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Topic: Porifera

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Sponge

Parazoa

Calcaerous sponges

Choanocyte

Leucosoleniida

Archaeocyantha

Demosponges

Metazoan

Hexactinellid

Annelida

Digestive tract

Animal

Animalia

Selachimorpha

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	Porifera on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Effect of disturbance on assemblages: an example using porifera.
		Reproductive biology, taxonomy, and aspects of chemical ecology of Latrunculiidae (Porifera).
		Transport and metabolism of alanine and palmitic acid by field-collected larvae of Tedania ignis (Porifera, Demospongiae): estimated conseqeunces of limited label translocation.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Porifera.asp (358 words)

	Porifera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Porifera: Reproduction - Reproduction Pieces of sponge are able to regenerate into whole new sponges.
		Porifera: Anatomy - Anatomy Sponges lack organs and tissue, and all the cells exhibit considerable independence.
		Porifera: Class Calcarea (Calcareous Sponges) - Class Calcarea (Calcareous Sponges) Sponges in this class are typified by skeletal spicules...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0839737.html (238 words)

	Omniseek: /Pets & Animals /Porifera
		'Porifera' is a loose association of taxonimists, biologists, chemists, and paleobiologists whose work focuses on questions dealing with Sponges.
		Porifera means "pore-bearer" and refers to the pores or ostia on the surface of sponges.
		Unit: Porifera 1 Introduction PORIFERA Sponges, in contrast to Protozoa, are multicellular animals or Metazoa.
	www.omniseek.com /srch/{47364} (374 words)

	Porifera Science, Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Phylum Porifera - 'Pore-bearing' animals Description of the phylum, including descriptions of its constituent taxonomic classes, with photos of a few representative species.
		Introduction to Porifera A good start on the biology of sponges, including phylogeny, life history, and ecology.
		Porifera Biology on the WWW A central clearinghouse for sponge researchers, including a porifera listserver bulletin board and who's who in sponge research.
	www.wacofdn.org /d2RjXzcxMDc5.aspx (147 words)

	Systema Porifera : A Guide to the Classification of Sponges - From Monitor-Data.com Store
		Phylum porifera is an ecologically and economically important group of marine invertebrates, currently a major focus of marine natural product (pharmaceutical) research.
		Systema Porifera addresses many long standing nomenclatural problems and provides a sound baseline for future debate on sponges and their place in time and space.
		The Systema Porifera describes 3 classes, 7 subclasses, 24 orders, 127 families and 682 valid genera of extant sponges (with over 1600 nominal generic names and an additional 500 invalid names treated).
	www.monitor-data.com /books/0306472600.html (448 words)

	Porifera -> Class Demospongiae (Demosponges) on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Porifera -> Class Demospongiae (Demosponges) on Encyclopedia.com 2002
		It includes sponges with a skeleton made up of silicon-containing spicules or spongin fibers or both.
		Sulfur sponges (Cliona species) are bright yellow boring forms inhabiting shallow waters on the east and west coasts of the United States.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/porifera_classdemospongiae(demosponges).asp (466 words)

	Learn more about Animal in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This massive adaptive radiation may have come about because of climate change or a simple genetic innovation, and is so sudden that it is usually called the Cambrian explosion.
		The sponges (Porifera) were separated from the other animals early on, and are very different.
		Sponges are sessile and usually feed by drawing in water through pores all over the body, which is supported by a skeleton typically divided into spicules - the cells are differentiated, but not organized into distinct groups.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /a/an/animal.html (1497 words)

	Porifera (Sponges)
		The former are most likely Porifera (possibly Sclerospongiae or Demospongiae), while the precise relationships of the latter remain controversial.
		Porifera - short intro to recent and fossil groups
		Porifera - Sponges - when last checked, had references and links but no essay.
	www.palaeos.com /Invertebrates/Porifera/Porifera.htm (308 words)

