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	Pope Innocent III
		One of the greatest popes of the Middle Ages, son of Count Trasimund of Segni and nephew of Clement III, born 1160 or 1161 at Anagni, and died 16 June, 1216, at Perugia.
		If the pope finds that the king who has been elected by the princes is unworthy of the imperial dignity, the princes must elect a new king or, if they refuse, the pope will confer the imperial dignity upon another king; for the Church stands in need of a patron and defender.
		The pope now began to treat with King Philip Augustus of France and with the German princes, with the result that most princes renounced the excommunicated emperor and elected in his place the youthful Frederick II of Sicily, at the Diet of Nuremberg in September, 1211.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_iii,pope.html (4218 words)

	Pope Urban IV
		Thus Urban was sure of a majority in the Sacred College, but he brought into being a French party which was a principal factor in ecclesiastical policy for the rest of the thirteenth century and in the fourteenth century became practically the whole College.
		Urban made it his business to prove that the fault lay with his opponent, for European opinion was interested in a struggle in which great princes such as Alphonsus of Aragon and Baldwin, the exiled Latin Emperor of Constantinople, had intervened on the side of peace.
		Urban sought an understanding with Michael Palaeologus, and here too gave a lasting direction to papal policy, setting it on the path which led to the union (inoperative though it was) of Lyons in 1274.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/u/urban_iv,pope.html (1610 words)

	Pope Paul III Summary
		Under Pope Clement VII (1523–34) he became Cardinal Bishop of Portus (Ostia) and dean of the College of Cardinals, and on the death of Clement VII in 1534, was elected as Pope Paul III.
		Paul III was in earnest in the matter of improving the ecclesiastical situation, and on June 2, 1536, he issued a papal bull convoking a general council to sit at Mantua in 1537.
		Paul III proved unable to suppress the Protestant Reformation, although it was during his pontificate that the foundation was laid for the Counter-Reformation.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Paul_III (1866 words)

	pope innocent iii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pope Innocent III made use of the weakness of Frederick II (who was four) to reassert papal power in Sicily, and acknowledged Frederick II as king only after the surrender of the privileges of the Four Chapters, which William I of Sicily had previously extorted from Pope Adrian IV.
		Pope Innocent III called for the Fourth Crusade in 1198, directing the call towards the knights and nobles of Europe, rather than the kings (he preferred that neither Richard I of England and Philip II of France, who were still engaged in war, nor his German enemies, participate).
		Pope Innocent III excommunicated the Venetians in return, and although he was not pleased with the means by which it was done, he accepted the end result of the temporary reunification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches after the Great Schism of 1054.
	www.crusades-history.com /Pope-Innocent-III.aspx (1062 words)

	Wikinfo \| Pope Innocent III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During the reign of Pope Celestine III (1191-1198), a member of the House of Orsini, enemies of the counts of Segni, he left Rome to live in Anagni.
		The pope made use of the weakness of Frederick II (who was four) to reassert papal power in Sicily, and acknowledged Frederick II as king only after the surrender of the privileges of the Four Chapters, which William I of Sicily had previously extorted from Pope Adrian IV.
		This decree was afterwards embodied in the Corpus Juris Canonici.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Pope_Innocent_III (998 words)

	Pope Nicholas III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicola in carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV (1243–54), protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV (1254–61), inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV (1261–64), and succeeded Pope John XXI (1276–77), largely through family influence, after a six-months' vacancy in the Holy See.
		Nicholas III issued the bull Exiit on 14 August 1279 to settle the strife within the Franciscan order between the parties of strict and loose observance.
		Nicholas III, though a man of learning noted for his strength of character, is said by our sources to have brought reproach on himself for his efforts to found principalities for his nephews and other relations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III (346 words)

	Pope Urban III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		October 19, 1187), was Pope from 1185 to 1187.
		He was made cardinal and archbishop of Milan by Pope Lucius III (1181–85), whom he succeeded on (November 25, 1185).
		Urban III now resolved on excommunicating Frederick I, but the Veronese protested against such a proceeding being resorted to within their walls; he accordingly withdrew to Ferrara, but died before he could give effect to his intentions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Urban_III (252 words)

	URBAN III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Urban's answer was to suspend the bishops who had taken part in the coronation.
		This annoyed Pope Urban because he felt that in opposing Frederick he was upholding the cause of the German bishops.
		The Pope decided to excommunicate Frederick, but the people of Verona pleaded that they belonged to the Emperor and that such a blow launched in their city might bring dire consequences.
	www.cfpeople.org /books/pope/POPEp170.htm (458 words)

