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	Pope Gregory XVI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Gregory XVI, O.S.B., born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari (September 18, 1765 – June 1, 1846), was Pope from 1831 to 1846.
		In 1800 he became a member of the Academy of the Catholic Religion, founded by Pope Pius VII, to which he contributed a number of memoirs on theological and philosophical questions, and in 1805 was made abbot of San Gregorio on the Caelian Hill.
		In March 1825 he was created cardinal by Pope Leo XII, and shortly afterwards was entrusted with an important mission to adjust a concordat regarding the interests of the Catholics of Belgium and the Protestants of the Netherlands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI (470 words)

	Pope Pius VIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Pius VIII, born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni (November 20, 1761 – December 1, 1830), was Pope from 1829 to 1830.
		As Pius VIII, he initiated some reforms in the States of the Church.
		Pius accepted the situation on mixed marriages in Germany, but opposed liberalising tendencies in Ireland and Poland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII (370 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pope Pius VIII
		The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Catholic Church.
		The 1829 Papal conclave led to the election of Pope Pius VIII.
		The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) is one of the historical states of Italy before its unity under the crown of Savoy and comprised those territories over which the Pope was the ruler in a civil as well as a spiritual sense...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pope-Pius-VIII (1291 words)

	Biography – Pope Pius VIII – The Papal Library
		Now it so happened that when the relations between Pius VII and the French emperor became intricate and unfriendly, and delicate questions arose of conflicting claims and jurisdictions, it was to the Bishop of Montalto that the pope had recourse, as his learned and trusty counsellor in such dangerous matters.
		On the 24th of May, 1829, Pius issued an encyclical in which he called attention to the efforts of the enemies of religion, the spirit of religious indifferentism, the efforts of Bible societies to prejudice the faith by the diffusion of corrupt and mutilated translations made to serve a purpose.
		In this letter Pius VIII took the broad ground that the free toleration of the Catholic faith had been publicly guaranteed in those States, and that no change of discipline could be enforced by the State, but that every new measure must be concerted between the government and the Holy See.
	www.saint-mike.org /Papal-Library/PiusVIII/biography.html (5104 words)

	PetersNet: Robert P. Lockwood, Pope Pius IX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The future Pope Pius IX was born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti in Senagallia in the Papal States, the ninth child of a minor count in 1792.
		In 1797, Pope Pius VI was forced by the French to accept the virtual destruction of the Papal States, the “patrimony of St. Peter” that the popes had ruled for over a thousand years.
		Pius IX had instituted reforms in the government of the Papal States that were promising, and in 1848 he established elected municipal government in Rome.
	www.petersnet.net /browse/3067.htm (4628 words)

	Pope Pius VIII -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pope Pius VIII, born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni (November 20, 1761 - December 1, 1830), was (The head of the Roman Catholic Church) Pope from 1829 to 1830.
		He was born in Cingoli, (A republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD) Italy.
		He studied (The body of codified laws governing the affairs of a Christian church) canon law and, in 1800 became (A clergyman having spiritual and administrative authority; appointed in Christian churches to oversee priests or ministers; considered in some churches to be successors of the twelve apostles of Christ) bishop of Montalto.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/pope_pius_viii3.htm (266 words)

	Pope Pius IX
		Pope Pius IX Beatification and canonization in the Church involve judgments of sanctity on the merits and holiness of an individual’s life.
		In 1797, Pope Pius VI was forced by a young Napoleon to accept the virtual destruction of the Papal States, the “patrimony of St. Peter” that the popes had ruled for over a thousand years.
		Upon becoming Pope, Pius IX ordered the end to various insulting traditions aimed at the Jewish community in Rome: anti-Jewish comedies, parading of rabbis in costume during Carnival, and the necessity than representatives of the community be forced to hear sermons once a year exhorting them to conversion.
	www.catholiceducation.org /articles/persecution/pch0022.html (11731 words)

	Pope Saint Pius X (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pius X is called "the reluctant Pope" because few have so strongly resisted the call to succeed the Prince of the Apostles as he.
		His Holiness Pope Pius X issued his first encyclical letter on October 4, 1903, recalling "with what tears and urgent prayers" he had tried "to fend off the formidable burden of the Papacy." "We were terrified beyond all else," He explained, "by the disastrous state of human society today.
		Pope Pius spoke of both in his encyclical Communion rerum, in which he told how his heart bled continually because of the assaults on the Church, waged in an "internecine and domestic war, all the more perilous because it was unknown to most.
	www.catholicism.org /pages/piusx.htm (11441 words)

