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	Spain
		Abdera, Spain Abdera was an ancient seaport town on the south coast of Cartagena), in the district inhabited by the Bast...
		Guadalcanal, Spain Guadalcanal is a municipality in the Seville.
		Maria Theresa of Spain Maria Theresa of Spain (in French: Marie Thérèse) (Philip IV of Spain and of Elisabeth of France...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/spain.html (1650 words)

	Popular Front
		In 1936 a popular front government, led by the Socialist Léon Blum, was elected.
		A broad-based popular front government was elected in Spain in February 1936.
		Ironically, the effect of the popular fronts in the West was the opposite of Stalin's intention.
	www.geocities.com /resistancehistory/popular.html (588 words)

	Encyclopedia: Popular Front (Spain) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Popular Front (Spanish Popular Front) was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organisations, instigated by Manuel AzaÃ±a for the purpose of contesting that years election.
		The Republican Union Party were a political party in Spain led by Diego Martinez Barrio who in 1936 led them into the Spanish Popular Front, a collection of left-wing political parties brought together for the purpose of contesting the 1936 election.
		Ultimately though Franco would defeat the Popular Front forces due to the greater aid his forces received from abroad and because the Popular Front forces fragmented and often fought amongst one another.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Popular-Front-(Spain) (1493 words)

	Popular Front biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Popular Fronts comprise broad coalitions of political and other groups, often made up of oppositioners or left wingers, and often united against particularly stringent circumstances.
		Trotsky also argued that in popular fronts, working class demands are reduced to their bare minimum, and the ability of the working class to put forward its own independent set of politics is compromised.
		It should be noted that not all coalitions who use the term "popular front" necessarily are popular fronts, and not all popular fronts necessarily use the term "popular front" in their name.
	popular-front.biography.ms (460 words)

	Spain and Civil War
		Spain's army, its landed aristocracy and the Church had been prepared to tolerate the republican government so long as it respected their rights and privileges, and feeling that the government had failed at this, they turned hostile.
		Spain's Prime Minister, Santiago Quiroga, was unable to cope with the chaos.
		Churchill agreed with his government's neutrality toward Spain, and he favored France remaining neutral, stating that if France sided with Spain's Popular Front it would be a godsend to the pro-Germans in France.
	www.fsmitha.com /h2/ch19sp.htm (1799 words)

	Popular Front (Spain) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Popular Front defeated the National Front (a collection of (Click link for more info and facts about right-wing politics) right-wing politics parties) and won the 1936 election, forming the new Spanish Government.
		Ultimately though Franco would defeat the Popular Front forces due to the greater aid his forces received from abroad, and that the Popular Front forces fragmented and often fought amongst one another.
		Franco would rule Spain as a (A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)) dictatorship until he died in 1975.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/popular_front_(spain)1.htm (234 words)

	Journey to the Alcarria (Camilo Jose Cela)
		Miguel Primo de Rivera, dictator of Spain, was thrown from power in 1930; the Bourbon monarch Alfonso XIII abdicated; and the Second Republic was born.
		Spain was wracked with revolutions, anti-clerical movements, and intrigues from Left and Right.
		Cela was born near La Coruna, Spain, in 1916, of an English mother and a father of partial Italian origin.
	www.grandpoohbah.net /Grandpoohbah/BookReviews/alcarria.htm (2468 words)

	Spain Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This coalition, known as the "Popular Front,” was formed as a result of Joseph Stalin changing the existing Communist Party line and directing the Comintern to form alliances with other left wing and Liberal group’s world wide to achieve political control of various governments to strengthen the Soviet Union's strategic position.
		Under the Popular Front the Army was purged, the officer corp reduced and key remaining rightist officers transferred to fringe commands.
		My guess is this was done by a Red soldier in Spain, as it was popular among the ideologically committed to adopt various improvised Soviet symbols in the form of badges, banners and helmet markings.
	www.carbinesforcollectors.com /spaintable.html (3525 words)

	Popular front - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Popular Fronts comprise broad coalitions of political and other groups, often made up of left wingers, and often united against particularly stringent circunstances.
		Popular Front governments formed in France and Spain in the 1930s.
		The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine preserves a self-image of multiple groupings united in a common cause of self-determination.
	openproxy.ath.cx /po/Popular_Front.html (97 words)

	Lessons of Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		If today they resist the popular front, it is not because it is the open, treacherous abandonment of even the pretence of socialism, but because they are quite satisfied with their own status in capitalist society, because they fear the inevitable exposure to which the taking of political power will subject them.
		The popular front is a caricature of unity.
		The genuine united front on a class basis, binding together the workers, their organisations, their parties on a programme of common struggle is the crying need of today, the only means of defending those rights and privileges which the workers have won in generations of struggle and sacrifice.
	www.marxist.com /TUT/TUT1-1.html (2027 words)

