine Chapel fresco, was continually nagging at Michelangelo to get on with it.
		When he wasn't dickering with the Pope over getting paid, or hiding out because he thought that Pope Julius' mignons might be wanting to poison him, Michelangelo was arguing long distance --- by post --- with his family of loafers and spendthrifts.
		Perhaps, suggests the author, the key to it all was that Michelangelo and Pope Julius II were very much alike.
	www.ralphmag.org /CZ/michelangelo.html (926 words)

	Pope Julius II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		But by a brilliant campaign Julius in 1506 succeeded in freeing Perugia and Bologna from their despots (Giampolo Baglioni and Giovanni II Bentivoglio, respectively), and raised himself to such a height of influence as to render his friendship of prime importance both to the King of France and the Emperor.
		Julius II hereupon entered into the Holy League of 1511 with Ferdinand II of Aragon and the Venetians against France, in which both Henry VIII of England (1509–47) and the Emperor ultimately joined.
		His remains, along with those of his uncle Pope Sixtus IV, were desecrated during the Sack of Rome in 1527.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Julius_II (1444 words)

	A History of the General Councils - AD 325 through AD 1870 - Mgr. Philip Hughes
		This second pope was Paul III (1534-49) and ultimately he lived to see the council he had dreamed of meet at Trent, but after bitter vicissitudes--for some of which history must hold his own personal failings responsible.
		He was, in fact, on the verge of war with the pope, the casus belli being the revolt of Paul II 's grandsons against the new pope.
		Julius III died in 1555, to be succeeded by his one-time colleague at Trent, Cervini, whose reign lasted but a short three weeks.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/CDHN/coun20.html (8949 words)

	St. Athanasius, Arianism, and the Holy See Rome Papacy
		Julius made no objection to this, and at once wrote both to the Bishop of Alexandria and to his accusers summoning them to a synod, the time and place of which they themselves could decide.
		Having thus reproached Julius and complained of his ill-usage, they promised, if he would accept the deposition of those whom they had deposed and the appointment of those whom they had ordained, to give him peace and communion; but if he withstood their decrees, they would refuse this.
		In the present case Pope Julius left it to the Council; though I believe the form of the canons had been previously prepared by himself, no doubt in consultation with neighboring bishops and with St. Athanasius and the other exiles who were so nearly concerned.
	www.bringyou.to /apologetics/num51.htm (7296 words)

	The Papacy and the Vatican Palace \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Julius soon decided to tear down the Constantinian basilica and rebuild Saint Peter's entirely, an idea met with opposition from parties who felt that the old church, which had existed almost from the dawn of Christianity, should be preserved.
		Pope Julius appointed the architect Donato Bramante (1444–1514) to draw up plans for the new Saint Peter's.
		The Stanza della Segnatura was Julius II's library, and the frescoes Raphael executed there illustrate the themes of theology, philosophy, jurisprudence, and poetry, themes that reflect the content of the pope's books.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/pope/hd_pope.htm (1004 words)

	CliffsNotes::The Prince:Book Summary and Study Guide
		Julius spent the majority of his papacy occupied by war, often appearing on the battlefield himself, wearing armor under his papal robes.
		Julius quickly disposed of Cesare, regardless of their arrangement, and set about putting the Romagna back under the control of the Papal States.
		Exhausted by Julius’ military exploits and Alexander’s debauchery, most Italians were pleased to see the milder Giovanni de Medici elected as Pope Leo X. An indefatigable warrior and defender of the church’s authority, Julius also adorned his church with grand works of art.
	www.cliffsnotes.com /WileyCDA/LitNote/id-148,pageNum-82.html (502 words)

	Pope Julius II: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Pope Julius II: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Julius II gave way to the most extravagant demonstrations of grief over the death of this contemptible knave, and it seems difficult to attribute such an excess of sorrow to mere friendship.
		But where Julius II differed from most popes was in the fact that he loved conquest for conquest's sake, that his ambition was disinterested and independent of personal advantages.
	www.pickle-publishing.com /papers/triple-crown-julius-ii.htm (1443 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Julius II
		Worked for, and even bribed other cardinals to obtain the election of Pope Innocent VIII in 1484, believing that he could control Innocent from behind the scenes.
		A rivalry had developed between him and Rodrigo Borgia, and when Borgia was chosen pope as Alexander VI in 1492, Giuliano moved to Ostia and then to Paris.
		Pius died soon after, however, and Giuliano was unanimously chosen 216th pope in the shortest conclave in the history of the papacy.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0216.htm (357 words)

	Amazon.com: Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling: Books: Ross King (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The temperament of the day was dictated by the politics of the papal court, a corrupt and powerful office steeped in controversy; Pope Julius II even had a nickname, "Il Papa Terrible," to prove it.
		Along with his violent outbursts and warmongering, Pope Julius II took upon himself to restore the Sistine Chapel and pretty much intimidated Michelangelo into painting the ceiling even though the artist considered himself primarily a sculptor and was particularly unfamiliar with the temperamental art of fresco.
		At the age of 33, the sculptor Micelanagelo Buonarroti, was summoned to Rome by Pope Julius II.
	www.amazon.com /Michelangelo-Popes-Ceiling-Ross-King/dp/0142003697 (3113 words)

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