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Topic: Population ecology

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	Ecology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ecology, or ecological science, is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how these properties are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment.
		Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living beings.
		Each population is the result of procreations between individuals of same species and cohabitation in a given place and for a given time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ecology (3346 words)

	Introduction to Population Ecology
		The first significant contribution to the theory of population ecology was that of Thomas Malthus, an English clergyman, who in 1798 published his Essay on the Principle of Population.
		Populations of prey and predator were predicted to flucuate in a regular manner (Volterra termed this "the law of periodic cycle").
		Population dynamics/epidemiology theory is a vast and formidable subject.
	ipmworld.umn.edu /chapters/ecology.htm (3492 words)

	popeco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Population ecology is a science that deals with measuring changes in population size and composition and identifying the factors that cause these changes.
		Population characteristics that afford study are its density and the spacing of its individuals.
		Population dispersion is the pattern of spacing among the inin the parameters of the geographical boundaries of the population.
	www.hobart.k12.in.us /jkousen/Biology/popeco.html (1023 words)

	Population Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The density of the population in the environment may be uniform or it could be distributed in clumped or random ways.
		Obviously a population of a species that becomes sexually mature at an early age, bears loads of offspring in each reproduction cycle, and remains reproductively active over a long period is going to reproduce extremely rapidly given adequate abiotic factors.
		At some population size, the environment will run out of a critical resource and this will slow the growth rate and it is possible for the population to reach a size that the environment can sustain.
	koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /principles/population.html (2142 words)

	Population Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In chapter 47 population is defined in ecological terms as individuals of aone species that occupy the same general area (habitat) at the same time.
		Demography is the study of factors that affect birth and death rates in a population.
		The size of a population that is growing exponentially increases rapidly resulting in a ________ shaped growth curve.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/population_ecology.htm (552 words)

	Population Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Population Ecology (also called organizational ecology) is a branch of evolutionary organizational theory developed by Hannan & Freeman in 1989 in their book "Organizational Ecology."
		Using the analogy of Darwinian evolution, Hannan & Freeman investigate founding rates and death rates of organizational populations, and suggest that the rates are density-dependent.
		Population ecologists are using the analogy of Darwinian evolution, and are therefore prone to the same problems as Darwinian evolution in biology.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Population_Ecology (333 words)

	Introductory Biology Courseware (110)- Population Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Population dynamics are changes in structure resulting from reproduction, growth, energy gathering, dispersal and death of members of a population.
		In populations, the numbers of individuals in each age group from newborns to postreproductive adults comprises the age distribution.
		Population dynamics (whether the population size is increasing, decreasing, remaining the same, and/or changing with respect to structure) depend on the activities of individuals within the population.
	tidepool.st.usm.edu /crswr/110populations.html (1304 words)

	Biological Diversity 9
		The study of factors that affect growth, stability, and decline of populations is population dynamics.
		Populations with more individuals aged at or before reproductive age have a pyramid-shaped age structure graph, and can expand rapidly as the young mature and breed.
		The 1987 population was estimated at a puny 5 billion.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookpopecol.html (3290 words)

	Demography and Population Ecology
		Alternatively, a population may be defined as a cluster of individuals with a high probability of mating with each other compared to their probability of mating with a member of some other population.
		Populations vary in size from very small (a few individuals on a newly colonized island) to very large, such as some wide-ranging and common small insects with populations in the millions.
		If the population is large and age groups are fine (for instance, consisting of only individuals born on a given day), such curves are much smoother or more nearly continuous (the distinction between discrete and continuous events or characteristics will be made repeatedly).
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~varanus/demography.html (2963 words)

	Population ecology
		population A might have many more members than population B. However, all the members of A might be post-reproductive, whereas population B might consist of mostly pre-reproductive and reproductive age individuals.
		Such populations are equilibrium species, tend to be specialists rather than colonizers, and may become extinct when their evolved way of life is disrupted, e.g.
		World population increases the equivalent of one medium-sized city (370,000) per day and 135 million per year, despite the fact that nearly 2 billion people suffer from starvation or malnutrition.
	arnica.csustan.edu /Biol1010/pop_ecology/population_ecology.htm (2084 words)

