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Topic: Port address translation

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	PF: Network Address Translation (NAT)
		The destination address is specified in the same way as the source address.
		This port is specified in the same way as the source port.
		This is also the address that is replaced in the IP header.
	www.openbsd.org /faq/pf/nat.html (1777 words)

	Cisco IOS Network Address Translation Overview [IP Addressing Services] - Cisco Systems
		In its simplest configuration, the Network Address Translator (NAT) operates on a router connecting two networks together; one of these networks (designated as inside) is addressed with either private or obsolete addresses that need to be converted into legal addresses before packets are forwarded onto the other network (designated as outside).
		This is done by describing the local addresses to be translated and the pool of addresses from which to allocate global addresses, and associating the two.
		PAT will attempt to preserve the original source port, if this source port is already allocated PAT will attempt to find the first available port number starting from the beginning of the appropriate port group 0-5111, 512-1023 or 1024-65535.
	www.cisco.com /en/US/tech/tk648/tk361/technologies_white_paper09186a0080091cb9.shtml (1981 words)

	Firewall Security Protection \| Network Address Translation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This type of network address translation is fairly common, but it has one glaring weakness in that it is not possible to make resources available to external users once they are placed behind a fire-wall that employs it.
		Another weakness of this particular network address translation im-plementation is that a firewall employing this type of network address translation must usually use its own external interface address as the “substitute” or translated address for all of the systems and resources that reside behind it.
		Port address translation works by using the client port address to identify inbound connec-tions.
	www.jaec.info /Tutorial-Security-Metric/Computer-Security/Firewall-Protection/ID11-Firewall-Protection.php (366 words)

	White Paper:Network Address Translation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Enterprises can have their own internal IP address schemes and only use a limited number of IP addresses for Internet access.This not only reduces costs, but also simplifies changes (for example a switch to a new ISP) since it is not necessary for the entire internal address scheme to change.
		Both pools of IP addresses must be defined by the user.The address assignment is done automatically by the NAT-enabled router, and the user has no influence as to which IP address is picked from the address pool.
		The range of ports that the xpedition uses is 1024 to 4999; this is a total of approximately 4,000 ports.
	www.enterasys.com /products/whitepapers/ssr/network-trans (2031 words)

	Cisco - Configuring Network Address Translation and Static Port Address Translation to Support an Internal Web Server
		NAT operates on a Cisco router that connects two networks together, and translates the private (inside local) addresses in the internal network to public addresses (outside local) before packets are forwarded to another network.
		One of the main features of NAT is static Port Address Translation (PAT), which is also referred to as "overload" in a Cisco IOS configuration.
		This registered IP address is used by the entire private network to browse the Internet and also by Internet users that come from the public network to reach the Web server in the private network.
	www.cisco.com /warp/public/794/827spat.html (1210 words)

	Network Address Translation Technical Discussion
		In a similar way, the apparent address and port in a message from the public network are replaced with the actual address and port before the message is passed to the workstation.
		The actual addresses may be RFC 1597 private addresses, or someone else's public addresses that were used before a connection to the Public Internet was anticipated, and must be kept to avoid the agony and expense of reconfiguring every computer in the network.
		Port mode is very similar to Fixed Mode, except that the fixed relationships are between combinations of apparent address and port and actual address and port.
	www.safety.net /nattech.html (1398 words)

	Network Address Translation
		Port Address Translation maps a client's IP address and TCP or UDP port number to both an IP address and a TCP or UDP port number.
		Port Address Translation enabled - NAT treats the client's IP address and TCP or UDP port number as a single entity, and uniquely maps that entity to another entity consisting of an IP address and TCP or UDP port number.
		Port 1/24 connects the Layer 3 Switch to the Switch, which is connected to the private network containing the NAT clients.
	www.foundrynet.com /services/documentation/ecmg/NAT.html (7713 words)

	SuperStack II Remote Access System 1500 System Management Guide for Release 2.0
		Then, when an "inbound" packet addressed to 200.1.1.1 arrives at the RAS 1500 from the public network, the RAS 1500 uses the dynamic NAT mapping to reverse the translation (from 200.1.1.1 to 192.168.111.1), and the packet is routed to the correct user on the private network.
		Then, when an "inbound" packet addressed to 200.1.1.1, port 5001 arrives at the RAS 1500 from the public network, the RAS 1500 uses the dynamic PAT mapping to reverse the translation (from 200.1.1.1, port 5001 to 192.168.111.1, port 4444), and the packet is routed to the correct user on the private network.
		A dynamic public IP address translation pool is defined for other machines on the private network to be able to access the public network.
	support.3com.com /infodeli/tools/remote/ras1500/s_ware1_5/sys_man2/17natpat.htm (1095 words)

	5.6. Port Address Translation (PAT) from Userspace (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Port address translation (hereafter PAT) provides a similar functionality to NAT, but is a more specific tool.
		PAT forwards requests for a particular IP and port pair to another IP port pair.
		PAT will break in strange and wonderful ways if there is an alternate route between the two hosts connected by the port address translation.
	linux-ip.net /html/nat-pat-userspace.html (141 words)

	Understanding Port Address Translation on a Cisco 600 CPE - Cisco Systems
		Using this method, incoming traffic that matches the port (TCP, UDP, or ICMP) and is destined to the default IP outside address will be translated to the same port using the address of the inside PAT address.
		Another option is to change the outside port, with respect to the outside user, to port 8080 and translate it to port 80 on the second Web server.
		Port 500 for UDP and IP 50 is inserted into the table except when the connection is made from the Internet (outside) into the device behind the Cisco 600.
	cio.cisco.com /en/US/products/hw/routers/ps295/products_tech_note09186a0080093e32.shtml (2432 words)

