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	Pope Nicholas IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicholas IV, né Girolamo Masci (Lisciano, a small village near Ascoli Piceno, September 30, 1227 – April 4, 1292), was Pope from February 22, 1288 to April 4, 1292.
		The loss of Acre in 1291 stirred Nicholas IV to renewed enthusiasm for a crusade.
		This biography of a Pope or a claimant to the papacy is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV (253 words)

	Pope Nicholas I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On 24 April Nicholas was elected pope, consecrated, and enthroned in St. Peter's in the presence of the emperor.
		To a spiritually exhausted and politically uncertain western Europe beset by Muslim and Norse incursions, Pope Nicholas appeared as a conscientious representative of the Roman primacy in the Church.
		As the warnings of the pope were without result, and the archbishop ignored a thrice-repeated summons to appear before the papal tribunal, he was excommunicated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I (1312 words)

	4Reference \|\| Pope Nicholas V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He early studied at Bologna, where the bishop, Nicholas Albergati, was so much struck with his ardour for learning that he gave him the chance to pursue his studies further, by sending him on a tour through Germany, France and England.
		The next year, 1450, Nicholas held a jubilee at Rome; and the offerings of the numerous pilgrims who thronged to Rome gave him the means of furthering the cause of culture in Italy, which he had so much at heart.
		Nicholas himself was a man of vast erudition, and his friend Aeneas Silvius (later Pope Pius II.) said of him that "what he does not know is outside the range of human knowledge".
	www.4reference.net /encyclopedias/wikipedia/Pope_Nicholas_V.html (519 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Early Modern: Lecture One (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nicholas IV had allied himself with the Colonna family in the struggle with the Orsini for control in Rome.
		Pope Nicholas IV had standardized the assessment in 1291, at approximately fifty-percent the gross local income of all monastic and secular church lands.
		Pope Boniface VIII established the practice that a share of all the offerings customarily collected by bishops, papal legates, and official of the papal court who were engaged in canonical visitation activities (investigating and supervising lesser churchmen) would be turned over to the papacy.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34633e01.html (6049 words)

	September 22 THE HISTORY OF THE MASS AND HOLY MOTHER CHURCH: (sep22his.htm)
		It was Pope Nicholas III who consecrated him a cardinal and dispatched him on a mission to France and probably that is the reason Masci took the name Nicholas.
		Nicholas was more of a gentle, holy, reverent priest who sought to wait things out and had really no clue as to governing.
		It was Nicholas who dispatched more Franciscan missionaries to the Balkans, specifically Croatia and Bosnia where today the Franciscans remain stronger than ever and the people loyal to them because throughout the centuries the Franciscans stayed and ministered to the people while many of the Diocesan priests fled.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/Sep/sep22his.htm (836 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Nicholas IV
		After the death of Honorius IV (3 April, 1287), the conclave held at Rome was for a time hopelessly divided in its selection of a successor.
		The reign of the new pope was not characterized by sufficient independence.
		Nicholas was pious and learned; he contributed to the artistic beauty of Rome, building particularly a palace beside Santa Maria Maggiore, the church in which he was buried and where Sixtus V erected an imposing monument to his memory.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11057a.htm (758 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Saint Nicholas I
		One of the great popes of the Middle Ages, who exerted decisive influence upon the historical development of the papacy and its position among the Christian nations of Western Europe.
		Pope Nicholas appeared as a conscientious representative of the Roman Primacy in the Church.
		Yet Nicholas did not waver in his determination; the emperor, after being reconciled with the pope, withdrew from Rome and commanded the Archbishops of Trier and Cologne to return to their homes.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11054a.htm (1278 words)

	ST. NICHOLAS I, THE GREAT
		Nicholas was a Roman, the son of an official in the papal service.
		He blockaded Nicholas and had the indomitable Pope reduced almost to starvation, when a fever brought the Emperor to think better of his brutal conduct.
		Nicholas, after several unsuccessful attempts to get justice, went personally to Ravenna and saw to it that property was restored to rightful owners.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp106.htm (561 words)

	Apostolica Legatia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nicholas gave legal status to the Normans, nominating Robert Duke of Apulia and Calabria, conceded them ownership of all the territories they would occupy as long as they agreed to remain vassals to the pope.
		At the death of Honorius, Nicholas IV was elected pope, and broke a treaty sponsored by Edward, King of England, for a lasting peace in Sicily.
		Pope Urban V initiated the negotiations for the end of that war and they were concluded by Pope Gregory XI, August 12, 1372, with the treaty of Avignon.
	home.att.net /~ilsiciliano/page02_the_apostolica_legatia.htm (2341 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistories of the XIII Century
		Pope Celestine IV was elected on October 25, 1241 and died on November 10, 1241.
		Pope Leo XIII confirmed on March 9, 1898, the immemorial veneration of this Pope as a Blessed.
		Pope Innocent V was elected on January 21, 1276 and died on June 22, 1276.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-xiii.htm (2494 words)

