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	Pope Lucius II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lucius II was not willing to accept the demands of Roger and rejected them, but Roger II forced Lucius II to accept his conditions by arms.
		The Roman Senate, which practically took all temporal power from the Pope during the pontificate of Innocent II and was dissolved by Lucius II, was resurrected, encouraged by Lucius II's defeat.
		Lucius II called unsuccessfully for the help of Emperor Conrad III (1138–52) against the Senate and the patrician Giordano Pierleoni, brother of the former Antipope Anacletus II, and finally marched against them with a small army.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Lucius_II (340 words)

	Pope Celestine II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Celestine II, born Guido di Castello (died March 8, 1144), was Pope from 1143 to 1144.
		The principal act of his Papacy was the absolution of Louis VII of France (1137–80) at the request of that penitent monarch, and the removal of the interdict under which that country had lain for three years.
		This biography of a Pope or a claimant to the papacy is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Celestine_II (162 words)

	LUCIUS II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Pope Lucius, in distress, turned to Emperor Conrad, but Conrad was deaf to his appeals even when St. Bernard added his voice to that of the Pope.
		Finally, Lucius turned to those natural enemies of the Pierleoni, the Frangipani, and soon Rome rang with the clash of steel and the hoarse war cries of barons and burghers.
		According to one chronicle, Pope Lucius, leading an assault on the Capitol, was struck down by enemy stones.
	www.cfpeople.org /books/pope/POPEp164.htm (424 words)

	History of the Mass (20histot.htm)
		Lucius would play right into their hands and for his efforts, end up another victim on the battlefield of the Roman streets.
		Lucius had been a master at negotiations, working as Pope Honorius II's legate in Germany and supporting the election of Lothair III as emperor in 1125.
		Thus, in February 1145 he led an attack on the Capitol but the Frangipani were waiting and the battle took its toll with many of the latter fleeing, bloodshed everywhere, and a pontiff who lay dying in the streets from a fusilage of stones that struck him in battle.
	www.dailycatholic.org /hist/20histot.htm (984 words)

	Pope Paul II: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Pope Paul II, né Pietro Barbo (February 23, 1418 - July 26, 1471), was pope (pope: The head of the Roman Catholic Church) from 1464 to 1471.
		However, in 1467 Platina was again imprisoned on the charge of having participated in a conspiracy against the pope, and was torture (torture: The act of torturing someone) d along with other abbreviators, all of whom had been accused of pagan views.
		In December, 1466, he pronounced the ban of excommunication (excommunication: The act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church; cutting a person off from a religious society) and sentence of deposition against Podebrady.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/pope_paul_ii1 (447 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Blessed Eugene III
		The palaces of the cardinals and of such of the nobility as held with the pope were razed to the ground; churches and monasteries were pillaged; St. Peter's church was turned into an arsenal; and pious pilgrims were plundered and maltreated.
		The pope and the senate should have separate courts, and an appeal could be made from the decisions of either court to the other.
		That the Second Crusade was a wretched failure cannot be ascribed to the saint or the pope; but it is one of those phenomena so frequently met with in the history of the papacy, that a pope who was made to subdue a handful of rebellious subjects could hurl all Europe against the Saracens.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05599a.htm (1488 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Lucius II
		Papal legate to Germany from 1125 to 1126 for Pope Honorius II, and in 1130, 1131, 1133, 1134 and 1136 for Pope Innocent II.
		Lucius dissolved the Roman citizen's senate which had been established by Pope Innocent II, and which had assumed some temporal power from the papacy.
		Lucius led his army against the republicans, but lost, receiving the injuries from which he later died.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0166.htm (220 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Lucius II
		In all these legations he loyally supported the interests of Innocent II, and it must be ascribed chiefly to his exertions that Lothair III made two expeditions to Italy for the purpose of protecting Innocent II against the antipope, Anacletus II.
		Towards the end of the pontificate of Innocent II he was appointed papal chancellor and librarian.
		The new pope took the name of Lucius II; shortly after his accession he had a conference with King Roger of Sicily at Ceperano early in June, 1144, for the purpose of reaching an understanding with the king regarding his duties as a vassal of the Apostolic See.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09412a.htm (490 words)

	Europe's 12th-Century Development by Sanderson Beck
		Pope Paschal canceled his grant of lay investiture at the Easter synod of 1116; but he had to flee to the Normans as Heinrich and young Matilda were crowned in Rome by exiled Portuguese archbishop Maurice who was made (anti-) Pope Gregory VIII.
		Anselm was born on the frontier of Lombardy and Burgundy in 1033.
		Pope Adrian sent a request that Arnold of Brescia should be handed over and executed by Friedrich, who had him hanged and his body burned, scattering his ashes in the Tiber to prevent the people from venerating his body.
	www.san.beck.org /AB20-Europe12thCentury.html (23248 words)