	Pope Pius VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His Holiness Pope Pius VIII''', born '''Francesco Saverio Castiglioni, (November 20, 1761 - December 1, 1830) was Pope from 1829 to 1830.
		He held various high offices thereafter, including that of Grand Penitentionary, and, upon the death of Pope Leo XIILeo XII was elected pope.
		Because Pius VIII died after hardly two years in office, there were rumours that he had been poisoned.
	www.infothis.com /find/Pope_Pius_VIII (253 words)

	Pope Urban VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Maffeo Barberini was born in Florence in April, 1568, elected Pope Urban VIII on 6 August, 1623, and died at Rome, 29 July, 1644.
		Pope Urban VIII was an excellent classical Latinist and felt that the hymns of the Roman Breviary needed to be reshaped into classical models.
		Urban VIII was not content to leave alone the works of such great Latin Hymnists such as Prudentius, Fortunatus, or even Ambrose, but instead molded their works and the works of others into classical forms.
	home.earthlink.net /~thesaurus/thesaurus/Hymni/PopeUrbanVIII.html (363 words)

	Pope Pius VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pope Pius VIII, born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni (November 20, 1761 - December 1, 1830), was Pope from 1829 to 1830.
		A secret autopsy, whose results only became public over a century after his death, showed damaged liver tissue that showed that the rumours were correct and that he had indeed been poisoned.
		Catholic Encylopedia Pius 08 Pius 08 Pius 08 Pius 08 Pius 08 de:Pius VIII.
	pope-pius-viii.area51.ipupdater.com (279 words)

	The Episcopal Lineage of Blessed Pope Pius IX and of Pope Pius VIII
		The Episcopal Lineage of Blessed Pope Pius IX and of Pope Pius VIII
		Consecrated 3 June 1827 in the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, by Francesco Saverio Cardinal Castiglioni, Bishop of Frascati, assisted by Giacomo Sinibaldi, Titular Archbishop of Damietta and Antonio Piatti, Titular Archbishop of Trebisonda.
		Consecrated 16 March 1749 in the Church of the Royal Convent of La Encarnación, Madrid, by Enrique Enriquez, Titular Archbishop of Nazianzus and Apostolic Nuncio to Spain, assisted by Juan Antonio Pérez de Arellano, Titular Bishop of Cassia and Andrés Núñez Monteagudo, Titular Bishop of Maxula.
	home1.gte.net /res7gdmc/aposccs/id11.html (345 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Pius VIII
		In 1816 the pope conferred upon him the cardinal's hat, and in 1822 appointed him Bishop of Frascati and Grand Penitentiary.
		At the election of 1829, France and Austria were desirous of electing a pope of mild and temperate disposition, and Castiglione, whose character corresponded with the requirements, was chosen after a five weeks' session.
		The character of Pius VIII was mild and amiable, and he enjoyed a reputation for learning, being especially versed in canon law, numismatics, and Biblical literature.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12134a.htm (541 words)

	Pope Pius XII Vicar of Christ Servant of God Deserving of Sainthood
		During World War II, 1939—45, and for nearly twenty years after, Pope Pius XII was almost universally regarded as a saintly man, a scholar, a man of peace, a tower of strength, and a compassionate defender and protector of all victims of the war and genocide that had drowned Europe in blood for six years.
		The overall effect was to replace the judgment of Pius XII as a great and good man with the judgment of him as a weak, cold, church bureaucrat.
		The Jewish Post reported: “It is understandable why the death of Pope Pius XII should have called forth expressions of sincere grief from practically all sections of American Jewry.
	www.piusxiipope.info (830 words)

	Articles - Pope Benedict XVI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pope Benedict XVI was elected pope at the age of 78.
		He was appointed as the prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith by Pope John Paul II in 1981 and was made the cardinal bishop of the suburbicarian diocese of Velletri-Segni on April 5, 1993.
		He was the first dean of the college elected pope since Paul IV in 1555 and the first cardinal bishop elected pope since Pius VIII in 1829.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Pope_Benedict_XVI (5808 words)

	Pius VIII -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The term pope was originally applied to all the bishops in the West and also used to describe the patriarch of Alexandria, who still retains...
		Henry VIII was determined to keep the church Catholic in every way except in allegiance to the pope.
		The pope was convinced that the church ought to be the supreme power in Europe politically as well as spiritually.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9060246 (619 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope
		Considered papabile in the conclave of 1823, he was elected pope in 1829.
		In Litteris altero abhinc he declared that marriage could be blessed by the Church only when the proper promises were made regarding the Catholic education of the children, a decision that would later cause conflict in Prussia between the bishops and the Government.
		Concern with matters such as this and the infiltration of the Carbonari, problems for which Pius was not tempermentally suited, broke his health, hastened his death, and shortened his pontificate.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0253.htm (225 words)

