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Topic: Porcelain

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	Porcelain
		The finest T’zu or porcelain as we know it is a composite of kaolin clay, which fires white, and a feldspathic stone called pe-tun-tse; both these materials are found in abundance throughout China.
		The Dutch later expanded the export in porcelain in the seventeenth century.
		Porcelain was being produced in Europe by 1710 under the patronage of Augustus of Saxony that was so hard it could be “cut and polished like a jewel.”
	www.bell.lib.umn.edu /Products/porc.html (0 words)

	What is Porcelain?
		Porcelain, pronounced POUR suh lihn, is a type of ceramics highly valued for its beauty and strength.
		However, porcelain is known primarily as a material for high-quality vases and tableware, as well as for figurines and other decorative objects.
		Porcelain differs from other types of ceramics in its ingredients and in the process by which it is produced.
	www.vild.com /what_is_porcelain.htm (1954 words)

	Porcelain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Porcelain is made by firing a mixture of materials including China clay and China stone in a kiln at temperatures in the region of 1200 to 1350 degrees Celsius.
		Porcelain wares may be formed by moulding, by hand-building and in the case of round-wares, by throwing on a potter's wheel.
		Porcelain was first made in China and it is a measure of the esteem in which the Chinese export porcelains of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were held in Europe that china became a commonly used synonym for the term porcelain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Porcelain (3142 words)

	Porcelain and Its Spread to the West
		To the Chinese, porcelain is a stoneware; that is, both hard and resonant and covered with a hard feldspathic glaze that has fused with the body.
		Porcelain was introduced to Central Asia via the Silk Road during the 9th century.
		Porcelain was found in the ruins of the Abbasid city of Samarra, which was the summer residence of the Caliphs from 836 to 883.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/porcelain.shtml (708 words)

	Porcelain Summary
		Porcelain clay when mixed with water forms a plastic paste which can be worked to a required shape or form that is hardened and made permanent by firing in a kiln at temperatures of between about 1200 degrees Celsius and about 1400 degrees Celsius.
		One of the earliest European porcelains was produced at the Meissen factory and was componded from china clay kaolin, quartz and alabaster and was fired at temperatures in excess of 1350-degrees Celsius to produce a porcelain of great hardness and strength.
		Porcelain was first made in China, and it is a measure of the esteem in which the exported Chinese porcelains of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were held in Europe that in English china became a commonly used synonym for the Franco-Italian term porcelain.
	www.bookrags.com /Porcelain (2191 words)

	AGD - What Are Porcelain Veneers? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Porcelain veneers are ultra-thin shells of ceramic material, which are bonded to the front of teeth.
		Porcelain veneers are placed to mask discolorations, to brighten teeth, and to improve a smile.
		Porcelain veneers can mask undesirable defects, such as teeth stained by tetracycline, by an injury, or as a result of a root-canal procedure, and are ideal for masking discolored fillings in front teeth.
	www.agd.org /consumer/topics/veneers/main.asp (667 words)

	Porcelain Encyclopedia Article, Description, History and Biography @ LocalColorArt.Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chinese porcelain is made from kaolin and a form of feldspar called petuntse.
		However, Chinese experts emphasise the presence of a significant proportion of feldspathic minerals as an important factor in defining porcelain and shards recovered from Eastern Han kiln sites in Zhejiang, estimated to have been fired at a temperature of between 1260 to 1300 degrees Celsius, were found to meet this condition.
		The test is carried out on small samples of porcelain drilled or cut from the body of a piece, which can be risky and disfiguring and for this reason the test is rarely used for dating finely-potted, high-fired ceramics.
	encyclopedia.localcolorart.com /encyclopedia/Porcelain (3040 words)

	Porcelain veneers - Chicago, Illinois - dentist Dr. Sheldon Seidman
		Porcelain veneers, or dental veneers, are thin shells that are laid onto the teeth and bonded to the surface.
		Porcelain veneers are a more conservative alternative to dental crowns since they require less removal of the tooth's original surface.
		Porcelain veneers are quite strong and can withstand considerable force when a patient bites down, but they may fracture or break if twisted.
	www.smilechicago.com /html/veneers.html (659 words)

	ArtLex on Porcelain
		Also, an object made of porcelain; and sometimes any pottery that is translucent, whether or not it is made of kaolin.
		Porcelain is regarded as the most refined of all ceramic wares.
		Produced by a porcelain works called Chamberlain's Worcester, his dish is part of an entire dessert service-- a set of thirty-eight pieces which altogether portray forty-two scenes from twenty-nine of Shakespeare's plays.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/p/porcelain.html (784 words)

