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Topic: Port Chicago, California

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	Port Chicago
		On the night of 17th July 1944, two transport vessels loading ammunition at the Port Chicago (California) naval base on the Sacramento River were suddenly engulfed in a gigantic explosion.
		The town of Port Chicago was heavily damaged by the explosion but fortunately none of its citizens was killed, although many suffered injuries.
		Four days after the Port Chicago disaster, on 21st July 1944 a Naval Court of Inquiry was convened to "inquire into the circumstances attending the explosion." The inquiry was to establish the facts of the situation, and the Court was to arrive at an opinion concerning the cause or causes of the disaster.
	www.ezl.com /~fireball/Disaster22.htm (1818 words)

	Port Chicago Disaster
		Port Chicago is located on an arm of San Francisco Bay about 30 miles northeast of Oakland and San Francisco.
		The town of Port Chicago, population 1,500, was located about 1.5 miles from the pier.
		At Port Chicago at the time of the disaster there were 1,400 fl enlisted men, 71 officers, 106 marine guards, and 230 civilian employees.
	www.usmm.org /portchicago.html (1256 words)

	Port Chicago, California - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Port Chicago was a town on the southern banks of Suisun Bay, in Contra Costa County, California.
		It is famous as the site of a devastating explosion at its Naval Munitions Depot during World War II and the consequent events, at the time called a mutiny.
		The Port Chicago Highway, a route from the city of Concord to the former Port Chicago site, still exists in Contra Costa County.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Port_Chicago,_California (154 words)

	Lighthouses@Lighthouse Digest ... THE GREAT PORT CHICAGO DISASTER and MUTINY
		That case was that of Freddie Meeks and the Port Chicago Mutiny.
		Port Chicago was a naval ammunition base situated on the Sacramento River near its entrance into San Francisco Bay and located about 30 miles northwest of San Francisco.
		The Port Chicago men were finally discharged from the Navy “under honorable conditions: but the mutiny convictions stood.
	www.lhdigest.com /Digest/StoryPage.cfm?StoryKey=1964 (1863 words)

	Port Chicago Explosion - SkepticWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Port Chicago Explosion was a massive accidental explosion that occurred at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine on the Sacramento River in California on 17 July 1944.
		One of the strongest arguments that the Port Chicago explosion was nuclear comes from the fact that scientists in the Manhattan project used data on that explosion in their estimates of the effects of a nuclear weapon.
		None of the scientists who worked on the Manhattan project have ever claimed that the Port Chicago explosion was related to their work, even though many of them later became vocal anti-nuclear activists.
	www.skepticwiki.org /wiki/index.php/Port_Chicago_Explosion (613 words)

	Home Page
		At the time of the Port Chicago explosion the United States involvement in the Pacific war was largely focused on maritime battles and the need for a "port buster" was of the highest importance.
		Port Chicago was never abandoned, although the Navy immediately began to use the Army facilities at a Richmond dock as a temporary replacement.
		After the Port Chicago explosion, James B. Conant, a critical figure in the development of a nuclear bomb, wrote a memorandum suggesting putting the Mark II on the shelf after a July 1944 test, a test never recorded in any public annals, but paralleling the date of the Port Chicago explosion.
	www.sonic.net /sentinel/usa4.html (8124 words)

	Port Chicago
		The head of Port Chicago was promoted to commodore immediately after the explosion and also headed up tests in the Pacific, and was also aboard the Enola Gay when it dropped the bomb on Hiroshima.
		But in 1944, at the time of the Port Chicago blast, the belief was that the United States did not have any type of aircraft capable of carrying a bomb, nor airfields close enough to Japan to carry such a weapon.
		If the Port Chicago disaster had been caused by a chemical explosion, the maximum energy expenditure would be expected to approach (10)18 ergs - the low end of the estimated magnitude of the Poet Chicago blast.
	www.sonic.net /sentinel/usa5.html (8078 words)

