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Topic: Popular Liberation Army (Colombia)

	Colombia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Colombia’s chief ocean ports, however, lie on the Caribbean coast to the north: Santa Marta, Cartagena, and Barranquilla.
		Colombia settled (1917) its boundary disputes with Ecuador, and in 1934 a border clash with Peru over the town of Leticia was settled by the League of Nations in Colombia’s favor.
		Colombia’s economy began to recover from the setbacks of the early 1970s as economic diversification and incentives to lure foreign capital into the country were initiated.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/Colombia.html (2825 words)

	COLOMBIA, Landmine Monitor Report 1999
		Colombia is one of the relatively small number of Mine Ban Treaty signatories that is actively engaged in conflict.
		Colombia was not one of twenty-two CD members that in February 1999 jointly called for the appointment of a Special Coordinator on AP mines, and the establishment of an Ad Hoc Committee to negotiate an export ban.
		Colombia is primarily an agricultural country, therefore the population most affected by landmines are peasants who have to abandon their lands and normal way of life because of the presense of uncleared mines and violence in general.
	www.icbl.org /lm/1999/colombia.html (4276 words)

	Information about the combatants
		The Popular Liberation Army (EPL) is a remnant that refused to go along when the original EPL, a Maoist-inspired group, negotiated a peace accord with the government in 1991.
		Colombia has a long history of privately-financed peasant self-defense groups, usually suffused with their wealthy patrons' right-wing beliefs.
		Colombia's Defense Ministry, headed by a civilian since the 1991 Constitution was ratified, includes the Army (about 180,000 members), Police (about 150,000), Air Force (about 10,000) and Navy (about 5,000).
	www.ciponline.org /colombia/infocombat.htm (2485 words)

	COLOMBIA, Landmine Monitor Report 2000
		Colombia voted in favor of the December 1999 UN General Assembly resolution supporting the Mine Ban Treaty, as it had in 1997 and 1998.
		Colombia’s main guerilla groups are: FARC –; Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), the UC-ELN – Unión Camilista-Ejército Nacional de Liberación Nacional (Camilista Union-National Liberation Army), and the EPL – Ejército Popular de Liberación (Popular Liberation Army).
		Colombia is perhaps the country most affected by mines in the Americas region.
	www.icbl.org /lm/2000/colombia.html (4717 words)

	Political and Economic History of Colombia
		In the early 1850's a liberal constitution was adopted which separated church and state and gave substantial autonomy to the subregional political units and limited the power of the central government.
		In a backlash against the radicals in the PL the electorate of Colombia in 1884 voted for the Conservatives.
		Liberals chafed under the concentration of power in the central government and eventually split into two factions, the War faction which advocated armed rebellion against the centrists and the Peace faction which did not.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/colombia.htm (1209 words)

	HRW World Report 1999: Colombia: Human Rights Developments
		In eastern Colombia, where paramilitary forces were weak, the army was directly implicated in the killing of civilians and prisoners taken hors de combat, as well as torture and death threats.
		High-ranking army officers continued to claim that soldiers were directly implicated in fewer abuses than in years past even as the army’s use and tolerance of paramilitaries persisted.
		Colombia’s cities absorbed displaced families into their growing slums, and the displaced often lived on the margins of these already marginal settlements.
	www.hrw.org /hrw/worldreport99/americas/colombia.html (2401 words)

	NOW with David Brancaccio. Politics & Economy. Colombia/United States Timeline \| PBS
		Colombia has been embroiled in civil war for the past 38 years, involving the government, the military, right-wing paramilitaries, left-wing revolutionary guerillas, coca growers, drug traffickers, and the United States.
		The National Liberation Army is the country's second largest left-wing guerrilla group, with about 3,500 members stationed in the central northern regions.
		Its principal mission is to rid Colombia of leftist guerillas, which the AUC terms "subversives" who abandoned their Marxist-communist foundation to profit from the narcotics industry.
	www.pbs.org /now/politics/colombia.html (701 words)

