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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Leo X
		The pope wished at first to remain neutral but such a course would have isolated him, so he decided to be faithful to the policy of his predecessors and sought accordingly to oppose the designs of France, but in doing so, to avoid severity.
		The pope was either unwilling or not in a position to regulate the unworthy and immoral conduct of many of the Roman courtiers.
		Leo's attitude towards the imperial succession was influenced primarily by his anxiety concerning the power and independence of the Holy See and the so-called freedom of Italy.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09162a.htm (4968 words)

	Popes
		The election of Pope Alexander VI took him back to Rome for the conclave (assembly of cardinals to elect the pope); otherwise he lived in Florence until he was exiled in November 1494 with the other members of the Medici family on the charge of their betraying the republic.
		Leo X, who inherited the council before it was a year old, was little inclined to preside over the sweeping reforms that the church so desperately needed on the eve of the Protestant Reformation.
		Leo X was not only the head of the Christian Church, he was also the temporal ruler of the Papal States and head of the Medici family that ruled the Florentine republic.
	www.wga.hu /database/glossary/popes/leo10.html (1806 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pope Innocent II
		Pope Innocent II (died September 24, 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was Pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna).
		Saint Victor I was Pope from 189 to 199 (the Vatican cites 186 or 189 to 197 or 201).
		Pope Alexander VI (January 1, 1431 â€“ August 18, 1503), born Rodrigo Borja (Italian: Rodrigo Borgia), Pope from 1492 to 1503), is the most controversial of the secular Popes of the Renaissance, whose surname became a byword for low standards in the papacy of that era.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pope-Innocent-II (7130 words)

	Luminarium Encyclopedia: Pope Leo X (1475-1521)
		POPE LEO X, Giovanni de' Medici, pope from the 11th of March 1513 to the 1st of December 1521, was the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici, called the Magnificent, and was born at Florence on the 11th of December 1475.
		Leo was deemed fortunate by his contemporaries, but an incurable malady, wars, enemies, a conspiracy of cardinals, and the loss of all his nearest relations darkened his days; and he failed entirely in his general policy of expelling foreigners from Italy, of restoring peace throughout Europe, and of prosecuting war against the Turks.
		The Medici Popes: Leo X and Clement VII.
	www.luminarium.org /encyclopedia/leo10.htm (3615 words)

	Pope Leo X
		Leo tried, as Nicholas V had formerly done, to increase the treasures of the Vatican Library, and with this object sent emissaries in all directions, even to Scandinavia and the Orient, to discover literary treasures and either obtain them, or borrow them for the purpose of making copies.
		Leo's attitude towards the imperial succession was influenced primarily by his anxiety concerning the power and independence of the Holy See and the so-called freedom of Italy.
		The magnificent pope was given a simple funeral and not until the reign of Paul III was a monument erected to his memory in the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/l/leo_x,pope.html (5225 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Pope Leo X - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While the council was engaged in planning a crusade and in considering the reform of the clergy, a new crisis occurred between the pope and the new king of France, Francis I, an enthusiastic young prince, dominated by the ambition of recovering Milan and the Kingdom of Naples.
		A truce was to be proclaimed throughout Christendom; the pope was to be the arbiter of disputes; the emperor and the king of France were to lead the army; England, Spain and Portugal were to furnish the fleet; and the combined forces were to be directed against Constantinople.
		Leo X was also lavish in charity: retirement homes, hospitals, convents, discharged soldiers, pilgrims, poor students, exiles, cripples, the sick, and the unfortunate of every description were generously remembered, and more than 6,000 ducats were annually distributed in alms.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Pope_Leo_X (3900 words)

	Pope Leo X
		Leo X, pope from the 11th of March 1513 to the 1st of December 1521, was the second son of Lorenzo de Medici, called the Magnificent, and was born Giovanni de Medici at Florence on the 11th of December 1475.
		Leo X died on the 1st of December 1521, so suddenly that the last sacraments could not be administered; but the contemporary suspicions of poison were unfounded.
		Leo was deemed fortunate by his contemporaries, but an incurable malady, wars, enemies, a conspiracy of cardinals, and the loss of all his nearest relations darkened his days; and he failed entirely in his general policy of expelling foreigners from Italy, of restoring peace throughout Europe, and of prosecuting war against the Turks.
	www.nndb.com /people/180/000092901 (3593 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Leo I (The Great)
		Leo's chief aim was to sustain the unity of the Church.
		The pope ordered the faithful to point out these heretics to the priests, and in 443, together with the senators and presbyters, conducted in person an investigation, in the course of which the leaders of the community were examined.
		On 30 January, 444, the pope sent a letter to all the bishops of Italy, to which he appended the documents containing his proceedings against the Manichæans in Rome, and warned them to be on their guard and to take action against the followers of the sect (ep.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09154b.htm (2755 words)

	Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 9: Laprade-Mass Liturgy \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Before Leo could do anything in the matter of the reform of the Church on which his heart was set, he had first to put down another attempt on the part of the ex-Pope Benedict IX to seize the papal throne.
		At the usual paschal synod which Leo was in the habit of holding at Rome, the heresy of Berengarius of Tours was condemned–a condemnation repeated by the pope a few months later at Vercelli.
		Again Leo crossed the Alps, but, thinking he was sure of success, Henry would not accept the terms proposed by the pope, with the result that his expedition against the Hungarians proved a failure.
	www.ccel.org /search?category=definitions&qu=L&term=Leo+IX (2460 words)

	Pope Leo X
		Pope Leo X(originally Giovanni de Medici) was born in 1475.
		Leo's power within the church rose and in 1513, at the age of thirty-eight, he was elected pope.
		Leo was not active theologically and did not encourage reforms necessary to the church at the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
	members.tripod.com /~The_Reformation/pope.html (259 words)

	Martin Luther . Characters.Pope Leo X \| PBS
		Pope Leo X was born Giovanni de Medici in 1475 and raised in Italy's most culturally sophisticated city, Florence, as part of the prestigious de' Medici family, renowned patrons of the arts, benefactors of scholarship, and masters of political intrigue.
		He was a skilful administrator, and became Pope at the age of 37 in 1513.
		Pope Leo X was also the Patron of the artist Raphael and granted King Henry VIII of England the title 'Defender of the Faith'.
	www.pbs.org /empires/martinluther/char_leo.html (346 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Creations of Cardinals of the X Century
		Leo V was elected pope in August 903.
		Leo VIII was elected by acclamation with Emperor Otto I's approval in the Roman synod of December 4, 963, which deposed Pope John XII.
		Leo was a layman, chief notary (protoscrinarius) of the Church.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-x.htm (2447 words)

	AN ABRIDGED HISTORY OF ROME - PART III - II - SPLENDOUR AND CRISIS
		Pope Julius II continued his predecessors' renovation program of Rome of and focussed his attention on the rioni along the river and in particular Regola and Trastevere.
		Pope Julius II was the founder of the Swiss Guard: for this reason the morion (* external link) the guards wear on particularly solemn occasions is decorated with the pope's coat of arms (an oak).
		Pope Leo X did not leave room for scandal on moral grounds as his predecessors had done, but his passion for all sorts of entertainment was not appropriate for the spiritual leadership he was expected to exert.
	www.romeartlover.it /Storia20.html (2644 words)

	Leo X, pope. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Leo was not a competent ruler; he was a good, pious man, a dilettante of letters and art, but not greatly interested in the advancement of the church.
		Leo excommunicated the reformers, notably with the bull Exsurge Domine (1520), but he failed to deal effectively with the trouble.
		Leo granted Henry VIII of England the title Defender of the Faith (Defensor Fidei).
	www.bartleby.com /65/le/Leo10.html (245 words)

	AllRefer.com - Leo X, pope (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		Leo X, pope, Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes
		Leo was not a competent ruler; he was a good, pious man, a dilettante of letters and art, but not greatly interested in the advancement of the church.
		Leo excommunicated the reformers, notably with the bull Exsurge Domine (1520), but he failed to deal effectively with the trouble.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/Leo10.html (336 words)

	Pope Leo X (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pope Leo was born in Florence in 1475 and died in Rome in 1521.
		With minimal deliberation the cardinals, who desired a peace-loving successor to the warlike Julius, elected Cardinal de' Medici Pope, who took the name of Leo X. At 37 years of age the new pope was the personification of Renaissance ideals.
		Leo X was not only the head of the Christian Church, he was also the temporal ruler of the Papal States and head of the Medici family that ruled the Florentine Signoria.
	www.gicas.net /machiavelli/leo10.html (684 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Leo X
		Leo was a pious man, but an incompetent ruler, more interested in the arts than in the Church.
		Martin Luther posted his theses against the sale of Indulgences in 1517; Leo practiced these sales to fund his building program.
		Leo excommunicated the reformers, but failed to deal effectively with the trouble.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0217.htm (140 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Leo XIII
		In 1880 relations with the Belgian Government were again broken off à propos of the school question, on the pretext that the pope was lending himself to duplicity, encouraging the bishops to resist, and pretending to the Government that he was urging moderation.
		Pope Leo established the hierarchy in 1886, and regulated there long-standing conflicts with the Portugese authorities.
		Pope Leo made no radical change, yet no part of it escaped his vigilance, and opportune modifications were made as the needs of the times required.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09169a.htm (4077 words)