	Port Chicago, CA, Explosion
		Port Chicago, California, located 35 miles north of San Francisco, proved an ideal place for the Navy to expand its munitions facilities.
		The men of Port Chicago were vital to the success of the war.
		Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial is administered by the National Park Service and the United States Navy.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq80-1.htm (1391 words)

	Port Chicago (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		As the war in the Pacific expanded, the Naval Ammunition Depot at Mare Island, California, was unable to keep up with the demand for ammunition.
		Port Chicago, California, located 35 miles north of San Francisco, proved an ideal place for the U.S. Navy to expand its munitions facilities.
		But for the African-American sailors at Port Chicago, another bombshell was about to drop.
	members.aol.com /ADHumble/PortChicago.htm (1279 words)

	..:: Port Chicago Survivors - History & Concept ::..
		With dreams deferred and the prevailing discriminatory attitudes of the Navy during that time, the fl seamen were assigned to do either menial labor or dangerous work such as loading ammunition without proper training at port Chicago Naval Weapon Station.
		On July 17, 1944 at 10:18 pm, two explosions, with a force equal to the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, nearly leveled the Port Chicago area.
		Port Chicago is one of America’s darkest and long forgotten secrets.
	www.bherc.org /Special_Events/Port_Chicago/history.html (458 words)

	iWannaGetThat - Retroville - 1944 - In the News - Port Chicago Explosion
		iWannaGetThat - Retroville - 1944 - In the News - Port Chicago Explosion
		Two transport vessels loading ammunition at the naval base in Port Chicago, California, on the Sacramento River were suddenly the center of an enormous explosion.
		It docked at Port Chicago on July 13, 1944, and at 8 a.m.
	www.iwannagetthat.com /NewFiles/1944-port-chicago-explosion.html (756 words)

	NEXUS: Port Chicago - USA's Dark Secret
		The inquiry was to establish the facts of the situation and the Court was to arrive at an opinion concerning the cause or causes of the disaster.
		The Port Chicago disaster gave rise to a Wilson condensation cloud like those at Bikini-now known to be characteristic of atomic bombs detonated in vapour-laden atmospheres.
		According the the Navy, the film was created to support their argument to the US Congress sometime in the 1960s that the remains of the the town of Port Chicago be purchased by the Navy and incorporated into the Concord Naval Weapons Station as a buffer zone in the event of another large explosion.
	www.nexusmagazine.com /articles/portchicago.html (3635 words)

	The San Andreas Fault System, California - Chapter 8 - References Cited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The crust of much of California was formed at an Andean-type continental margin during the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic, and was modified by large strike-slip offsets along the San Andreas fault system during the late Cenozoic.
		Decoupling within the crust, as implied by present upper-crustal tectonic wedging in central California, and decoupling between the crust and mantle, as implied by "subduction" of lithospheric mantle in southern California, indicates that the San Andreas fault system must change with depth in its location and (or) style of deformation.
		Maddock, M.E., 1964, Geology of the Mt. Boarman Quadrangle, Stanislaus County, California: California Division of Mines and Geology Map Sheet 3, scale 1:62,500.
	education.usgs.gov /california/pp1515/chapter8Ref.html (4573 words)

	Port Chicago disaster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These men have come to be known as The Port Chicago 50.
		Two hundred and eight sailors were convicted in summary courts-martial, and received bad conduct discharges.
		The remaining 50, known today as The Port Chicago 50, were found guilty of mutiny in a subsequent court martial, and were sentenced to 8 and 15 years of hard labor, although they eventually received clemency in 1946.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Port_Chicago_disaster (730 words)

	Amazon.com: Port Chicago Mutiny: Books: Robert L. Allen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		One of the most egregious examples of racial discrimination and persecution in the U.S. military was the so-called mutiny at Port Chicago, Calif., in 1944.
		This was the explosion caused by the mishandling of ammunition at the Port Chicago Naval Station in California.
		Those familiar with Port Chicago will find the book brings back details of the operations there, which had changed substantially in the years leading up to the Vietnam Era, and will provide interesting insights to the way Black sailors were treated.
	www.amazon.com /Port-Chicago-Mutiny-Robert-Allen/dp/1567430104 (1459 words)