	Directory - Science: Biology: Flora and Fauna: Animalia: Porifera
		The Phylum Porifera includes the animals commonly known as sponges.
		Phylum Porifera (Sponges) · iweb · cached · Description of the sponges and their taxonomy, from the Animal Diversity Web.
		Introduction to Porifera · cached · A good start on the biology of sponges, including phylogeny, life history, and ecology.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=71079 (254 words)

	porifera
		Although some texts treats this group as a member of the demospongea, some paleontologists consider stromatoporoids not as true sponges, but belonging to their own phylum.
		The middle road is taken in this course, treating the stromatoperoids as a separate class within the Porifera.
		As shown in the accompanying figure, the skeletons of archaeocyathids come in two varieties: (i) regulars that have both septa and tabulae but lack dissepiments (small curved plates), and (ii) irregulars that lack septa, but have dissepiments and rod-like bars similar to sponge spicules.
	paleo.cortland.edu /tutorial/Protista/porifera.htm (612 words)

	M27.htm
		The porifera (sponges) are multicellular organisms found in a variety of body forms.
		The plasticity of body shapes and sizes within a species is often determined by numerous environmental factors, making it difficult to generalize about the typical body morphology of any particular species.
		The wide variety of biochemical compounds produced by sponges make them a good source of pharmaceutical compounds, such as antibiotics, antiviral agents, anti-tumour compounds, anti-inflammatories, and many others.
	www.meer.org /M27.htm (624 words)

	Integrative and Comparative Biology: origin of metazoan complexity: Porifera as integrated animals1, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sponges [Porifera] are the phylogenetically oldest metazoan phylum still extant today; they share the closest relationship with the hypothetical common metazoan ancestor, the Urmetazoa.
		During the past 8 years cDNAs coding for proteins involved in cell-cell- and cell-tissue interaction have been cloned from sponges, primarily from Suberites domuncula and Geodia cydonium and their functions have been studied in vivo as well as in vitro.
		This new step in understanding of the basal animal phylogeny is the platform for answering the next pressing question of the origin of individuation in Metazoa, again regarding Porifera as living fossils, descendants of a colonial ancestor.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4054/is_200302/ai_n9184744 (1419 words)

	PORIFERA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The phylum Porifera is named for its innumerable pores.
		They are filter feeders and are distinguished by having so called collar cells that are ciliated and responsible for food uptake.
		It is not obvious that the Porifera share an ancestor with the rest of the Animalia.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /edu/dees/ees/life/slides/phyla/porifera.html (167 words)

	The Shape of Life . Origins \| PBS
		Researchers such as Cristina Diaz and Mitch Sogin think that the most likely candidate for this "Animal Eve" is a group of creatures that still exist: the sponges.
		Sponges, members of the phylum Porifera, are considered the oldest living animal phylum.
		Sponges are the only animals that if broken down to the level of their cells can miraculously reassemble and resurrect themselves.
	www.pbs.org /kcet/shapeoflife/episodes/origins.html (226 words)

	CARNIVEROUS SPONGE
		The discovery of the new sponge raises fundamental questions about current classifications used to distinguish the phyla of lower invertebrates, since is lacks many of the basic attributes of known sponges.
		Were it not for its resemblance to several species of Porifera it might qualify for recognition as a distinct phylum.
		Sponges- phylum Porifera, are sometimes considered an evolutionary dead end since no other animal groups are derived from them.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA04/carniverous_sponge.html (401 words)

	Hermit Crab Sponges
		A systematic revision of the central West Atlantic Halichondrida (Demospongiae, Porifera).
		Proceedings of the IVth International Porifera Congress, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, April 19-23, 1993, 515 pp.
		New indications of the phylogenetic affinity of Spongosorites suberitoides Diaz et al., 1993 (Porifera, Demospongiae) as revealed by 28S ribosomal DNA.
	www.public.coe.edu /departments/Biology/hermit.html (1690 words)

	Porifera.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		While on my yearly Caribbean scuba dive, I was surprised to come across a strange, never before seen, species of Porifera while diving near a shipwreck.
		This "sponge" creature, which had seemed to station itself on a rock, was quite intriguing to me, so I decided to get a crew together and study this new species of sponge for the next few months.
		As a fish would swim by, the Spongia Carnivora would catch it with its spicules (an inner Porifera structure used for stability), which were sticky to the fish much like Velcro would be.
	www.miracosta.cc.ca.us /home/jihara/majors02/species/Porifera.htm (381 words)

