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	Port Chicago Disaster
		Port Chicago is located on an arm of San Francisco Bay about 30 miles northeast of Oakland and San Francisco.
		The town of Port Chicago, population 1,500, was located about 1.5 miles from the pier.
		At Port Chicago at the time of the disaster there were 1,400 fl enlisted men, 71 officers, 106 marine guards, and 230 civilian employees.
	www.usmm.org /portchicago.html (1256 words)

	Port Chicago - Blast and Aftermatch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		By sheer size of the blast, the Port Chicago explosion was as large as a 5-kiloton bomb.
		When recruits were sent to the Port Chicago base, they were sure they were about to get their ship duty.
		Others were ordered or volunteered to stay behind at Port Chicago to clear debris and set about the grim task of searching for and removing what was left of the bodies of their fallen mates.
	www.portchicagomutiny.com /history/history.html (1991 words)

	Port Chicago
		The town of Port Chicago was heavily damaged by the explosion but fortunately none of its citizens was killed, although many suffered injuries.
		Four days after the Port Chicago disaster, on 21st July 1944 a Naval Court of Inquiry was convened to "inquire into the circumstances attending the explosion." The inquiry was to establish the facts of the situation, and the Court was to arrive at an opinion concerning the cause or causes of the disaster.
		Thus, the Court of Inquiry in effect cleared the officers-in- charge of any responsibility for the disaster, and in so far as any human cause was invoked, the burden of blame was laid on the shoulders of the fl enlisted men who died in the explosion.
	www.ezl.com /~fireball/Disaster22.htm (1818 words)

	The Great WWII Port Chicago Disaster - A Nuclear Blast?
		According the Navy, the film was created to support their argument to the US Congress sometime in the 1960s that the remains of the town of Port Chicago be purchased by the Navy and incorporated into the Concord Naval Weapons Station as a buffer zone in the event of another large explosion.
		But in 1944, at the time of the Port Chicago blast, the belief was that the United States did not have any type of aircraft capable of carrying a bomb, nor airfields close enough to Japan to carry such a weapon.
		If the Port Chicago disaster had been caused by a chemical explosion, the maximum energy expenditure would be expected to approach (10)18 ergs - the low end of the estimated magnitude of the Poet Chicago blast.
	www.rense.com /general5/blast.htm (11822 words)

	portland imc - 2005.08.07 - A-bomb as a racist bomb: 1944, U.S. mil. explodes 1st a-bomb test on blacks, Port Chicago
		In short, Port Chicago should be taken with a grain of radioactive salt, i.e., with the huge history of illegal human experimentation by the U.S. on its people in the 20th century.
		At the time of the Port Chicago explosion the United States involvement in the Pacific war was largely focused on maritime battles and the need for a "port buster" was of the highest importance.
		Port Chicago was never abandoned, although the Navy immediately began to use the Army facilities at a Richmond dock as a temporary replacement.
	portland.indymedia.org /en/2005/08/322699.shtml (17469 words)

	Lighthouses@Lighthouse Digest ... THE GREAT PORT CHICAGO DISASTER and MUTINY
		That case was that of Freddie Meeks and the Port Chicago Mutiny.
		Port Chicago was a naval ammunition base situated on the Sacramento River near its entrance into San Francisco Bay and located about 30 miles northwest of San Francisco.
		The Port Chicago men were finally discharged from the Navy “under honorable conditions: but the mutiny convictions stood.
	www.lhdigest.com /Digest/StoryPage.cfm?StoryKey=1964 (1855 words)

	Port Chicago, CA, Explosion
		Port Chicago, California, located 35 miles north of San Francisco, proved an ideal place for the Navy to expand its munitions facilities.
		The men of Port Chicago were vital to the success of the war.
		Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial is administered by the National Park Service and the United States Navy.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq80-1.htm (1391 words)

	3/24/2003 Press Release -- Congress Urges Postal Commission to Issue Port Chicago Commemorative Stamp
		Awareness of the historic significance of the Port Chicago disaster has grown in recent years as a result of Miller's efforts to focus attention on the largely overlooked tragedy.
		Port Chicago has great significance in the history of African Americans, the history of the military, and social and judicial history of the mid-20th century.
		We believe the Port Chicago disaster meets the criteria established for stamp selection as an event of “widespread national appeal and significance” and for that reason we strongly support the issuance of a stamp honoring the men who served and died at Port Chicago.
	www.house.gov /georgemiller/rel32403.html (804 words)

	History Channel Classroom:
		The Port Chicago Mutiny would be useful for classes on American History, African-American History, American Culture, Maritime History, Civics and Ethics.
		The Port Chicago Mutiny fulfills the following National Standards for History for grades 5-12: Chronological thinking, historical comprehension, historical analysis and interpretation, historical research capabilities, historical issues-analysis and decision-making for Eras 8 and 9.
		Discuss the breadth of the destruction caused by the explosion of the USS E.A. Bryan.
	www.history.com /classroom/admin/study_guide/archives/thc_guide.0462.html (502 words)