	California Legislature Urges the President and Congress to Purge Records of Port Chicago Survivors
		California Legislature Urges the President and Congress to Purge Records of Port Chicago Survivors
		Sacramento - The California Legislature recently passed Joint Resolution 52 that urges the President and Congress to purge the arrest and conviction records of Black Sailors who were treated unfairly by their government following the Port Chicago disaster.
		"I introduced Joint Resolution 52 because the State Legislature was not on record requesting for the military records of the Port Chicago survivors to be expunged and honorable discharges issued to these seamen," stated Assemblyman Roderick Wright (D-south Central Los Angeles).
	www.exodusnews.com /california/State001.htm (318 words)

	Port Chicago (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Smalls was one of the surviving Port Chicago Naval Magazine sailors court martialed for refusing to return to work loading ammunition for the Navy during world War II.
		A memorial was dedicated in 1994 to the honor, courage and commitment of the 320 Sailors, Marines, and Merchant Marines, and workers killed at Port Chicago NM during World War II.
		Their refusal to accept the situation, their arrest and their subsequent court martial, was one of the events that led upto President Harry Truman's desegregation of the Armed Forces three years later in 1948.
	www.nps.gov /pwso/honor/portchi.htm (196 words)

	Port of Oakland - Real Estate
		Federal harbor improvements to the estuary (here labeled "Oakland Harbor") are evident in the training walls, reconfigured shoreline, and tidal canal.
		Port of Oakland, 1923, showing Webster Street Bridge after being hit by a ship.
		Beginning in 1941, the Outer Harbor Terminal functioned as part of the Oakland Army Base and in 1943 the Ninth Avenue Terminal was taken over the Pacific Naval Air Basses Command.
	www.portofoakland.com /realesta/abou_hist.asp (209 words)

	Port Chicago
		At about 10:20 PM the night of July 17, 1944, the loading dock at Port Chicago Naval Magazine near the San Francisco Bay in California went up in a colossal explosion.
		A pillar of fire and smoke stretched over two miles into the sky above Port Chicago and the seismic shock wave was felt as far away as Boulder City, Nevada.
		The air filled with the sharp cracks and dull thuds of smoldering metal and unexploded shells as they showered back to earth as far as two miles away.
	www.martinezhistory.org /html/port_chicago.html (358 words)

	Subject: Re: Atomic bomb explosion in Port Chicago, California Date: Thu, 20 Jan 1994 01:5
		We were in the middle of a war and Port Chicago was a secure area for munition loading and care was just not taken because of the need to re-arm the Pacific theater.
		After working at Port Chicago for 4 years, I believe that to be true), they were just working too fast and too long.
		Nuclear weapons were not housed in Port Chicago until the mid 60's.
	www.skepticfiles.org /urban/portbomb.htm (450 words)

	Port Chicago - America's First Atomic Test - single post for printer
		The incredible blast wrecked the naval base and heavily damaged the small town of Port Chicago, located 1.5 miles away.
		Residual radiation exposures in this area are unknown, as Port Chicago was used also as a decontamination port for ships exposed to nuclear blasts in the Marshall Islands.
		You may use this content as long as you comply with our Creative Commons Deed by properly sourcing the author as owner, source the AboveTopSecret.com website as co-owner, do not create a derivative work, and do not use it for commerical purposes.
	www.abovetopsecret.com /forum/single.php?post=25446 (679 words)

	"Healing Totem" Dedicated At Bronx Zoo In Commemoration of 9/11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Totem -- In Port Chicago, California, site of a primary naval weapons depot during WWII, 1,100-year-old Alaskan yellow cedar trees were used to construct its piers and dock.
		In July of 1944, a massive explosion rocked Port Chicago, killing 320 naval personnel and damaging 14 California counties.
		The One Voice Arts and Leadership Program, a Monterey County, California organization that works with disadvantaged youth, received a 23-foot, 6000-pound log and agreed to involve these young people in the ancient art of totem carving.
	www.bronxzoo.com /426208/187311 (311 words)

