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	Biography – Pope Leo IV – The Papal Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Leo IV had, in 850, crowned Louis II as emperor, or rather as associate in the empire, and he lived constantly in good understanding with him, as well as with Lothaire, the still living father of Louis.
		Leo built, at a short distance, a new city, but in the course of time it was deserted, and the inhabitants returned to the old Centum Cellae, to which they gave the name of Civita Vecchia (the old city), which it still bears.
		Leo died on the 17th of July, 855, and was interred at the Vatican.
	www.saint-mike.org /Papal-Library/LeoIV/biography.html (1575 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Leo X
		Leo tried, as Nicholas V had formerly done, to increase the treasures of the Vatican Library, and with this object sent emissaries in all directions, even to Scandinavia and the Orient, to discover literary treasures and either obtain them, or borrow them for the purpose of making copies.
		Leo's attitude towards the imperial succession was influenced primarily by his anxiety concerning the power and independence of the Holy See and the so-called freedom of Italy.
		The magnificent pope was given a simple funeral and not until the reign of Paul III was a monument erected to his memory in the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09162a.htm (5194 words)

	Pope Leo IV
		Leo IV, pope from 847 to 855, was a Roman by birth, and was unanimously chosen to succeed Sergius II.
		His pontificate was chiefly distinguished by his efforts to repair the damage done by the Saracens during the reign of his predecessor to various churches of the city, especially those of St Peter and St Paul.
		The history of the papal struggle with Hincmar of Reims[?], which began during Leo's pontificate, belongs rather to that of Nicholas I.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Pope_Leo_IV.html (162 words)

	Pope St. Leo IV
		When the rebuilding of the walls of Rome was accomplished, Leo rebuilt Portus, and handed it over to a number of Corsican exiles, whom the ravages of the Saracens had driven from their homes.
		It was by this pope that the church of S. Maria Nova was built, to replace S. Maria Antiqua, which the decaying Palace of the Caesars threatened to engulf, and of which the ruins have recently been brought to light.
		Despite the fact that Leo was then in opposition to the Patriarch of Constantinople, one of his dependents, Daniel, a magister militum, accused him to the Frankish Emperor Louis of wishing to overthrow the domination of the Franks by a Greek alliance.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/l/leo_iv,pope_saint.html (993 words)

	Pope Joan - Free Encyclopedia of Thelema
		Pope Joan is generally regarded by historians as a myth, possibly originating as an anti-papal satire which gained a degree of plausibility due to certain genuine elements related in the story.
		She was elected after the death of Pope Leo IV (term January, 847 - July 17, 855) at a time when the method of selecting popes was haphazard.
		Pope Joan was dragged feet-first by a horse through the streets of Rome, and stoned to death by the outraged crowd.
	www.egnu.org /thelema/index.php/Pope_Joan (1288 words)

	Pope Leo X Summary
		Leo X (1475-1521), who was pope from 1513 to 1521, was a lavish patron of the arts and an international political manipulator.
		Leo X is considered the only Pope who has bestowed his own name upon his age, and one of the few whose original extraction has corresponded in some measure with the splendour of the pontifical dignity.
		Leo X was also lavish in works of charity: hospitals, convents, discharged soldiers, pilgrims, poor students, exiles, cripples, the sick, the unfortunate of every description were generously remembered, and more than 6,000 ducats were annually distributed in alms.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Leo_X (2058 words)

	Holy Spirit Interactive Kids: A Saint a Day - St. Leo IV
		Leo was born at Rome, in Italy and spent his life in that city.
		Leo was well-known and loved by two popes, Gregory IV who died in 844, and Sergius II who died in 847.
		Pope Leo IV continued serving the Church with cheerfulness right up to the end of his life.
	www.holyspiritinteractive.net /kids/saints/0717.asp (364 words)

	Pope Joan
		He became a Cardinal, and when Pope Leo IV died in 853 A.D., he was unanimously elected pope.
		As Pope John VIII he ruled for two years, until 855 A.D. However, while riding one day from St. Peter's to the Lateran, he had to stop by the side of the road and, to the astonishment of everyone, gave birth to a child.
		According to legend, upon discovering the Pope's true gender, the people of Rome tied her feet together and dragged her behind a horse while stoning her, until she died.
	www.museumofhoaxes.com /popeJoan.html (438 words)

	ST. LEO IV
		Leo, though a spiritual man, had to devote a great deal of time to temporal matters.
		Leo also built a fortified town at Portus near the mouth of the Tiber and settled Corsican refugees there to man the walls.
		Leo held a synod in 853 which renewed the reform canons of Eugene's synod in 826.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp104.htm (478 words)

	Pope Leo IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Another episode of Leo's life celebrated by the Urbinate in his series of frescoes painter is the Incendio di Borgo: it depicts the great burning of the Anglo-Saxon district of Rome (the "Borgo") which, according to the legend, was stopped by Leo simply making the sign of the cross.
		Leo held three synods, one of them in 850, distinguished by the presence of Louis II, but none of them otherwise of importance.
		Leo died on July 17, 855 and was buried in St. Peter's.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Leo_IV (446 words)