	Laws of Population Ecology
		Where r is the intrinsic rate of natural increase of the population, a is a constant that has 3 different values (one for unicellular organisms, one for heterotherms and one for homoiotherms), and W is the average body weight (mass) of the organism (Fenchel 1974).
		Where d is the average density of the population, a is a constant, and W is the average body weight (mass) of the organism.
		Where g is the average generation-time of the population, a is a constant, and W is the average body weight (mass) of the organism.
	www.ecology.info /laws-population-ecology.htm (3368 words)

	What is Population Ecology? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Population ecology is the branch of ecology that studies the structure and dynamics of populations.
		Population ecology and population genetics are often considered together and called "population biology".
		Population dynamics can be studied at the landscape level, and this is the link between landscape- and population ecology.
	www.ento.vt.edu /~sharov/PopEcol/lec1/whatis.html (469 words)

	Population Ecology Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		To begin to study a population, the size of the population (number of individuals) is determined.
		Assume each individual affects the growth of the entire population by increasing environmental resistance as soon as it is born.
		While zoologists are usually concerned with the population ecology of "animals", the population ecology of humans is important at times.
	www.howe.k12.ok.us /~jimaskew/botzo/zopop.htm (1482 words)

	Population Ecology
		Population (def.): a local group of a species, useful as unit of study.
		As populations increase, and crowding occurs, it is easier for parasites to move from host to host.
		Population control is complex interaction of density-dependent and density independent factors.
	www.csuchico.edu /~mw97/Biol_142/Ecology_Notes.html (1281 words)

	Population & Community Ecology
		Ecology – study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and the environment.
		Population Ecology – focuses on the factors that influence a population’s size, growth rate, density, and features of population structure
		Population – group of individuals of the same species living in a given area at a given time.
	home.pacbell.net /kitty_m/Biology31/LecChp40.html (821 words)

	Population Ecology
		Population size and growth may also be controlled by density-independent factors, e.g.
		Not all individuals in a population are the same age.
		For example, population A might have many more members than population B. However, all the members of A might be post-reproductive, whereas population B might consist of mostly pre-reproductive and reproductive age individuals.
	arnica.csustan.edu /boty1050/Ecology/population_ecology.htm (845 words)

	biol 1215 chapt 52 notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Population ecology is concerned with measuring changes in population size and composition, and with identifying the ecological causes of these fluctuations.
		The characteristics of a population are shaped by the interactions between individuals and their environments on both ecological and evolutionary time scales, and natural selection can modify these characteristics in a population.
		A population may be stable because of density-dependent factors, but superimposed on this stability may be short-term fluctuations of density-independent factors.
	www.langara.bc.ca /biology/mario/Biol1215notes/biol1215chap52.html (2509 words)

	Population Growth and Regulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Population - A group of potentially interbreeding organisms of the same species found in a given area that interact with each other and their environment.
		Populations of organisms are constantly in a state of change- they are said to be Dynamic.
		The total change in the populations size is not constant because in a growing population there are simply more individuals having babies in each successive generation.
	www.lec.edu /facstaff/vieira/BI100popeco.htm (1535 words)

	population ecology -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A population is a subset of individuals of one species that occupies a particular geographic area and, in sexually reproducing species, interbreeds.
		Although the dynamics and evolution of a single closed population are governed by its life history, populations of many species are not completely isolated and are connected by the movement of...
		Attempts to spread awareness about ecology, interdependence, predator-prey relationships, food chains, and population dynamics, and encourages students to explore the redwood forest, the oak forest, and the chaparral grasslands.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9117279 (738 words)

	Population Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Population ecology studies organisms from the point of view of the size and structure of their populations
		A population in an ecological sense is a group of organisms, of the same species, which roughly occupy the same geographical area at the same time
		If we were to construct a hypothetical life history that would yield the greatest lifetime reproductive output, we might imagine a population of individuals that begin reproducing at an early age, have large clutch sizes, and reproduce many times in a lifetime.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/campbl52.htm (2292 words)