	Pope Leo X
		Leo X is said to have loved Hanno like a modern day pet owner loves their cat or dog.
		Leo X was described as having been "timid," and it is written that he was even "frightened" of Michelangelo.
		Pope Leo X died on December 1, 1521, leaving behind a Christianity that was to become very divided.
	chnm.gmu.edu /courses/ffolliott/arth311/Pope%20Leo%20X.htm (1845 words)

	Pope Leo X Summary
		Leo X (1475-1521), who was pope from 1513 to 1521, was a lavish patron of the arts and an international political manipulator.
		Leo X was also lavish in works of charity: hospitals, convents, discharged soldiers, pilgrims, poor students, exiles, cripples, the sick, the unfortunate of every description were generously remembered, and more than 6,000 ducats were annually distributed in alms.
		On June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued the papal bull "Exsurge Domine" and on January 3, 1521 excommunicated Martin Luther.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Leo_X (2058 words)

	Music (Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture)
		The pope on his throne at the left is no. 4, and the papal singers in their "cantoria" are no. 51.
		The beautiful illuminated full-page opening miniature portrays the reigning pope Paul III presenting the constitution to the master of the papal chapel, with the singers of the chapel kneeling behind him.
		The composer Carpentras was master of the papal chapel during the reign of Pope Leo X and wrote, among other things, polyphonic settings of the Lamentations of Jeremiah--part of the liturgy of Holy Week.
	lcweb.loc.gov /exhibits/vatican/music.html (2335 words)

	Leo X Condemns Martin Luther
		It is instructive to note the nature of the time and the personality of the Pope at the beginning of the long-overdue Reformation, since it was Christ who said, "He without sin among you, cast the first stone" (John 8:7), and it was Christ's Vicar casting stones at Luther.
		Consuming a surplus acquired by his predecessor, Leo X spent lavishly on banquets, entertainments, jewels and gifts — to the tune of five million ducats, in excess of $33 million in today's currency, over eight years.
		So it wasn't surprising that when some clerics, led by Cardinal Petrucci, attempted to poison the Pope, and failed, Petrucci was strangled in prison, his servants had their flesh removed with hot pincers, and Cardinals Riario and Sauli confessed under torture.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0615almanac.htm (551 words)

	Letter of Martin Luther to Pope Leo X. Luther, Martin. 1909-14. Concerning Christian Liberty. The Harvard Classics
		Meanwhile you, Leo, are sitting like a lamb in the midst of wolves, like Daniel in the midst of lions, and, with Ezekiel, you dwell among scorpions.
		Since, by the favour of God, there was no hope of proceeding against me by force, some of the more noted of their number were sent to me, and begged me at least to show respect to your person and to vindicate in a humble letter both your innocence and my own.
		Therefore, Leo, my Father, beware of listening to those sirens who make you out to be not simply a man, but partly a god, so that you can command and require whatever you will.
	www.bartleby.com /36/6/1.html (2379 words)

	Pope Leo X: Evaluation of His "Fable of Christ" Statement
		Encyclopaedia articles on Leo are based upon Roscoe's Life and Pontificate of Leo X (4 vols., 1805), which is very unreliable.
		Leo the tenth was a Florentine borne, of the noble house of Medicea, and called ere he were Pope John Medices.
		This Leo was of his owne nature a gentil and quiet person:but often times ruled by those that were cruell and contencious men, whom he suffered to do in many matters according to their insolent wil.
	www.tektonics.org /lp/popeleox.html (3126 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1517, Pope Leo X authorized archbishop Albrecht of Germany to send agents throughout Germany to collect indulgences to help pay for a massive construction project at St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome.
		An indulgence is a paper signed personally by the pope which is given to any man who pays a price for it.
		Pope Leo XIII wrote no fewer than ten encyclicals on the Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
	www.lycos.com /info/pope-leo-x--miscellaneous.html (418 words)

	COB-NET Historical Notes: Pope Leo X
		The Church at Rome was badly in need of ecclesiastical reform before Pope Leo X and these new deceptive money-making schemes were the proverbial "straw that broke the camel's back." Luther responded by posting his ninety-five arguments for reform.
		Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther on January 3, 1521, denouncing him as a heretic.
		The rest of Leo's life was a series of military treaties and alliances when he should have been correcting the religious turmoil that resulted from his own excesses and lack of focus.
	www.cob-net.org /text/history_popeleo.htm (461 words)

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