	Port Chicago Naval Magazine: Wartime History
		The Tidal Area is on the south shore of Suisun Bay, immediately northwest of the town of Port Chicago, in Contra Costa County, approximately 35 miles northeast of San Francisco.
		Anticipating an increase in tonnage to be loaded at Port Chicago in the future, recommendations were made in the spring of 1943 to construct a marginal wharf inboard of the first pier to accommodate an additional two vessels.
		For further details of the explosion see "War Diary, U.S. Naval Magazine, Port Chicago" dated 31 July 1944 and the report of the Court of Inquiry appointed by the Commandant of the Twelfth Naval District to investigate the facts surrounding the explosion.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq80-3d.htm (2696 words)

	Equal Justice Society - Port Chicago: Suite for Jazz Orchestra
		On the night of 17 July 1944, two transport vessels loading ammunition at the Port Chicago, California naval base were suddenly Explosionengulfed in a massive explosion.
		Also almost completely destroying the town of Port Chicago 1.5 miles away, it was the worst home-front military disaster of World War II.
		Recent headlines about 18 men and women in the U.S. Army in Iraq who refused to deliver supplies with sub-standard, dangerous equipment along a perilous route remind us how relevant the Port Chicago mutiny is in our own times.
	www.equaljusticesociety.org /portchicago/mutiny.html (544 words)

	The FReeper Foxhole Remembers the Port Chicago Disaster (7/17/1944) - Aug. 17th, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		At the time of the Port Chicago disaster, every man handling ammunition on the base was fl and every officer was white.
		The tragic explosion at Port Chicago accounted for 15% of deaths suffered by fls in all of the war.
		In terms of deaths, Port Chicago ranks behind the separate losses of the Franklin, the Houston and the Indianapolis as well as the events at Slapton Sands.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-vetscor/965427/posts (7934 words)

	[No title]
		While Port Chicago is being rebuilt, Mare Island becomes the Navy's ammo loading port.
		They further prove that the loading procedures at Port Chicago were unsafe, and that the men were not part of an organized mutiny...
		The Port Chicago 50 were eventually given fifteen years in jail and dishonorable discharges.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/wcmartell/pricef.txt (973 words)

	Port Chicago: Entertainment, Real Estate, Poetry, News
		CHICAGO -- More than 500 new energy drinks launched worldwide this year, and coffee fans are probably too old to understand why.
		CHICAGO â” More than 500 new energy drinks launched worldwide this year, and coffee fans are probably too old to understand why.
		Police have arrested a man and were interrogating him at the Port Antonio police station in Portland, Constable Sheldon Francis said.
	www.ourcalifornia.us /Port_Chicago/94565.html (440 words)

	Port Chicago Explosion and Mutiny
		Because of the navy's official policy of segregation, fl enlistees at Port Chicago were restricted to ammunition loading, the most dangerous and physically demanding work at the base.
		At the appeal, NAACP Legal Defense Fund director Thurgood Marshall introduced evidence that the fl enlistees at Port Chicago were restricted to the most dangerous work, given no special training in ammunition loading, subjected to forced competition by officers, and systematically barred from receiving promotion.
		The fifty Port Chicago mutineers were released from prison, but were held on Navy ships for several months as a "probationary period" before receiving dishonorable discharges from the service.
	www.webspawner.com /users/PortofChicago (987 words)

	African American Registry: Port Chicago disaster occurs!
		The Port* Chicago Disaster occurred on this date in 1944.
		Port Chicago is located about 30 miles northeast of Oakland and San Francisco.
		On that evening two ships were at the Port north of San Francisco.
	www.aaregistry.com /detail.php3?id=1495 (854 words)

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