	Pope Nicholas III
		He concluded a concordat with Rudolph of Habsburg in May 1278, by which the Romagna and the exarchate of Ravenna were guaranteed to the pope; and in July he issued an epoch-making constitution for the government of Rome, which forbade foreigners taking civil office.
		Nicholas issued the bull Exiit on the 14th of August 1279 to settle the strife within the Franciscan order between the parties of strict and loose observance.
		Nicholas, though a man of learning and strength of character, brought just reproach on himself for his efforts to found principalities for his nephews and other relations.
	www.nndb.com /people/518/000103209 (161 words)

	MARTIN IV
		MARTIN IV When word reached Rome that Pope Nicholas had died, the turbulent barons and people swarmed into the streets to attack the Orsini.
		The late Pope's lavish favors to his family had kindled hate in many a heart, and now that the strong hand of Nicholas was lifeless, that hate exploded into violence.
		Pope Urban IV created him cardinal and in 1264 sent him as legate to France to persuade Charles of Anjou to undertake the conquest of Sicily.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp187.htm (482 words)

	Keeping Catholics Catholic Page XXV-The Timeline-The Twelfth Century-1263-1300 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pope Urban IV Decrees Corpus Christi as a Solemnity.
		Pope Clement IV was in correspondence with the Byzantine Emperor, Michael VIII Palaeologus, who in 1261 liberated Constantinople from the Latins and who now wished the Pope to prevent the expedition King Charles was planning for the recovery of the city; the Emperor also indicated his eagerness for Church union.
		Pope Nicholas IV arranged for Giovanni Colonna to be elected sole Senator.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/6461/1263.html (3048 words)

	Europe's 13th-Century Progress by Sanderson Beck
		Pope Innocent compelled Heinrich VI's widow Constance as regent in Sicily to concede control over apostolic legates, appeals to the Pope, and the holding of synods, while she retained only some influence over the election of prelates.
		Pope Boniface himself was under attack in Rome by the Colonna family, and in July 1297 his bull Etsi de statu allowed the King to ask for subsidies from the clergy without his consent; the Pope also pleased Philip by canonizing his grandfather Louis IX.
		The new Pope Urban IV issued a bull favoring Henry in 1262, and Henry announced that the charters of liberties would be enforced but that the ordinances and statutes had been annulled by the Pope; anyone opposing his royal right could be arrested.
	www.san.beck.org /AB21-Europe13thCentury.html (23696 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Adrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear), Pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pope Adrian IV Reigned from 4 December 1154 to 1 September 1159.
		Apostle of the North; probably born c.1100 at Abbot's Langley, Hertfordshire, England as Nicholas Breakspear; died at Anagni, Italy.
		As for the "Donation of Ireland," whereby he is said to have bestowed that country upon Henry II, King of England, by the Bull,
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd00147.htm (196 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Nicholas IV
		Franciscan monk at an early age, he was known throughout his life as a pious and learned man. Papal legate to Constantinople in 1272 for Pope Gregory X.
		Chosen Latin Patriarch of Constantinople by Pope Nicholas III.
		For years Nicholas quietly laid the groundwork for Crusade, but the loss of Ptolemais in 1291 led him to call for Christian princes to reclaim the Holy Lands.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0191.htm (249 words)

	Saint Patrick's Church: Saints of April 19
		Pope Leo, baptized Bruno, curiously combined the life of a holy man with that of an army officer.
		Leo combatted simony, enforced celibacy among the clergy, encouraged development of the chant and the liturgy, condemned Berengarius, and strove to prevent the schism between the Eastern and Western churches that was being engineered by Emperor Michael Coerularius.
		Pope Leo IX was captured at Civitella and imprisoned at Benevento.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0419.htm (1712 words)

	Dominican Laity: History by Richard Weber O.P. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 1201 Pope Innocent III reconciled a portion of this group to the Church on the basis of a distinction: those who would preach must become clerics and be ordained.
		Pope Nicholas was a former Minister General of the Franciscan Order.
		In 1316, for instance, Pope John XXII complains in a letter that "tertiaries" and "beguines" in large numbers were falling into heresy.
	www.op.org /oplaity/layhistory.htm (4083 words)

	St. Peter Morrone, Pope, Hermit (RM)
		After the death of Pope Nicholas IV over two years passed without any agreement on a successor, until on July 5, 1294, the cardinals gathered in Perugia despairingly sought to end the deadlock by electing a 'stop-gap': their choice fell on the 84-year-old Peter of Morrone.
		Heartbroken at his failure, miserable in his new surroundings, and overwhelmed by the burden of the office he had not sought and was incapable of filling, he abdicated his office before a consistory of cardinals at Naples on December 13 the same year.
		In art, Saint Peter Celestine is depicted as a pope with a dove at his ear and the devil trying to disturb him.
	www.prayrosary.com /saints/petermorrone.php3 (512 words)