	Pope Urban II
		Pope Urban II Pope Urban II The person who would become Pope Urban II was born around 1035 to a noble family in northern France.
		Before and during his papacy, Urban was a member of a reform movement that wanted the clergy to be more removed from "worldly values" and influences, bringing life in general, closer to life in a monastery (Riley-Smith [1] 4).
		Pope Urban II's response was to preach the First Crusade, starting on November 27, 1095, at the Council of Clermont.
	www.umich.edu /~eng415/timeline/Urban.html (335 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pope Urban III
		The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches.
		Urban's brother Antonio, who was a Capuchin, received the Diocese of Senigaglia in 1625, was created cardinal in 1628, and later appointed grand penitentiary and librarian of the Vatican.
		Urban did not join the League of the Catholic Estates, which was planned by the emperor, as the League was directed not only against Gustavus Adolphus, but also against France; hence it could not be joined by the pope as the common father of Catholics.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pope_Urban_III (1331 words)

	Pope Urban - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Urban I, 222/223 to 230 - a Saint
		Pope Urban III, 25 November 1185 to 19 October 1187
		Pope Urban VII, 15 September 1590 to 27 September 1590
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Urban (172 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Urban III
		Lucius III in 1182 and Archbishop of Milan in 1185.
		Lucius III and Frederick coincided with the arrival in Northern Italy (August, 1185) of Constance, the heiress of the Kingdom of Sicily, who was betrothed to Frederick's son Henry.
		Lucius III to crown Henry, and the Patriarch of
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15211a.htm (869 words)

	Pope Urban II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		CBN.com -- Urban II, né Otho of Lagery (or Otto or Odo) (1042 - July 29, 1099), pope from 1088 to July 29, 1099, was born into nobility in France at Lagery (near Châtillon-sur-Marne) and was church-educated.
		Urban's crusading movement took its first public shape at the Council of Piacenza, where in March 1095 Urban received an ambassador from the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus, asking for help against the Muslims.
		Urban II died on July 29, 1099, fourteen days after the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was Paschal II.
	www.cbn.com /spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/ChurchHistory/Crusades_Wikipedia_PopeUrban.asp (737 words)

	Pope Urban VI Summary
		on Urban, VI Urban VI (1318-1389) was pope from 1378 to 1389.
		The arrogant and imperious temper of the new Pope, intoxicated by his unexpected fortune, showed itself in ways so intolerable that five months afterwards the majority of the cardinals met at Fondi, and, repudiating their previous action, proceeded to elect Robert of Geneva (September 20), who assumed the title of Clement VII (1378–94).
		The measures of Urban VI were not without vigor, but at the same time were characterized by such a want of prudence and self-control as has given rise to the not improbable assertion that he actually was, at times at least, a lunatic.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Urban_VI (877 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Urban I
		Liberian catalogue of popes puts the beginning of his pontificate in the year 223 and its close in the year 230.
		Urban maintained the same attitude towards the schismatical party and its leader that his predecessor had adopted.
		Cecilia connect the saint, as well as her husband and brother-in-law, with Urban, who is said to have baptized her husband and her brother-in-law.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15209a.htm (969 words)

	Europe's 12th-Century Development by Sanderson Beck
		Pope Paschal canceled his grant of lay investiture at the Easter synod of 1116; but he had to flee to the Normans as Heinrich and young Matilda were crowned in Rome by exiled Portuguese archbishop Maurice who was made (anti-) Pope Gregory VIII.
		Anselm was born on the frontier of Lombardy and Burgundy in 1033.
		Pope Adrian sent a request that Arnold of Brescia should be handed over and executed by Friedrich, who had him hanged and his body burned, scattering his ashes in the Tiber to prevent the people from venerating his body.
	san.beck.org /AB20-Europe12thCentury.html (23248 words)

	Pope Urban II
		This was the bleak environment surrounding Urban II when he was raised to the position of supreme pontiff, but in only eleven years he was able to drastically and positively alter that environment by turning the weaknesses of his position into advantages through a policy of compromising reform.
		In the end, it was Urban’s ability to negotiate and compromise with his opponents that secured the primacy of the Gregorian reform in the future of the papacy.
		Urban II proved to be a strict Gregorian reformer in principle and a strategic compromiser in practice.
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/Medieval%20Papacy/Price2.html (1324 words)

	1100 - 1199
		Pope Paschal II dies, and is succeeded by Gelasius II.
		Pope Alexander III dies and is succeeded by Pope Lucius III.
		Pope Lucius III is succeeded by Pope Urban III.
	www.medievaltymes.com /courtyard/1100_-_1199.htm (2204 words)

	Interesting Facts
		The names in Italics without numbers belong to the Popes that have never been acknowledged and are considered to be Anti-popes.
		Pope Luciani was the first Pope in history to name himself with a double name.
		"This morning, September 29, 1978, the Pope's private secretary, as he usually did, went to look for him in his private chapel, since the Pope was not there the secretary went to his room and found him dead in bed, with the lights still on, as if he was reading".
	www.popechart.com /Popelist.htm (182 words)