	Chinese Porcelain, China Porcelain: Travel China Guide.com
		The earliest porcelain ware was found made of Kaolin in the Shang Dynasty (16th - 11th century BC), and possessed the common aspects of the smoothness and impervious quality of hard enamel, though pottery wares were more widely used among most of the ordinary people.
		Anyway it was the beginning of porcelain, which afterwards in the succeeding dynasties and due to its durability and luster, rapidly became a necessity of daily life, especially in the middle and upper classes.
		The familiar rose porcelain was another highlight that appeared during the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1653 - 1722).
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/arts/porcelain.htm (918 words)

	Ah Xian Porcelain Life Castings
		His 40 porcelain busts decorated in traditional Chinese style manages to cleverly emphasize somberness and decoration simultaneously and this is exactly why Xian is one of the most interesting artists to emerge from post-cultural revolution China.
		The forty porcelain busts and a sprinkling of pairs of legs are the fruits of Xian’s recent to China.
		The porcelain body casts were meticulously hand-painted under Xian’s direction: traditional Chinese and Buddhist motifes were drawn to follow the contours of each individual body.
	www.artmolds.com /ali/halloffame/ah_xian.htm (490 words)

	About Imari
		Porcelain was first fired in Hizen province of Northern Kyushu in the early 17th century by Korean potters, and most likely by the potter named Ri Sanpei, who was brought to Japan by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in his second invasion of Korea in 1597.
		Porcelain is a distinctively hard and white kind of clay fired at a relatively high temperature of 1,280 degrees celsius.
		Porcelain was made throughout Japan, and while there is a tendency to call all Japanese porcelain "Imari", that does not reflect this fact.
	www.blueandwhiteamerica.com /imari.html (1450 words)

	Lomonosov porcelain, Russian porcelain, Russian tea sets, Russian coffee sets and fine china.
		Lomonosov porcelain, Russian porcelain, Russian tea sets, Russian coffee sets and fine china.
		Lomonosov Porcelain is the first and the most famous Russian porcelain manufacturer.
		In 1744 his daughter Empress Elizabeth established the first porcelain factory in St. Petersburg, Russia.
	www.1-800-porcelain.com (285 words)

	Porcelain History and Identification
		New bottles may appear to be of fine porcelain due to a heavy white and translucent glaze which masks the often stoneware and not porcelain body.
		Very early pieces of porcelain produced during the Kangxi reign (1662-1722) have a foot which could even be described as silky to the touch, such was the quality and make up of the porcelain body during this time.
		However, as was stated the likelihood of finding such an early piece is next to impossible and due to the often tiny foot of a porcelain bottle, it may feel smoother than it would if the same porcelain were used on a larger piece and with a larger foot with more surface area.
	www.asianartmall.com /refporc.htm (924 words)

	Porcelain
		Porcelain dishware should be soaked in a basin lined with soft towels.
		Except for antiques, porcelain settings may go in a dishwasher as long as there are no gold decorations in the pattern.
		If you use wire plate holders to display porcelain dishes on a wall, make sure they are correctly sized, to avoid stress, and covered in plastic rather than bare metal, which can scratch the surface.
	magazines.ivillage.com /countryliving/collect/ar/articles/0,,284654_293962,00.html (397 words)

	All Shop's Antiques : Porcelain/Pottery/Ceramics : Drury House Antiques (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Porcelain is white with hand painted stylized flowers (tulips) on the front and a bud on the back of the mustard pot.
		Antique porcelain chocolate set, pot with four cups and saucers all matching pattern, blue luster with hand painted, white enamel stylized plum blossoms, pattern is painted in high relief.
		Porcelain is off white in color, flowers are pink, border is outlined in Tokai red with white enamel dots, gold leaf brick pattern and gold leaf lines are along the top.
	rubylane.com /shops/drury/ilist/,cs=Antiques:Porcelain/Pottery/Ceramics (2746 words)

	porcelain. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Porcelain was first made by the Chinese to withstand the great heat generated in certain parts of their kilns.
		Although proto-porcelain wares exist dating from the Shang, by the Eastern Han high firing glazed ceramic wares had developed into porcelain, and porcelain manufactured during the T’ang period (618–906) was exported to the Islamic world where it was highly prized.
		Most of the European porcelain is soft paste (made from clay and an artificial compound such as ground glass) and is not as strong as the Chinese hard-paste porcelain.
	www.bartleby.com /65/po/porcelai.html (305 words)