	Modern Popes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His Holiness Pope Pius IX died on 7 February 1878 in Rome, in the 32nd year of his pontificate, at the age of 85-years.
		His Holiness Pope Pius X died on 20 August 1914 in Rome, in the 12th year of his pontificate, at the age of 79-years.
		His Holiness Pope Pius XI died on 10 February 1939 in the Vatican, in the 17th year of his pontificate, at the age of 81-years.
	www.ghg.net /shetler/popes (1589 words)

	Our Pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Coat of Arms of Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict was elected at the age of 78, the oldest pope since Clement XII (elected 1730) at the start of his papacy.
		He was appointed prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith by Pope John Paul II in 1981 and was made Cardinal Bishop of the Suburbicarian Church of Velletri-Segni on April 5, 1993.
		The future pope's relatives agree that his ambitions to reside in the upper echelons of the Church were apparent since childhood.
	www.stephrem.org /pope.htm (2917 words)

	Cesena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		From 752 to 1861, it was a fief directly held by the pope.
		In 1377, Robert of Geneva, a legate of Pope Gregory XI (and later anti-Pope Clement VII) sacked the town, massacring many of the inhabitants.
		But during the period 1379-1465, it recovered and prospered under the rule of the Malatesta family, who built a castle overlooking the town.
	www.theezine.net /c/cesena.html (220 words)

	POPE PIUS VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Under the French domination he was arrested, having refused to take the oath of allegiance to the King of Italy, and brought to Macerata, then to Mantua, and finally to France.
		On 25 March, 1830, Pius published the Brief "Litteris altero abhinc", in which he declared that marriage could be blessed by the Church only when the proper promises were made regarding the Catholic education of the children; otherwise, the parish priest should only assist passively at the ceremony.
		In the midst of anxiety and care, Pius VIII, whose constitution had always been delicate, passed away.
	www.pax-et-veritas.org /Popes/justpius/pius_VIII.htm (485 words)

	Traditi Humilitati – Pope Pius VIII – The Papal Library
		The rules of this Index were published by the Council of Trent; (8) the ordinance required that translations of the Bible into the vernacular not be permitted without the approval of the Apostolic See and further required that they be published with commentaries from the Fathers.
		Be admonished by the words of Pius VII: "May they consider only that kind of food to be healthy to which the voice and authority of Peter has sent them.
		We confess that she alone has overcome all heresies and We salute her with gratitude on this day, the anniversary of Our predecessor, Pius VII's, restoration to the city of Rome after he had suffered many adversities.
	www.saint-mike.org /papal-library/PiusVIII/Encyclicals/Traditi_Humilitati.html (2168 words)

	Pope Pius VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pius VIII né Francesco Saverio Castiglioni (November 20 1761 - November 30 1830) was Pope from 1829 to 1830.
		In 25 March 1830 the Brief Litteris altero he condemned Bible societies and secret During Pius VII 's reign various events occurred abroad of to the Papacy occurred.
		An autopsy carried after his death found evidence that he been poisoned.
	www.freeglossary.com /Pope_Pius_VIII (201 words)

	Pope Pius VIII 24 May 1829 Program for the Pontificate
		The rules of this Index were published by the Council of Trent;[8] the ordinance required that translations of the Bible into the vernacular not be permitted without the approval of the Apostolic See and further required that they be published with commentaries from the Fathers.
		Though such machinations against the Catholic faith had been assailed long ago by these canonical proscriptions, Our recent predecessors made a special effort to check these spreading evils.[10] With these arms may you too strive to fight the battles of the Lord which endanger the sacred teachings, lest this deadly virus spread in your flock.
		Read, among other things, the apostolic letters of Pius VII to the archbishops of Gnesen (1 June 1816) and Mohilev (3 September 1816).
	www.ewtn.com /library/ENCYC/P8TRADIT.HTM (2173 words)

	Pope Gregory XVI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pope Gregory XVI, born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari (September 18, 1765 - June 1, 1846), was Pope from 1831 to 1846.
		The reactionaries in power put off their promised reforms so persistently as to anger even Metternich; nor did the replacement of by in 1836 mend matters; for the new cardinal secretary of state objected even to railways and illuminating gas, and was liberal chiefly in his employment of spies and of prisons.
		This page was last modified 21:13, 17 Jun 2005.
	www.newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pope_Gregory_XVI (499 words)

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