	Phylum Porifera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The fossil sponges have been conspicuous members of many fossil communities; the number of described fossil exceeds 900.
		The apporximately 5,000 living sponges species are classified in the phylum porifera.
		Whish is composed of three groups, the hexactinellida, demospongia, and the calcarea.
	members.aol.com /chung04/porifera.html (184 words)

	Wonders of the Seas: Sponges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A sponge is a bottom-dwelling creature which attaches itself to something solid in a place where it can, hopefully, receive enough food to grow.
		The scientific term for sponges is Porifera which literally means "pore-bearing." A sponge is covered with tiny pores, called ostia, which lead internally to a system of canals and eventually out to one or more larger holes, called oscula.
		Within the canals of the sponge, chambers are lined with specialized cells called choanocytes, or collar cells.
	www.oceanicresearch.org /sponges.html (605 words)

	Porifera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Phylogenetic position of the hexactinellida within the phylum porifera based on the amino acid sequence of the protein kinase C from Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni.
		Flagellar basal apparatus and its utility in phylogenetic analyses of the Porifera.
		Each ToL branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the Tree of Life.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Porifera&contgroup=Animals (685 words)

	Introduction to Porifera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Since then, sponges have been conspicuous members of many fossil communities; the number of described fossil genera exceeds 900.
		The approximately 5,000 living sponge species are classified in the phylum Porifera, which is composed of three distinct groups, the Hexactinellida (glass sponges), the Demospongia, and the Calcarea (calcareous sponges).
		Identification provided over the net by spongiologist Rob van Soest of the Institute for Systematics and Population Biology (Zoologisch Museum), University of Amsterdam.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /porifera/porifera.html (320 words)

	Porifera
		After fertilization, the larva is covered with flagella, which allows it to leave the parent sponge and travel through the ocean currents until it finds a suitable place to attach itself.
		Like cnidarians, members of the porifera phylum take in and release gas through osmosis.
		Although plastic sponges now offer competition, there is still a demand for natural sponges for use by various artisans, for surgical purposes, and for cleaning automobiles.
	www.fcps.k12.va.us /westspringfieldhs/academic/science/bjewell/ocean/hamil/final/por.shtml (354 words)

	Omniseek: Pets and Animals: /Pets & Animals /Porifera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Phylum Porifera: general description and photos, with information about four Classes of sponges.
		Beautiful annotated photographs of sponges (Porifera) of Antarctica.
		DiveInfo's Index of Porifera: Sponges, Demospongiae, Calcispongiae, Hyalospon
	petsandanimals.omniseek.com /srch/{47364} (382 words)

	The Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
		These gemmules, at least in freshwater species such as Ephydatia fluviatilis have protective coat of spongin and have particular environmental conditions they need to have met before they germinate.
		The higher classification of the Porifera is considerably confused by different experts preferring different schemes.
		The Best I can do is to offer two different schemes to give you some idea of the problems, either one is satisfactory for secondary schools and beyond that you should consult your teacher or lecturer unless you would become a Sponge taxonomist.
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/porifera.html (2062 words)

	Biological Diversity 7
		These asymmetrical animals have sac-like bodies that lack tissues, and are usually interpreted as representing the cellular level of evolution.
		Sponges feed by drawing water into the body through a network of pores (hence the name porifera, pore-bearer) and passing it out through the large opening (osculum) at one end of the body.
		Cladistic analysis by J. Reitner in 1990 suggests archaeocyathids are properly placed in the Phylum Porifera instead of having their own phylum.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_7.html (3913 words)

	Lauer The Effects of Sponge (Porifera) Biofouling on Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Fitness: Reduction of ...
		The Effects of Sponge (Porifera) Biofouling on Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Fitness: Reduction of Glycogen, Tissue Loss, and Mortality, Ball State University.
		The Effects of Sponge (Porifera) Biofouling on Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Fitness: Reduction of Glycogen, Tissue Loss, and Mortality
		The effects of freshwater sponge (Porifera) overgrowth on the fitness of adult zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were examined in East Chicago and Michigan City, Indiana harbors in southern Lake Michigan.
	sgnis.org /publicat/jfe00151.htm (203 words)

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