	Port Chicago
		The head of Port Chicago was promoted to commodore immediately after the explosion and also headed up tests in the Pacific, and was also aboard the Enola Gay when it dropped the bomb on Hiroshima.
		Though Peter Vogel, who theorized that a nuclear weapon existed at Port Chicago, was granted permission to review the film and obtain still shots - once his theory of an atomic weapon was known by the Navy, the film was destroyed.
		The article stated Vogel's theory was that an atomic bomb exploded at Port Chicago was highly plausible according to documents obtained by Vogel and the Sentinel.
	www.sonic.net /sentinel/usa5.html (8078 words)

	Port Chicago Disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		War Diary of the Port Chicago Naval Magazine (July and August 1944)
		Memo from Capt. W.S. Parsons to Rear Adm. W.R. Purnell (Port Chicago Disaster: Preliminary Data)
		Court martial records relating to the Port Chicago mutiny consist of 1700 pages of documents.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USN/fac/PC (173 words)

	Home Page
		It is true that there were no reports of radiation sickness at Port Chicago, however, there were no official reports of radiation sickness at Bikini either, and this was an announced nuclear test.
		After the Port Chicago explosion, James B. Conant, a critical figure in the development of a nuclear bomb, wrote a memorandum suggesting putting the Mark II on the shelf after a July 1944 test, a test never recorded in any public annals, but paralleling the date of the Port Chicago explosion.
		Over Port Chicago the night of the explosion at 6000 to 8000 feet, the relative humidity was less than 15 percent.
	www.sonic.net /sentinel/usa4.html (8124 words)

	Memorandum on Port Chicago Disaster \| The Manhattan Project \| Historical Documents \| atomicarchive.com
		I called on the Commandant (Rear Admiral C. Wright) and discussed the disaster briefly with him, emphasizing that my mission was to obtain data on effect rather than the cause of the detonation.
		The first blast damage beyond broken windows, was seen in the town of Port Chicago, where the movie theater suffered severe C or moderate B damage.
		Comparing loss of life to the Halifax disaster, it appears that all but some five of the victims at Port Chicago were right on top of the explosion, in a position corresponding to some 25 crew members and fire fighters at Halifax.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Docs/ManhattanProject/PortChicago.shtml (1062 words)

	iWannaGetThat - Retroville - 1944 - In the News - Port Chicago Explosion
		iWannaGetThat - Retroville - 1944 - In the News - Port Chicago Explosion
		Two transport vessels loading ammunition at the naval base in Port Chicago, California, on the Sacramento River were suddenly the center of an enormous explosion.
		It docked at Port Chicago on July 13, 1944, and at 8 a.m.
	www.iwannagetthat.com /NewFiles/1944-port-chicago-explosion.html (756 words)

	Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial - Areaparks.com
		Largest Homeland Disaster during World War II On the evening of July 17, 1944, residents in the San Francisco east bay area were jolted awake by a massive explosion that cracked windows and lit up the night sky.
		At Port Chicago Naval Magazine, 320 men were instantly killed when the munitions ships they were loading with ammunition for the Pacific theatre troops mysteriously blew up.
		Use these on-line teacher and student resource materials to learn about the 1944 explosion at Port Chicago.
	portchicago.areaparks.com /parkinfo.html?pid=194 (168 words)

	African American Registry: Port Chicago disaster occurs!
		The Port* Chicago Disaster occurred on this date in 1944.
		Port Chicago is located about 30 miles northeast of Oakland and San Francisco.
		On that evening two ships were at the Port north of San Francisco.
	www.aaregistry.com /african_american_history/1495/Port_Chicago_disaster_occurs (854 words)

	Fallen Son & Daughters Profiles
		On July 17, 1944, Seaman First Class Woodrow Riiff was killed in an “explosion of the ammunition ship at Port Chicago, California.” On January 6, 1945, Woodrow’s wife received a letter from the Secretary of the Navy, which said, in part:
		Chicago Naval Magazine near the San Francisco Bay in California went up in a colossal explosion.” Some 5,000 tons of explosives were detonated, causing a “crater 66 feet deep, 300 feet wide, and 700 feet long in the river bottom.”
		The Port Chicago Naval Magazine Explosion generated a great deal of controversy and troubling questions of racism.
	www.state.sd.us /military/VetAffairs/sdwwiimemorial/SubPages/profiles/Display.asp?P=1605 (485 words)

	California Legislature Urges the President and Congress to Purge Records of Port Chicago Survivors
		"I introduced Joint Resolution 52 because the State Legislature was not on record requesting for the military records of the Port Chicago survivors to be expunged and honorable discharges issued to these seamen," stated Assemblyman Roderick Wright (D-south Central Los Angeles).
		Assemblyman Wright then took the survivors to Port Chicago to visit the blast site as well as the Naval Weapon Station in Concord, California.
		"The February event was the kick off of a national campaign to raise public awareness of the Port Chicago disaster and build support around the country," Wright said.
	www.exodusnews.com /california/State001.htm (318 words)