	Page 202
		The points settled between Lothair and the pope were, in the main, four: (i) the annulment of illegal confiscations which had taken place under the late popes; (2) regulation of the administration of justice and suppression of brigandage; (3) regulation of the relation of subjects to the Frankish empire; (4) regulation of papal elections.
		Among the notable measures then passed (the acts are not preserved) is the declaration of the invalidity of consecration by Anacletus IL, and of marriages contracted by priests; as well as the imposition of the interdict upon the residence of an excommunicated person.
		While this synod was yet in session the pope received news of the discomfiture of the German and French crusaders; whereupon he hastily returned to Italy.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/encyc/encyc04/htm/0218=202.htm (822 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections and conclaves by century
		As a reprisal for Pope Gellasius II's escape to Gaeta and his refusal to immediately meet with him to discuss the affairs of the Church in Germany, Emperor Henry V named the deposed and excommunicated archbishop of Braga, Portugal, Maurice Bourdin, as antipope.
		In its general drift and by what it had in common with the tendencies of the reform party, its aim was to free the papal elections: 1st, from all interference on the part of the Roman feudal aristocracy; and 2nd, from undue and harmful interference on the part of the kings of Germany.
		The decree Licet de vitanda, promulgated by Pope Alexander III in the Lateran III Ecumenical Council, March 19, 1179, stated that "to prevent schisms in future, only the cardinals should have the right to elect the pope, and two-thirds of their votes should be required for the validity of such election.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm (6477 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Creations of cardinals of the XII Century
		It adds that, according to Jaffé, Callisutus II was at Cluny from December 30, 1119 to January 7, 1120 and that he consecrated, on January 3, the bishop of Geneva, Humbert, who is not considered a cardinal.
		Excommunicated by Pope Alexander III in 1162 and 1163.
		Pope Gregory VIII was elected on October 21, 1187 and died on December 17, 1187.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-xii.htm (6890 words)

	33 DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH (dec8doc.htm)
		He was the confidante of popes and kings, beggars and paupers.
		He served loyally the true popes of his time, becoming a close advisor to Pope Innocent's successors Pope Celestine II and Pope Lucius II, the 166th successor of Peter, who was struck by a lethal rock thrown by rioters.
		Lucius, a peacemaker, had waded into the crowd to quell the violence when he was hi
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/2002Dec/dec15doc.htm (963 words)

	Popes & Patriarchs of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc.
		The Pope was not the ruler of that Church, but one of the Ecumenical Patriarchs, along with the Patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople.
		Popes from a similiar family, the Medici, are featured in the genealogy of the Medici given with the rulers of Tuscany.
		Afterwards, it was demolished by the Ottomans for the Mosque of the Sult.ân Meh.med II (Fâtih.
	www.friesian.com /popes.htm (8920 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> 1145 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Estimation: Merv in the Seljuk Empire becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.
		Pope Lucius II is succeeded by Pope Eugenius III
		Pope Eugenius III issues Quantum praedecessores, calling for the Second Crusade
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/1145 (195 words)

	[No title]
		He brought a letter from the pope demanding his restoration, and this was accepted as decisive by the council It should be observed that there can be no question here of the pope employing prerogatives conferred on him at Sardica, for he did not follow the procedure there indicated.
		These ordinances were not, however, in any sense the source of the pope's jurisdiction, which rested on Divine institution; they were civil sanctions enabling the pope to avail himself of the civil machinery of the empire in discharging the duties of his office.
		The pope can, further, legislate regarding the mode in which the subsequent election shall be carried out, determining the composition of the electoral college, and the conditions requisite for a definitive choice.
	www.ewtn.com /library/CHRIST/CEPOPE.TXT (14781 words)

	Holy Spirit Interactive Kids: A Saint a Day - Blessed Eugene III
		When the cardinals met at the funeral of the pope, they decided to elect the new pope as quickly as possible.
		Pope Eugene had to leave Rome a few times because of the dangers surrounding him.
		One of his fellow monks wrote to St. Bernard of Clairvaux about Pope Eugene: "There is no arrogance or domineering way in him." St. Antoninus, called Pope Eugene "a great pope with great sufferings." Pope Eugene died on July 8, 1153 at Tivoli in Italy.
	www.holyspiritinteractive.net /kids/saints/0708.asp (342 words)

	Pope Paschal II: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		January 21, 1118), pope (pope: The head of the Roman Catholic Church) from August 13, 1099 until his death, was a native of Bieda (Bieda: bieda is a small town in italy near rome....
		He was created cardinal priest of San Clemente by Pope Gregory VII (Pope Gregory VII: more facts about this subject) about 1076, and was consecrated pope in succession to Pope Urban II (Pope Urban II: more facts about this subject) on August 19, 1099.
		In the long struggle with the emperors over investiture (investiture: The ceremonial act of clothing someone in the insignia of an office; the formal promotion of a person to an office or rank), he zealously carried on the Hildebrandine (Hildebrandine: more facts about this subject) policy, but with only partial success.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/pope_paschal_ii1 (370 words)