	Popular Liberation Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Popular Liberation Army, EPL (Ejército Popular de Liberación), is a Colombian guerrilla group created in 1967.
		The EPL was founded by the Communist Party of Colombia (marxist-leninist), PCC(ml), a 1967 offshoot of the main Colombian Communist Party that disagreed with the Soviet ideological tendencies then displayed by the later.
		The new party created the EPL that same year, and implemented its strategy of promoting socialist revolution from a rural base in the countryside in order to launch a future offensive against urban centers, where it tried to insert urban cells, while simultaneously engaging in sabotage and activities considered by international observers as terrorist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Popular_Liberation_Army (719 words)

	CNN - Colombia suspends manhunt in hope more captives will be freed - June 6, 1999
		BOGOTA, Colombia (CNN) -- The Colombian government held back its troops for a second day Sunday, idling a manhunt for leftist rebels as efforts continued to free dozens of hostages abducted during a church service in Cali.
		Guerrillas from the National Liberation Army (ELN) released five hostages on Saturday, but dozens of other parishioners kidnapped a week ago remained in rebel hands in the rugged mountains of southwestern Colombia.
		The five captives released Saturday -- a 70-year-old man on horseback, a mother and her teenage son, a 52-year-old woman and another 70-year-old man on foot -- were led down out of the mountains near Cali by masked guerrillas and handed over to representatives of the Colombian Red Cross.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/americas/9906/06/colombia.hostages (481 words)

	Venezuela and Colombia: The FAN is outmatched \| www.vcrisis.com
		Colombia's primary defense concerns are focused on its civil war, which the Colombian state refuses to acknowledge as such.
		Although Colombia's armed forces are tasked with combating the FARC and other rebel groups, decades of widespread corruption within the enlisted and officer ranks have hindered the process considerably.
		Colombia's Ministry of Defense, charged with the country's internal and external defense and security, has an army, navy (which includes a coast guard), air force and national police under the leadership of a civilian minister of defense.
	www.vcrisis.com /index.php?content=letters/200511131328 (2207 words)

	Colombia & Venezuela: The not-so-secret border war \| www.vcrisis.com
		Army General Nestor Gonzalez Gonzalez has related that when he commanded troops along the border with Colombia, he received orders on more than one occasion from the Chavez government in Caracas to not interdict and attack FARC and ELN forces discovered by Venezuelan army patrols.
		Other army officers including colonels, majors, captains and lieutenants that have served in Venezuelan combat units on the border with Colombia have had similar experiences when Colombian rebels have been encountered in Venezuelan territory and field commanders have been ordered by their superiors in Caracas to not engage the enemy.
		Uribe’s government recently also reinforced the Army’s 10th Armored Brigade in northeastern Colombia, where 9,000 Colombian troops are currently deployed on infrastructure protection and offensive combat operations against the FARC, ELN and the Popular Liberation Army (EPL), a small regional group of Marxist bandits that also hides out in Venezuelan territory.
	www.vcrisis.com /index.php?content=letters/200509261349 (1841 words)

	Colombia - Political Flags
		The flag is a typical Colombian tricolori, with a portrait of Simon Bolivar (in fl and white and certain shades of grey) centered on it.
		The armed wing of the PCC-ML was the EPL (Ejército Popular de Liberación).
		The National Liberation Army- Camilista Union, (ELN-UC), insurgent group in Colombia, uses also Black and Red flag and generally, with the abbreviations of the group on the division of the stripes in yellow letters.
	www.allstates-flag.com /fotw/flags/co-polit.html (2565 words)