	Bortenstein (Casanova): Spain Betrayed (Chap.13) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In order better to understand the provisioning policy of the Popular Front, it would be instructive to compare the drop in the average weight of a speculator, a well-placed bureaucrat, a policeman and even a carabineer on the one hand, and that of a factory worker, even in the war factories, on the other.
		The food policy of the Popular Front was the opposite of the famous evangelical precept: “He that does not work, neither shall he eat.” It was precisely those who worked the least who ate the most.
		According to the rules of formal democracy in Spain, the rations were equal for all.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/document/spain2/ch13.htm (859 words)

	Popular Front - Critique of Spartacism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Indeed, the classical examples of popular fronts and their consequences are dealt with at length in the writings of Leon Trotsky from the 1930s, regarding particularly France and Spain in 1936 and later.
		The popular front suppressed the workers revolution in favour of 'democratic' capitalism, in a situation where the whole of the capitalist class supported fascism and the need to smash the workers organisations.
		Given the dominance of Popular Frontism of one sort or another in many countries where the Spartacists were seeking to establish toeholds internationally in the 1970s, this position had an enormous influence on the development of the Spartacists, who confronted it at every step, and therefore their political deviation became more and more systematised.
	members.aol.com /RevolutionTruth/popfront.htm (7453 words)

	Spain (08/05)
		Spain's accession to the European Community--now European Union (EU)--in January 1986 required the country to open its economy, modernize its industrial base, improve infrastructure, and revise economic legislation to conform to EU guidelines.
		Spain has been an effective example of transition from authoritarianism to democracy, as shown in the many trips that Spain's King and Prime Ministers have made to the region.
		Spain and the United States have a long history of official relations and are closely associated in many fields.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2878.htm (3737 words)

	Popular initiative - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Popular initiative
		Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command
		Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguía al Hamra and Río de Oro
		Popular Movement of the Revolution (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Popular+initiative (223 words)

	FRONT POPULAIRE
		The Front populaire was also decisive in creating a new cultural environment for writers, artists and filmakers through grants and other forms of state subsidy.
		Although the Front populaire sought to combat the rise of the Far Right in France, it is one of the paradoxes of the coalition that it actually increased during the 4 years of the Front's existence as a government.
		A number of Right-wing officers were opposed to the Left-wing Spanish Popular Front government which had won a majority in the general parliamentary elections of February 1936 and sought to overthrow it.
	www.sunderland.ac.uk /~os0tmc/fre320/front.htm (3760 words)

	The Popular Front: A well-covered trap
		On both France and Spain he stresses the need for the independent activity of the masses against the bourgeoisie and its lackeys in the popular front government.
		Ian’s advocacy of treating a reformist party within a popular front essentially the same as one outside such a cross class coalition means to turn the rank and file in to the leaders.
		They did not, to my knowledge, call for joining the popular front, while they did call for voting for it on the grounds that was only a ‘tactical’ question and that it was important not to alienate the masses.
	www.bolshevik.org /mb/8popfront.htm (3333 words)

	Trotsky on the Popular Front (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The strike breaking conspiracy of the Popular Front, the betrayal of the Socialist and Communist leaders, snatched defeat from the jaws of victory.
		It was precisely the role of the workers leaders and the Popular Front which led the workers to defeat, and led to the eventual triumph of fascism.
		The tragedy of the Popular Front was repeated in Chile from 1970-73.
	www.marxist.com /History/trotsky_on_popular_front.html (2808 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Po (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Popular Front or “Peoples Front” was a right wing response by the Communist International to the failures of the so-called “Third Period” (1928-1935), during which the Comintern embarked on an insurrectionary and ultra-left response to the world-wide capitalist depression (in the Comintern’s eyes, the “Third Period” of capitalist decline).
		The Stalinists in Spain were a small minority in the workers’ movement, and in Catalonia, the workers, lead by Anarchists and dissident communists, quickly established democratic control throughout this industrialized region of the Spanish state.
		Thus Rousseau advocated popular insurrection as the means of combating the growing inequality of eighteenth century France, and the establishment of a “Social Contract” to enforce egalitarianism.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/p/o.htm (7577 words)

	Bortenstein (Casanova): Spain Betrayed (Chap.15) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The whole Popular Front orientation clearly appeared, too, in the problem of the ‘volunteers’, that is to say, of the ‘foreign’ forces fighting in the opposed camps: that of the ‘governmentals’ and that of the ‘rebels’.
		The rotten policies of the Popular Front are the legitimate offspring of the fundamentally nationalist-reformist and conservative conceptions of the Stalinist bureaucracy and Stalinism, just like the theory of ‘Social-Fascism’ 10 years ago.
		The policy of the Popular Front in Spain is an uninterrupted chain of crimes against the proletariat.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/document/spain2/ch15.htm (3366 words)