	PAT - PATtern, Performance Acceleration Technology, Port Address Translation
		PAT is a acronym that can contains many meanings which are listed below.
		There may be many popular meanings for PAT with the most popular definition being that of PATtern, Performance Acceleration Technology, Port Address Translation
		PAT is also derived from Port Address Translation
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/PAT.asp (207 words)

	Network Address Translator (NAT), port address translation, ip address overload
		Users from a private address, say in the 10.0.0.0 network, have their individual addresses translated to just one legal IP address but separate port numbers between 1024 and 65535.
		If other inside addresses want to connect to outside stations then the same IP address is used but a different TCP port is utilised to distinguish the conversations.
		Because the address for Host B overlaps the address scheme used on the internal network the router translates the address to an address from a separate pool of outside addresses, in this case say 20.1.1.2.
	www.rhyshaden.com /nat.htm (886 words)

	DVR Networking Network DVR Security Systems
		It is important to note that the NAT router must translate the "internal" addresses to registered unique addresses as well as translate the "external" registered addresses to addresses that are unique to the private network.
		The IP address is similar to a telephone number; it connects you with a destination but doesn't specify who you want to communicate with at that address.
		The answer is by using a technique called "port mapping" or sometimes "port forwarding." With this technique, you can tell the NAT router to send all requests for connections to a particular port to the same port on a particular IP address behind the router.
	www.dvrsecuritysystems.com /dvr_networking.htm (4985 words)

	Network Address Translation: Hiding in Plain Sight
		NAT resolves IP address conflicts by replacing unregistered addresses with registered ones in IP packets (though the fact that NAT changes IP addressing in the packets leads IP purists to consider NAT an ugly hack).
		Each packet that is part of the NAT and passes through the device is translated to the proper address before being moved to the next hop.
		PAT maps internal connections to a single IP address on the external network, but with a TCP port number selected by the NAT device.
	www.networkcomputing.com /917/917ws2.html (793 words)

	Netopia - Transparent IP Mapping (Unmapped IP) - NQG_042
		If you want to map the entire subnet, start with the first usable address that you assigned to the router (in our example this would be 64.25.38.225), and end with the last usable address in your range (in our example this would be 64.25.38.230).
		Use only the addresses that have been assigned to you by your ISP and those that are correct for your local LAN settings.
		If you want to map the entire subnet, start with the first usable address that you assigned to the router (in our example this would be 63.254.10.9), and end with the last usable address in your range (in our example this would be 64.25.38.14).
	www.netopia.com /support/hardware/technotes/NQG_042.html (1280 words)

	Alabama Supercomputer Authority Description
		Firewalls can use NAT to allow one address on one interface to be translated to another address on a different interface all the time or only under certain circumstances.
		PAT provides a basic level of security to inside networks because there is no way for a malicious machine on the Internet to initiate a connection directly to one of the private IP addresses.
		In this case, an IP address on the inside of the network would need a private IP address on the network on the opposite end of the VPN, and it would need a public address when talking to the Internet.
	www.asc.edu /news/march06feature.shtml (1409 words)

	PortForward.com - Free Help Setting up Your Router or Firewall
		The IP address is a number that is used to identify a device.
		Port Forwarding simply tells the router which computer on the local area network to send the data to.
		When you have port forwarding rules set up, your router takes the data off of the external ip address:port number and sends that data to an internal ip address:port number.
	www.portforward.com /help/portforwarding.htm (697 words)

	ZyTrax Multicast Router - NAT
		Port Maps (PAT) allow support of multiple types of servers on a single IP A standard Proxy ('Thin Proxy' or 'Classic Proxy') service handles outgoing connections very effectively.
		The Port Map allows the user to indicate that requests for a specific Port (or Range of Ports) will be handled by (mapped to) a specific Internal IP address.
		Many applications use secondary ports in their normal operation, that is they start communication using a 'well known' port but then transfer to another port.
	www.zytrax.com /features/nat.htm (1177 words)

	Network Address Translation (NAT): Firebox System \| WatchGuard
		The Firebox translates that request from the outside world and sends it to the appropriate IP address inside your network.
		Static NAT (sometimes referred to as Port Address Translation or PAT) works by redirecting packets from public hosts on the Internet to private hosts behind the Firebox appliance based on the original destination port number.
		This address translation works in both directions so that you are able to effectively mask your network address.
	www.watchguard.com /products/addtran.asp (608 words)

	How Network Address Translation Works - Printer-Friendly Version
		The actual number of available addresses is smaller (somewhere between 3.2 and 3.3 billion) because of the way that the addresses are separated into classes, and because some addresses are set aside for multicasting, testing or other special uses.
		Network Address Translation is used by a device (firewall, router or computer) that sits between an internal network and the rest of the world.
		It then replaces the IP address with it's own registered IP address and the port number corresponding to the location, in the table, of the entry for that packet's source computer.
	www22.verizon.com /about/community/learningcenter/articles/printerfriendly1/0,1728,1034,00.html (3230 words)

	PORT ADDRESS TRANSLATION - Definition
		(PAT) A function provided by some routers which allows hosts on a lan to communicate with the rest of a network (such as the internet) without revealing their own private ip address.
		All outbound packets have their IP address translated to the routers external IP address.
		Replies come back to the router which then translates them back into the private IP address of the original host for final delivery.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/Port+Address+Translation (69 words)

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