	Colombia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Colombia is bordered on the northwest by Panama, on the east by Venezuela and Brazil, and on the southwest by Peru and Ecuador.
		The Liberal administrations of Enrique Olaya Herrera and Alfonso López (1930–1938) were marked by social reforms that failed to solve the country's problems, and in 1946, a period of insurrection and banditry broke out, referred to as La Violencia, which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives by 1958.
		Laureano Gómez (1950–1953); the army chief of staff, Gen. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (1953–1956); and a military junta (1956–1957) sought to curb disorder by repression.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107419.html (1472 words)

	Colombia - Political Flags - Part III
		On 27 May 1964, the Colombian army attacked Marquetalia, which was the headquarters of Communist revolutionaries and farmers' self-defense militia, ruled by Manuel Marulanda, aka Tirofijo (Bang on target).
		While the FARC is undoubtedly the largest and oldest of the Communist insurgent groups of Colombia, it is not necessarily the most dogmatic in its devotion to the Marxist ideology.
		Founding Philosophy: The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) was formed to combat the leftist terrorist organizations operating in Colombia, primarily the FARC and ELN.
	flagspot.net /flags/co}2.html (3174 words)

	Colombia’s death squads get respectable, by Carlos M Gutiérrez
		THE justice and peace law passed by Colombia’s parliament on 21 June allowed the president, Alvaro Uribe, to claim he had made peace with, and demobilised, the extreme-right paramilitaries.
		As the director of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights office in Colombia, Michael Frühling, remarked a week before the law was passed, “it is not a good idea to treat paramilitarism as a mere political misdemeanour” (1).
		Earlier, a group of their Republican opposite numbers had declared their support for efforts to achieve peace in Colombia, provided that “such a process is conducted pursuant to an effective legal framework that will bring about the dismantling of the underlying structure, illegal sources of financing and economic power” of terrorist organisations.
	mondediplo.com /2005/10/12colombia (1683 words)

	[No title]
		Colombia is the northern-most country of South America, with ports on both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
		Right-wing paramilitary organizations like the “United Self-Defense Units of Colombia” (AUC) routinely attack the civilian population in an effort to terrorize the population into not supporting the insurgencies or the popular mass movements.
		The dramatic escalation of U.S. intervention in Colombia is being portrayed by the U.S. State Department as part of the “war on drugs.” U.S. and State Department propagandists claim that the FARC-EP is involved in the cocaine industry in Colombia.
	www.iacenter.org /Colombia/colombia_fact.htm (1183 words)

	Mexico's Other Insurgents - The US Army on the EZLN and the EPR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The army and police had largely destroyed or dispersed small rural and urban groups, and the country turned its attention to modernization and development.
		This view was underscored by a 17 July 1996 attack on an army patrol in southwestern Guerrero, where several soldiers were reportedly wounded and a civilian was killed, and by an ambush of a navy patrol two weeks later that resulted in a wounded officer.
		The group members left behind a statement identifying themselves as Justice Army of Defenseless People representatives and decrying the lack of justice for oppressed people.[40] Such actions may be the violent resolution of a local dispute, a government provocation, an armed encounter between drug-trafficking rivals or an assault by a private paramilitary group.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/mexico/usa/army_on_epr.html (5559 words)

	Colombia - Country Profile - Republica de Colombia, South America
		Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and Venezuela).
		Although the violence is deadly and large swaths of the countryside are under guerrilla influence, the movement lacks the military strength or popular support necessary to overthrow the government.
		Four decades of conflict have turned Colombia into one of the world's worst humanitarian hotspots, with millions caught up in the crossfire between leftist rebels, cocaine smugglers and far-right paramilitary militias.
	www.nationsonline.org /oneworld/colombia.htm (731 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Summer 2000
		Among the noteworthy aspects of this attack were the use of a mock-up of the objective for guerrilla rehearsals, the infiltration of guerrillas among the soldiers of the army garrison, and the use of mortars and explosive breaching charges.
		Colombia was the only large state in the region not to default on its debt payments during the 1980s, and its economy has grown by an impressive 4.5 percent annually for the last two decades.[10]
		In fact, Colombia is considered to have one of the largest internal refugee problems anywhere outside of Africa.[34] Media accounts estimate that fully 1.5 million war refugees have moved from the countryside to shantytowns outside various cities in Colombia in recent years.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/00summer/franco.htm (3736 words)