	History of the Franciscan Movement (1)
		Pope Leo X beatified him as a martyr in the beginning of the 16th century.
		Nicholas IV made use of the "Memoriale Propositi", as well as of a Rule for Penitents written by a certain Friar Caro, a minorite from the convent of Santa Croce in Florence, who was also a visitator to the Franciscan and Dominican Penitents in 1284.
		Pope Pius X, who was himself a member of the Third Order, wrote the letter "Tertium Franciscalium Ordinem" (8 September 1912), in which he asked the Friars of the First Order to take spiritual care of the Third Order with the aim of promoting genuine social reform.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/ofm/fra/FRAht11.html (4342 words)

	Pope Celestine V - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The cardinals assembled at Perugia after the death of Nicholas IV, and after long dissensions and difficulties agreed as a means of escaping from them to elect the hermit Pietro di Morone.
		His successor, Boniface VIII, sent for him, and finally, despite desperate attempts of the late Pope to escape, got him into his hands, and imprisoned him in the castle of Fumone near Ferentino in Camupagna, where, after languishing for ten months in that infected air, he died on the 19th May 1296.
		Another thing he did which may be noted (it seems to be the only instance in the history of the Church) is that he empowered one Francis of Apt, a Franciscan friar, to confer the clerical tonsure and minor orders on Lodovico (who would later become Bishop of Tolouse), son of the king of Sicily.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Pope_Celestine_V (493 words)

	Pope Honorius IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Honorius IV, born Giacomo Savelli, Roman Catholic Pope from the 2nd of April 1285 to the 3rd of April 1287, a member of a prominent Roman family and grand-nephew of Pope Honorius III, had studied at the university of Paris, been made cardinal-deacon of Sta.
		He was the first pope to employ the great banking houses in northern Italy for the collection of papal dues.
		He died at Rome and was succeeded by Nicholas IV.
	www.nndb.com /people/776/000103467 (159 words)

	Supra Montem–Pope Nicholas IV –The Papal Library
		Constitution of Pope Nicholas IV The Approbation of the Third Rule of the Brothers and Sisters of the Third Order instituted by Bl.
		Nicholas IV Bishop servant of the servants of God to Our beloved sons the brothers, and to Our beloved daughters, the sisters of the Order of Brothers of Penance, both present and future, health and apostolic benediction.
		For indeed this is the Right, and True Faith, without the familiarity of which no one welcome is brought into the sight of the Most High, no one gracious is encountered.
	www.saint-mike.org /papal-library/NicholasIV/Constitutions/Supra_Montem.html (2447 words)

	CNS STORY: Key 'papabili' from the Americas come from religious orders
		The Franciscans have had two of their members become pope: Nicholas IV in 1288 and Sixtus IV in 1471.
		But today, electing a Jesuit pope "is more a matter of (the candidate) having the right experience and skill," said the Jesuit, who asked that his name not be used.
		While Pope Nicholas helped the Franciscan order during his papacy, a modern Franciscan pontiff "would still be a father for all his flock and would take care of the whole church," the official said.
	www.catholicnews.com /data/stories/cns/0502301.htm (409 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : History Of The Catholic Church In Kazakhstan
		The Franciscan sought to illuminate Khan Sartac, the son of Batu-Khan, grandchild of Genghis Khan.
		Sent to Asia by Pope Nicholas IV in 1289 like other Franciscans including Arnold of Cologne and Odorico of Pordenone, Friar Giovanni reached Kamablik in 1294, where he soon won the esteem of the Khan who ruled the region of Tenduk (part of Mongolia and what is today Manchuria, north of Beijing).
		In 1307 Pope Clement V appointed Montecorvino as Archbishop in the city of Kambalik and Patriarch of the Far East.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=4186 (1794 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Man Who Would NOT be Pope by Master Richard the Poor of Ely It must have been hell that summer in 1294.
		The nomination was seconded, a vote was held, and soon Peter Morrone was visited by a delegation from Rome who informed him that he had been chosen to fill the highest office in all Christendom.
		Pope Boniface VIII used the resources and power of the papacy to pursue his private little wars.
	www.ostgardr.org /seahorse/articles/not.pope (491 words)

	Page 359
		They were not won over by the conciliatory attitude of the next general, Raymond Gaufredi (1289-96), and of the Franciscan pope Nicholas IV (1288-92).
		The attempt made by the next pope, Celestine V., an old friend of the order, to end the strife by uniting the Observantist party with his own order of hermits (see CELEsTINEs) was scarcely more successful.
		The pope deposed Cessna and Occam from their offices in the order, and ex communicated them with the Franciscan antipope Peter of Corvara (Nicholas V.) and all their adher ents.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/encyc/encyc04/htm/0375=359.htm (844 words)

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