	Equal Justice Society - Port Chicago: Suite for Jazz Orchestra
		On the night of July 17, 1944, two transport vessels loading ammunition at the Port Chicago, Calif., naval base were suddenly engulfed in a massive explosion.
		Also almost completely destroying the town of Port Chicago more than a mile away, it was the worst home-front military disaster of World War II.
		Afterward, a group of surviving enlistees refused to load munitions again until they could be assured of the safety of their working conditions.
	www.equaljusticesociety.org /portchicago/portchicago.html (495 words)

	The Port Chicago Explosion and Mutiny
		Monday's operation was merely a routine one, as we have loaded many, many ships at the port.
		As a result of this massive explosion that killed 320 people -- 200 of whom were African-American sailors -- on July 17, 1944, a mutiny trial followed when fifty of the fl enlisted men refused to obey an order to load ammunition again under the same conditions (The Port Chicago Disaster).
		With the tensions of World War II, and the pressures to get the ammunition to the soldiers out in the Pacific, the Navy recklessly rushed through the trial and found all fifty of the men guilty of mutiny (Interview with Jean Houts).
	ns.headroyce.org /~us2001/trentonp (365 words)

	Congressman Miller's Port Chicago Page
		December 23, 1999 -- Press Release -- Clinton Pardons Freddie Meeks, Port Chicago Sailor, of "Mutiny"; Representative Miller Hails President, Sailors and their Families.
		September 22, 1999 -- Congressman Miller and staff are presented with an award from the WW II Black Navy Veterans of Great Lakes, Inc. for their work to clear the names of 50 fl sailors charged with mutiny following a huge explosion at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in 1944.
		September 1, 1999 -- Update from Representative Miller on Port Chicago.
	www.house.gov /georgemiller/ptchicmain.html (279 words)

	Website Review - Brooks
		It is perhaps the worst home front disaster during any American conflict (hot war) to date.
		But despite this interest, the complete destruction of a military naval port, two ships, the near-destruction of a small town a mile and half away (over 300 dead and over 400 injured), and an explosion with a blast radius felt for 50 miles has largely gone unnoticed by the average person and forgotten by history.
		Port Chicago — 50 Years: was it an atomic blast?
	associates.ucr.edu /706wbro.htm (394 words)

	Secret government stuff - Port Chicago Explosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		From: guest@sailor.lib.md.us (guest login) Date: Mon, 10 Feb 1997 22:31:06 -0800 Subject: Secret government stuff - Port Chicago Explosion On the subject of the secrecy maintained around the Manhattan Project, that information did eventually come out.
		Something else that has never been publicly disclosed (that I'm aware of) is the so-called Port Chicago disaster.
		Port Chicago was a naval port in Cal. and as I understand it, a ship lying at port in the harbor suffered a collosal explosion, one that seemed of unusual interest to gov't investigators.
	www.ufomind.com /area51/list/1997/feb/a11-001.shtml (168 words)

	Port Chicago Disaster - Nuclear Blast?
		The National Parks Services does not believe the accident at Port Chicago to be nuclear and the U.S. Navy has denied it.
		Nuclear Incident at Port of Chicago in 1944
		Port Chicago - 50 Years: Was it an atomic blast?
	www.cccoe.k12.ca.us /pc/nuclear.htm (407 words)

	Port Chicago, CA, Explosion
		Memorandum on Port Chicago Disaster, Preliminary Data, 24 Jul. 1944,
		"War Diary U.S. Naval Magazine Port Chicago, Calif." World War II War Diaries, Record Group 38, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park MD. [Portions of the War Diary covering July and August 1944].
		Records of Proceedings of a Court of Inquiry Convened at the U.S. Naval Magazine, Port Chicago, California, 21 July 1944.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq80-3.htm (245 words)

	Port Chicago Disaster, Preliminary Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Negro Naval personnel attached to both the Naval magazine at Port Chicago, California, and the Naval ammunition depot at Mare Island Navy Yard, California, acquitted themselves with "great credit," during the explosion at Port Chicago Monday night, according to Captain Merrill T. Kinne, U.S.N.R., Commanding Officer.
		Negro bluejackets comprise a large percentage of the Port Chicago Naval establishment enlisted personnel.
		Captain Kinne said it was difficult to single out individuals who participated in rescue and preventive operations at Port Chicago.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USN/fac/PC/PC-Press.html (176 words)

	The Last Wave from Port Chicago - Author Peter Vogel
		The Last Wave from Port Chicago - Author Peter Vogel
		The result of a 20+ year investigation into the July 17 1944 explosion at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine.
		This web-based book chronicles the total history of the explosion and connections with Los Alamos and the Manhattan Project.
	www.portchicago.org (48 words)

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