	Enduring freedom; the FARC of other terrorist groups in Colombia and South America: are we moving closer to the next ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Three major terrorist groups in Colombia have, in the last ten years, extended their influence from the rural to urban areas.
		Both Colombian citizens and foreign nationals are often the targets of FARC kidnapping; the demands for ransom are a popular revenue producer that FARC Commander Raul Reyes calls a "peace tax." Funds from these ransoms bring in much-needed capital to finance their operations.
		Should you be visiting Colombia, pay close attention to your embassy's travel warnings and to local news both before and during your stay.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IBS/is_4_28/ai_94538591 (977 words)

	Americas 2001
		The paramilitary United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) was presumed to be behind the April 27 killing of Flavio Bedoya, a regional correspondent for the Bogotá-based Communist Party newspaper Voz.
		Meanwhile, Colombia's largest guerrilla movement, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), was implicated in the July 6 murder of José Duviel Vásquez Arias, one of three journalists from radio station La Voz de la Selva (The Voice of the Jungle) who were assassinated during a seven-month period.
		Parra reported that the region is crawling with fighters from Colombia's two main leftist guerrilla groups and a rival right-wing paramilitary army.
	www.cpj.org /attacks01/americas01/colombia.html (5078 words)

	Colombia - The Popular Liberation Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Popular Libeation Army (Ejército Popular de Liberación-- EPL) was the only major group in Colombia espousing a Maoist political ideology; as such, it endorsed the concept of a prolonged popular war.
		Organized in early 1968, the EPL was headed by proChinese communists who formed the Communist Party of Colombia-- Marxist-Leninist (Partido Comunista de Colombia-Marxista-- Leninista--PCC-ML) upon breaking with the Soviet-line PCC in July 1965.
		The EPL served as the armed branch of the PCC-ML.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-3129.html (242 words)

	Terrorism - In the Spotlight: The National Liberation Army (ELN)
		The National Liberation Army, or Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), constitutes the smaller of two main Marxist guerilla organizations involved in Colombia's 38-year-old civil war.
		Although all non-governmental groups, including the FARC and the ELN, have threatened and murdered local leaders and business owners who oppose their respective causes, most of the internal displacement is created primarily by the AUC's violent efforts to rout popular bases of support for the guerilla movements.
		Not only does the AUC aim to expel the ELN and the FARC from their areas of control, it is also interested in expanding its share of the drug trade by appropriating territory from small and medium landowners.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/eln.cfm (1095 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Americas \| Colombian politician's son freed
		Juan Carlos Lizcano, 23, was seized in April in the Risaralda region west of the capital, Bogota, by the Popular Liberation Army group.
		He said he was happy to be free but his heart was "still in captivity" because his father remained a prisoner of the Farc (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), Colombia's El Tiempo website reports.
		The Popular Liberation Army (EPL) is Colombia's third-biggest rebel group, behind the Farc and the National Liberation Army (ELN).
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/5208784.stm (250 words)

	AllRefer.com - Colombia - The National Liberation Army \| Colombian Information Resource
		Founded in 1964 by Fabio Vásquez Castaño, the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional--ELN) adopted a doctrine for insurrection inspired by the Cuban Revolution.
		During the mid-1960s, ELN activities centered on the department of Santander and included seizing temporary control of small towns, opening jails to free prisoners, robbing banks, and making antigovernment speeches in small villages throughout the country in an effort to gain recruits.
		Its theater of operations included vast stretches of Colombia's eastern plains and portions of the departments of Norte de Santander, Santander, Bolívar, Cauca, and Antioquia, and the intendancy of Arauca.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/colombia/colombia159.html (531 words)

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