	Pope Paul IV Summary
		Under the direction of Pope Leo X he was ambassador to England and then papal nuncio in Spain, where he conceived a violent detestation of Spanish rule that affected the policies of his later papacy.
		But Carafa was recalled to Rome by the reform-minded Pope Paul III (1534–49), to sit on a committee of reform of the papal court, an appointment that forecast an end to a humanist papacy, and a revival of scholasticism, for Carafa was a thorough disciple of Thomas Aquinas.
		He was a surprise choice as Pope to succeed Pope Marcellus II (1555); his rigid, severe and unbending character combined with his age and patriotism meant he would have declined the honor.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Paul_IV (1074 words)

	Storia
		In the time of Charlemagne, Pope Leo IV (847-855) made radical changes to the basilica by adding two aisles with three chapels which extend beyond the main walls, and by creating a semicircular crypt beneath the nave.
		On the right-hand side of the basilica there is a building, probably also built by Pope Leo IV, which was used as accommodation for the clergy, in particular for the titular cardinal who was responsible for the basilica.
		The apse is still that of the early basilica, partially rebuilt by Pope Leo IV, and this explains its large size with respect to the rest of the interior.
	www.santiquattrocoronati.org /NN/story.htm (1742 words)

	MAJOR COUNCILS OF THE CHURCH: (councils.htm)
		Pope Agatho died during this Council and his successor Pope Saint Leo II continued it, approving the decrees of past Councils and taking to task one of his predecessors Pope Honorius I for not keeping the heresy of Monothelites in check, specifically not challenging the Patriarch of Constantinople Sergius who was spreading the heresy.
		Lateran IV also condemned as anathema once more the heresies of Albigensianism, which taught marriage and the sacraments were not needed, and Waldensianism, which taught that the laity could perform the same duties as a priest when said priest was in mortal sin.
		Pope Saint Pius V completed the commission of Trent, reforming the Roman Missal with his De Defectibus and Quo Primum writing the Catechism of Trent based on all the decrees of Trent and also set up a commission to issue a more exact edition of the Latin Vulgate Bible.
	www.dailycatholic.org /history/councils.htm (2468 words)

	History of the Mass (2histort.htm)
		Leo's first task was to restore all he could and reinforce the walls of the Leonine city and the Vatican against further attacks by the Muslim invaders, all the while reassuring the people that God would provide and to trust in the Almighty.
		Leo convened an important synod in December 853 in which he instituted the Octave of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
		Pope St. Leo IV was called home to Heaven on July 17, 855 just as another antipope, one who Leo had excommunicated, waited in the wings and more troubles would ensue with both the Frankish emperors and the Saracens.
	www.dailycatholic.org /2histort.htm (2626 words)

	St Leos
		Leo is a town located in Pasco County, Florida.
		Leo is located at 28°20'17" North, 82°15'12" West (28.337929, -82.253265).
		Leo is a city located in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota.
	www.breadlike.com /pages7/82/st-leos.html (698 words)

	Pope Joan - Mysteries of History - U.S. News Online
		The female pope reportedly was born in Germany of English missionary parents and grew up unusually bright in an era when learned women were considered unnatural and dangerous.
		The chief weakness of the Pope Joan story is the absence of any contemporary evidence of a female pope during the dates suggested for her reign.
		The wooden throne, with a potty-style hole in the seat, is said to have been used until the 16th century in the ceremony of papal consecration.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/pope.htm (1185 words)

	Pope Joan
		As Pope John VIII she ruled for two years until one day while riding from St. Peter's to the palace of St. John Lateran, the Pope stopped by the side of the road and gave birth to a baby boy.
		Pope Leo IV died July 17th 855 AD according to official records and Pope Benedict III immediately took the Papacy.
		Pope John VIII did exist and reigned for ten years between 872-882 AD but I can't find any evidence that he was really a woman disguised as a man. Keep in mind that the Protestant were enemies of the Church at the time.
	www.denofheathens.com /2005_apr.html (383 words)

	In Italy Online - The Basilica of the Santi Quattro Coronati
		In the late Middle Ages the monastery was sometimes used as a refuge for Popes escaping conspiracies and conflicts in the nearby Lateran Palace, and as a protected hospice for important visitors to the papal court.
		Leo's nave becomes the entire church, the left aisle has become the cloister; while the right aisle was used for construction of the convent refectory.
		Five huge columns imbedded in the outside right wall of the present courtyard (which was the back half of Leo's church) are the lonely testimony to the church's shrinking structure and to dwindling papal funds.
	www.initaly.com /regions/latium/church/4cor.htm (1761 words)