	Pope Urban
		Pope Urban II The person who would become Pope Urban II was born around 1035 to a noble family in northern France.
		Pope Urban VIII on Private Revelation His Holiness, Pope Urban VIII stated: "In cases which concern private revelations, it is better to believe than not to believe, for, if you believe, and it is...
		Pope Urban VII and Innocent IX issued bulls excommunicating such as used snuff in church, and in Turkey smoking was made a capital offense.
	www.popesearch.com /popeurban (1009 words)

	Europe's 12th-Century Development by Sanderson Beck
		Pope Paschal canceled his grant of lay investiture at the Easter synod of 1116; but he had to flee to the Normans as Heinrich and young Matilda were crowned in Rome by exiled Portuguese archbishop Maurice who was made (anti-) Pope Gregory VIII.
		Pope Adrian sent a request that Arnold of Brescia should be handed over and executed by Friedrich, who had him hanged and his body burned, scattering his ashes in the Tiber to prevent the people from venerating his body.
		Neither Pope Lucius III nor Urban III would crown Henry a second emperor; so at Henry's wedding to Constance of Sicily at Milan in 1186 he was proclaimed king of Italy while Constance became queen of Germany, and Friedrich received the crown of Burgundy.
	www.san.beck.org /AB20-Europe12thCentury.html (23248 words)

	Pope Urban III - RecipeFacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He vigorously took up his predecessor's quarrels with the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, including the standing dispute about the succession of territories of the countess Matilda of Tuscany.
		Urban now resolved on excommunicating Frederick, but the Veronese protested against such a proceeding being resorted to within their walls; he accordingly withdrew to Ferrara, but died (October 19, 1187) before he could give effect to his intentions.
		(Papst) fr:Urbain III ko:교황 우르바노 3세 it:Papa Urbano III nl:Paus Urbanus III pl:Papież Urban III pt:Papa Urbano III ru:Урбан III (Папа Римский) fi:Urbanus III sv:Urban III
	www.recipeland.com /encyclopaedia/index.php/Pope_Urban_III (258 words)

	Just Good Company: A Journal of Religion and Culture
		The pope may have been referring to the current demographic situation in France, where, under the law of primogeniture, land cannot be divided, but must pass to the eldest son in every family.
		The pope summoned a general council in southern France ostensibly to extend "the Truce of God," and to correct current abuses in the church, such as the selling of church offices and the proliferating number of priests who have taken wives or concubines.
		Pope Innocent III, barely 37 when he was elected pope in 1198, gave the call for this Crusade, urging those who were able to hurry to the Jerusalem, and those who were not able to contribute money.
	justgoodcompany.org /2.1/kaiser.htm (10616 words)

	Saints of May 25
		Hildebrand was influential in securing the election of Bishop Gebhard of Eichstaett as Pope Victor II in 1055, was papel legate to Empress-Regent Agnes of Germany's court in 1057 to get her to accept the election of Pope Stephen, and helped secure the election of Bishop Gerhard of Florence as Pope Nicholas II in 1059.
		During the Nicholas's pontificate, Hildebrand was instrumental in the publication of the papal decree mandating that the election of popes was to be vested in the college of cardinals and was responsible for negotiating a treaty of alliance with the Normans in the Treaty of Melfi in 1059.
		Pope Saint Urban, son of Pontianus, was elected pope c.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0525.htm (5456 words)

	Keeping Catholics Catholic Page XXV-The Timeline-The Twelfth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was led by Conrad III of Germany, Louis VII of France, and Baldwin III of Flanders.
		Pope Urban III rejected Emperor Frederick’s candidate for the Bishopric of Trier, and appointed his rival, Folmer.
		Pope Urban III appointed Philip, the influential Archbishop of Cologne and Leader of the opposition to Frederick in Germany, as his legate.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/6461/12cent.html (3535 words)

	Monument to Pope Urban VIII
		On either side of the Chapel of the Cathedra are funerary monuments to two Popes, Urban III and Paul III, patrons of two of the most eminent artists who contributed to the construction of St. Peter's Basilica: Michelangelo and Bernini.
		Urban VIII (1623-1644) "discovered" the great Neapolitan artist Gianlorenzo Bemini who, with enormous gratitude, dedicated this monument to his patron.
		The majestic figure of the pope giving a blessing is solemnly dressed in his pontifical robes.
	www.miraclerosarymission.org /urban.html (202 words)

	Crusader Popes
		Because all Pope's were involved to varying degrees with politics in the Holy Land during the crusades to the East, all popes from 1071 to 1291 will be examined here.
		H.E.J. Cowdrey Pope Urban II's Preaching of the First Crusade [PDF Sample Chapter] In The Crusades: The Essential Readings Ed.
		Pope Innocent III Letters of Innocent III Concerning the Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople Trans.by Graham Loud-Leeds Medieval History Texts in Translation
	www.crusades-encyclopedia.com /crusaderpopes.html (411 words)

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