	A Brief Timeline of Stephen's Reign
		Pope Innocent II hears charge of Stephen's usurpation of the Crown, and confirms the legitimacy of Stephen's rule.
		Pope consecrates Henry Murdac as archbishop of York (7 Dec)--this overturns the precedent that the king approves the selection of a bishop or archbishop.
		Pope issues general excommunication on English bishops, and reserves absolution of Bishop Henry for himself (Bernard of Clairvaux is probably the instigator)
	dragon_azure.tripod.com /UoA/Stephen_Time.html (2115 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Pope Lucius II; Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orbo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Pope Lucius II Reigned from 12 March 1144 to 15 February 1145.
		Born in Bologna, Italy as Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orbo; died Rome, Italy.
		He died as the result of violence received from a Roman mob.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd04895.htm (90 words)

	Holy Spirit Interactive: Catholic Saints - Blessed Eugene III
		Blessed Eugene III was born near Pisa, Italy, in the twelfth century.
		Pope Eugene had been Father Peter, a priest in Pisa, when he felt the call to become a Cistercian monk.
		The cardinals elected Abbot Bernard to be pope.
	www.holyspiritinteractive.net /dailysaint/july/0708.asp (340 words)

	Monastery E-News April 10a, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		When Pope Lucius II died (perhaps killed) in the siege of Rome, Abbot Bernard of Pisa on Feb. 15, 1145 was elected Pope and took the name of Eugene III.
		Bernard is not only speaking to his son, Pope Eugene, but he is, in a sense, speaking to everyone of us, to every person holding a place of responsibility, and to the man who will be elected pope next week.
		While acting as the new pope’s political and spiritual counselor, the great Cistercian abbot was tireless in advancing Eugene’s policies and in defending his authority and prestige.
	www.trappist.net /newweb/enews_04_10a_05.html (1039 words)

	Color Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Pope Deusdedit succeeds Boniface IV The Hegira Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina
		Pope Formasus succeeds Stephen VI Arnulf of Germany defeats Vikings at the Battle of the Dyle.
		Pope Urban II proclaims 1st Crusade at the Council of Clermont.
	www.molloy.edu /academic/philosophy/SOPHIA/med_ren/med_chronology.htm (4999 words)

	Britannia Biographies: Henry Murdac, Archbishop of York
		The Pope decided that, if the Dean of York (Puisnet alias Pudsey) would take an oath that he was fairly elected, he might be consecrated.
		Cardinal Hinckman was sent from Rome with his pall, but Pope Lucius died while he was on his journey and he returned without having delivered it.
		On their arrival at York with this missive, the friends of the Archbishop were aroused to indignation and fury against the Cistercians and, vowing vengeance against Murdac in particular, went in a body, accompanied by some turbulent spirits, to Fountains, demanding to see the Abbot.
	www.britannia.com /bios/abofy/hmurdac.html (1031 words)

	Crusades - Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Death of Pope Lucius II; Bernard of Pisa elected Eugenius III
		Reynald of Châtillon and Thoros of Armenia ravage Cyprus
		At a synod at Pavia, Frederick declares Victor IV to be pope
	crusades.boisestate.edu /timeline/1145-1163.shtml (571 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> 1144 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Louis VII capitulates to Pope Celestine II and so earns the pope's absolution
		Pope Celestine II is succeeded by Pope Lucius II
		December 24 - County of Edessa falls to Zengi (see Siege of Edessa)
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/1144 (184 words)

	Porta S. Giovanni
		In the middle of the XIIth century the authority of the pope was challenged by the attempts of the Romans to establish the independence of the city from both the Pope and the Emperor.
		In 1143 the ancient Roman Senate was revived and in 1145 the pope (Lucius II) was killed by a stone thrown during a riot.
		Another interesting aspect is the absence of a reference to the reigning pope (for more Roman inscriptions click here).
	www.members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Vasi08.html (588 words)

	Catholic Pages Directory: » The Church » The Pope » BIOGRAPHIES
		Catholic Pages Directory: » The Church » The Pope » BIOGRAPHIES
		Pope Pius VII - His life, times, and struggle with Napoleon in the aftermath of the French Revolution (TAN Books)
		Chronicles of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy over 2000 Years
	www.catholic-pages.com /dir/biographies.asp (52 words)

	March 12 - Today in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		1000 - Odo of Lagery elected as Pope Urban II, replacing Victor III
		1144 - Gherardo Caccianemici elected Pope Lucius II, succeeding Callistus II - Orvieto city says it will behead and burn Jewish-Christian couples
		1939 - Pope Pius XII crowned in Vatican ceremonies
	magic-city-news.com /printer_1129.shtml (1288 words)

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