	Chapter 12: The Popular Front Era, 1934-1939 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Popular front: an alliance of Marxists and socialists agains the common fascist enemy.
		Popular Front coalition elected in feb 1936, tried to hold on through the July 1936 revolution.
		Popular front dead becore 1939--formed against fascism, but rearmerment was against socialist pasifism and peacemeal reform was against communist revolutinary principasl--couldn’t work.
	www.black-schaffer.com /info/classes/hist53/paxton_chapter_12.html (801 words)

	Spain : Popular War, 1808-1813
		French troops were stationed in Spain in connection with the Franco-Spanish War on Portugal, which Britain had entered on the Portuguese side in 1808.
		Spain was at war with France; but there was no clear front.
		While Napoleon left Spain and withdrew part of his force (the war with Austria 1809), the appearance of a British army 50,000 men under the command of Wellington in 1810 tied up the French occupation force and provided the Spanish guerilleros with the freedom to strike.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/napwars/popularwar.html (659 words)

	war and social upheaval: World War II early aggressions -- The Popular Front (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Popular Front (Front Populaire) was an alliance of left-wing political parties that came into power in France following the 1936 elections.
		Blum and the Popular Front Government failed in addressing the challenge of Hitler and the NAZIs or in preparing France for war.
		The Political Front is often seen as an essentially political development, but a more accuratecview is a a political, social, and cultural phenomenon which sought to break down social barriers in still highly stratified French society.
	histclo.hispeed.com /essay/war/ww2/camp/eur/ea/ww2-eapf.html (1412 words)

	WHKMLA History of Society and Constitution : Popular Front Governments
		In 1936, in both countries the popular front alliances won the elections and proceeded to establish governments.
		Their platform was that of far-reaching political reforms benefitting the working class and the poor in general; the program alienated the middle class, the landowners, the church, the parties of the right and center.
		The Popular Front government, now referred to as the legitimate republican government, with considerable support from international volunteers, held on until defeated in 1939.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/const/constexp/popfront.html (293 words)

	Spain
		Spain, originally inhabited by Celts, Iberians, and Basques, became a part of the Roman Empire in 206 B.C., when it was conquered by Scipio Africanus.
		Spain then sank rapidly to the status of a second-rate power under the rule of weak Hapsburg kings, and it never again played a major role in European politics.
		Spain: evaluating the effects of macro policy using an econometric model.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107987.html (1565 words)

	ipedia.com: Popular Front Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Popular Fronts comprise broad coalitions of political and other groups, often made up of left wingers, and often united against particularly stringent circumstances.
		This position is now common to most Trotskyist groups, although they disagree on the exact definition of a popular front.
		Left communist groups also opposed popular fronts, and also came to oppose united fronts.
	www.ipedia.com /popular_front.html (227 words)

	Popular Front
		The Popular Front, as the coalition became known, advocated the restoration of Catalan autonomy, amnesty for political prisoners, agrarian reform, an end to political fllists and the payment of damages for property owners who suffered during the revolt of 1934.
		The bootfls, an enormous class to themselves in Spain, the waiters, and most of the mechanics, along with the miners and factory workers, were either anarchists or Reds.
		The northern front collapsed because it was technically impossible to defend, because it lacked unity of command, and because it was geographically inaccessible.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /SPpopular.htm (5336 words)

	US culture in the popular front years (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The 1930s and 1940s era of popular fronts was a time when it appeared that Marxism had finally come in from the political margins, discovered popularity and joined a mass, popular march towards socialism.
		The Popular front, however, was a policy child of Stalin, and was berated by Trotsky, which should give some cause for scepticism about Marxism's alleged golden years.
		Denning captures the enormous energy and hope of the popular front years, but still leaves open the question of whether the revolutionaries of those days were, by joining the mainstream, swimming towards the socialist future or hightailing away from it.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/1997/279/279p19.htm (827 words)

	Feature article: The red professors
		Nowadays, the popularisation of science is not seen as a particularly radical activity in itself.
		Those scientists who did popularise their work were judged severely by the scientific establishment, which believed that such activities showed a lack of respect for the 'purity' of the scientific endeavour.
		Its strategy was that of the popular front, which meant differences between Communist scientists and 'progressive' members of the scientific establishment were played down.
	pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk /sr206/parring.htm (1715 words)

	Trotsky's critique of Popular Frontism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The term Popular Front (or People's Front) was coined in the 1930s and referred to an alliance of the workers' parties (Communist and Socialist) with so-called "progressive" bourgeois parties (Liberals, Republicans, Radicals, etc.).
		Thus, as Spain was still relatively underdeveloped, the working class should not take power, but should support the democratic wing of the bourgeoisie.
		The same theory of the Popular Front was applied in Chile, 1970-73, by the leaders of the Communist and Socialist Parties.
	www.trotsky.net /trotsky_year/popularfrontism.html (1193 words)

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