	Southampton - Population Ecology - Home Page
		We have field studies on the recruitment dynamics of barnacles on rocky shores, and on dispersal of wading birds between foraging patches and hedgehogs between rural populations fragmented by roads.
		More conceptual models are being developed to find out how the persistence and stability of local populations are influenced by density dependent processes, particularly aggregation and immigration and their interactions.
		Kent, A., Hawkins, S. and Doncaster, C. (2003) Population consequences of mutual attraction between settling and adult barnacles.
	www.soton.ac.uk /~cpd (1563 words)

	Population ecology
		Ecology - the study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their
		Population - a group of individuals all of the same species in the same location at the same time;
		Community - the populations of all the species in a given place at a given time
	web.centre.edu /hammond/clsnts22.htm (458 words)

	Population & Community Ecology
		Population and community ecologists study the ecology of individual populations and the interactions of species within natural communities.
		Population and community ecology; applied ecology; consumer-resource interactions; marine invertebrates and reef fishes.
		Evolutionary ecology and population biology; ecology and behavior of coral reef fishes.
	www.lifesci.ucsb.edu /eemb/research/population/population.html (197 words)

	POPULATION ECOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		POPULATION ECOLOGY: Growth and Density, (aka, the mathematics of sex and survival)
		Factors regulating populations: basically interactions with the rest of the community, e.g.
		species that live in harsh or unpredictable environments, mortality is independent of population density, allocate more energy to reproduction and less to growth and maintenance of the individual.
	www.fhsu.edu /biology/ranpers/ert/popecol.htm (641 words)

	Population Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Population - group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area
		The gene pool of the population is the basis of the range of characteristics found in the population
		Population growth (G) G=rN (N=number of individuals during the interval specified)
	faculty.ncwc.edu /ddaley/B101PopulEcology.htm (356 words)

	Population Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Results of undergraduate laboratory experiments on population ecology in Lemna, Azolla, Avena and Bromus spp.
		A clearing-house for wildlife ecology related software, for applications such as habitat analysis, diversity indices, simulations, general population...
		In previous chapters/units we have concentrated on the biology of the individual cell, tissue, and organism.
	www.clinchcoalition.org /population-ecology.html (177 words)

	Applied Population Ecology
		Students can create and save their own models, run simulations, and watch as the population trajectories or the map of the metapopulation is updated at every time step during a simulation.
		While this versatile textbooksoftware combination can stand alone as a text for courses in population ecology, conservation biology, applied ecology, and wildlife management, it can also be used in combination with a number of leading textbooks.
		Lev R. Ginzburg is a Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at Stony Brook University.
	www.ramas.com /underg34.htm (470 words)

	POPULATION ECOLOGY
		is concerned with measuring changes in population* size and composition and identifying the causes of these fluctuations.
		The proportions of marked to unmarked that are captured the second time give an estimate of the size of the entire population.
		i. in a population living under ideal conditions, the population grows fast, because all the members have access to abundant food and are free to reproduce
	www.geocities.com /auburngirl71/popeco.htm (1326 words)

	Preface from Applied Population Ecology
		Our aim is to discuss principles of population ecology, to show a collection of methods to implement these principles, and to help you appreciate both the advantages and limitations of addressing ecological problems with the help of models.
		In an introduction to population ecology, most undergraduate students consider learning the mathematics required by traditional texts to be an unnecessary hindrance.
		In discussing population regulation, we postponed writing down the famous logistic equation almost to the end of the chapter, concentrating instead on the general, qualitative aspects and dynamic consequences of density-dependent population growth.
	www.ramas.com /preface.htm (936 words)

	population ecology -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Population density and growth > Life tables and the rate of population growth > Calculating population growth
		The average number of offspring left by a female at each age and the proportion of individuals surviving to each age can be used to evaluate the rate at which the size of the population changes over time.
		These rates are used by demographers and population ecologists to estimate human population growth and to…
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=70575 (763 words)

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