	Chinese Arts and Crafts - Porcelain
		Porcelain is an art of early Chinese invention and occupies an esteemed place in the World.
		Sung Dynasty (AD 960 - 1279) is regarded as the Classic period of the Chinese porcelain due to its beauty, elegance and equilibrium.
		The Ju kilns produced porcelain with a thick unctuous glaze which resembles the most expensive type of jade in China known as "Mutton fat".
	www.west-meet-east.com /artcpo.htm (280 words)

	Porcelain and Ceramic tile (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Porcelain is available in natural, smooth, polished and structured finishes.
		Porcelain consists of a dried body of selected clays, kaolinitic minerals, quartz and feldspar, covered by spray and shaped by dry pressing to form a ceramic material that is then fired in an oven at temperatures up to 1250 deg.
		Porcelain will remain constant over time; it is ideal for interior and exterior floors and walls, facades of buildings.
	rvkfloors.com /ceramic.htm (299 words)

	Porcelain
		The generally accepted definition of porcelain is that of a white, vitrified, translucent ceramic, fired to a temperature of at least 1280 centigrades.
		The body of most Chinese porcelain is made from a mixture of white China clay (kaolin) and porcelain stone (dunzi, a feldspathic rock); the latter being ground to powder and mixed with the clay.
		The secret of true hard porcelain similar to that of China was not discovered in the West until about 1707 in Saxony by Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus, assisted by the alchemist Johann Friedrich Böttger.
	www.wamasoft.com /do/porcelain.htm (243 words)

	Doccia porcelain -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In China, porcelain is defined as pottery that is resonant when struck; in the West, it is a material that is...
		They created such an intense fashion for fine porcelain with the ruling classes that it was called a china mania.” Kings vied with each other in attempts to discover the secret of true porcelain jealously guarded by the Asians.
		Chinese Porcelain of the Ming and Ch’ing Dynasties
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9030752?hook=28406 (774 words)

	Restoative Dentistry...Porcelain Veneers
		Porcelain laminate veneers are probably the most esthetic means of creating a more pleasing and beautiful smile.
		Porcelain has great crushing strength but poor tensile strength.
		Once placed, Porcelain Laminate Veneers are typically the kindest restoration to the gum tissues that we currently have in our prosthetic armamentarium.
	www.qualitydentistry.com /dental/restorative/veneers2.html (631 words)

	Erickson and Lee - A Brief History of Höchst Porcelain Manufactory (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Höchst Porcelain-Manufactory was founded in the year 1746 by a fugitive porcelain painter from Meissen, Adam Friedrich von Löwenfinck, and by two Frankfurt merchants, that were granted the priviledge by the Elector of Mainz Johann Friedrich Carl von Ostein.
		Since the re-establishing of the Höchst Porcelain Manufactory on its original location in the year 1946 in Frankfurt-Höchst the cultural inheritance is treasured.
		A porcelain painter from the Höchst Porcelain-Manufactory, Corinne Gregor, will demonstrate her craftsmanship and will be pleased to answer to all the questions concerning the painting on Höchst porcelain.
	hoechst-porcelain.com /history.html (711 words)

	Porcelain Veneers Basics (Veneers, Laminates, Porcelain)
		Versatile and strong, porcelain veneers are used for a variety of smile enhancements, from complete smile makeovers to repairing a chipped tooth.
		Porcelain veneers are thin shells of fired porcelain that are placed on the front and side surfaces of the teeth.
		Porcelain veneers are a simple way to quickly change the shape, color, length or width of your teeth.
	www.locateadoc.com /articles.cfm/34/1174 (1220 words)

	PORCELAIN Menu - EY Net Japanese Pottery Primer
		Porcelain (called "jiki" in Japanese) was introduced to Japan in the 17th century by Korean potters, and was influenced greatly by Chinese Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) porcelain techniques.
		Porcelain produced in Arita was typically shipped to other Japanese cities and elsewhere in Asia and Europe from the port city of Imari.
		Tamikichi is regarded as "the father of porcelain" in the Seto region.
	www.e-yakimono.net /guide/html/porcelain.html (1152 words)

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