	Past Forward: Her Holiness? the TRUTH Behind the Legend of POPE JOAN
		Leo's greatest accomplishment was the building of the wall around Rome (that bears his name) to fend off Saracen (Turkish) attacks.
		Their outrage over Leo's death was only quieted by the immediate election of Joan, the "little Pope", who had been Leo's "right hand man" during the construction of the wall.
		Popes may have filled their beds with their "special friends" but for a Pope to openly live with another person was something that Joan could not believe would be permitted.
	www.healpastlives.com /pastlf/mystery/mshhjoan.htm (2223 words)

	Part 1, Chapter 7 - Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel. - Historicist.com The Protestant Interpretation of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In the year 751 Pope Zechary deposed Childeric, a slothful and useless King of France, and the last of the race of Merovaeus; and absolving his subjects from their oath of allegiance, gave the kingdom to Pipin the majorof the Palace; and thereby made a new and potent friend.
		By Peter’s giving the Pallium to the Pope with his right hand, and the banner of the city to the King with his left, and by naming the Pope before the King in the inscription, may be understood that the Pope was then reckoned superior in dignity to the Kings of the earth.
		For the Pope began now to coin money, and the coins of Rome are hence forward found with the heads ofthe Emperors, Charles, Ludovicus Pius, Lotharius, and their successors, on the one side, and the Pope’s inscription on the reverse, for many years.
	www.historicist.com /newton/p1c7.htm (2052 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Pope Joan
		The story of Pope Joan, as she was popularly renamed, captured the imaginations of Europeans for hundreds of years.
		With the death of Pope Leo IV (847-855), the citizens of Rome pushed for her to assume the title, which she did in 855.
		He writes that after she gave birth, enraged onlookers attacked the pope, bound her feet, hooked her to the back of a horse, and stoned her to death as she was dragged down the street.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/pope_joan.html (1017 words)

	Antipope Anastasius III
		In 847 Pope Leo IV (847-855) made him cardinal priest of St. Marco's parish.
		In 869 he was sent by Louis II as part of a royal delegation to Constantinople to arrange a marriage between Ermengard, the daughter of Louis II, and Leo VI, oldest son of Basil I, the Eastern emperor.
		The earliest known writings concerning the legend of the female Pope Joan (855-858) are contained in a chronicle by Anastasius.
	www.archelaos.com /popes/details.aspx?id=119 (403 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Saint Leo IV
		Pope St. Leo IV Catholic Encyclopedia on CD-ROM
		A Roman and the son of Radoald, was unanimously elected to succeed Sergius II, and as the alarming attack of the Saracens on Rome in 846 caused the people to fear for the safety of the city, he was consecrated (10 April, 847) without the consent of the emperor.
		The work took him four years to accomplish, and the newly fortified portion was called the Leonine City, after him.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09159a.htm (1006 words)

	Popes' escape route (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		From today, Roman residents and visitors will be able to walk the historic "passageway of popes" that connects the Vatican with the Castel Sant'Angelo on the bank of the Tiber.
		The walled passageway, almost one kilometre long, is part of a defensive wall that was built in the 6th century to protect the Pope.
		In 1277, a long enclosed corridor was added to the Leonine Wall, designed specifically to give the Pope a ready means of retreat from the Vatican to the Castel Sant'Angelo in case of armed attack.
	www.mirabilis.ca /archives/000922.html (249 words)

	Pope Joan (Morgana's Observatory)
		Pope Joan is one of the most fascinating, extraordinary characters in Western history -- and one of the least well known.
		Her statue stood undisputed alongside those of the other Popes in the Cathedral of Siena until 1601, when, by command of Pope Clement VIII, it suddenly "metamorphosed" into a bust of Pope Zacharias.
		Hus was condemned for preaching the heretical doctrine that the Pope is fallible.
	www.dreamscape.com /morgana/popejoan.htm (1051 words)

	The Fable of 'Pope Joan'
		Upon the death of Pope Leo IV, she was elected pope, all the while keeping her disguise as a man. At some point she became pregnant by one of her lovers.
		Also, she was not among the official portraits of the popes that line the walls of St. Paul Outside the Walls in Rome.
		One interesting point is that Pope Benedict’s image appears along with the image of the Holy Roman Emperor Lothair on coins minted prior to Sept. 29; this point corroborates that Pope Benedict was recognized from the time of his election as the true pope.
	catholiceducation.org /articles/facts/fm0056.html (1627 words)

	Pope Joan
		The church insists that the chair was used in consecrations because of its handsome appearance, and that the hole in the seat was irrelevant.
		Pope John Paul II recently made this reply to the under secretary general of the United Nations, a Pakistani woman who had protested male violence against women: "Don't you think that the irresponsible behavior of men is caused by women?"
		In a second incident reported by Bernstein and Politi, Pope John Paul II, during a visit to Chile, when Augusto Pinochet was in power, was introduced to a 19-year-old woman, whose face had been disfigured when Pinochet's soldiers doused her with gasoline and set her on fire.
	www.ffrf.org /fttoday/1998/may98/johnson.html (2198 words)

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