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Topic: Portolan charts

	[No title]
		It was the spread of the compass that assisted the creation of the portolan as a new type of nautical chart in the 13th century, and it was the growing role of improved instruments of celestial navigation, coupled with the different demands of the rapidly expanding oceanic voyages, that made it obsolete several centuries later.
		This did not happen overnight, for the portolan chart was used in the Atlantic in the 15 th century and spread over the world's oceans in the 16th, 6th, being the type adopted and given a new dimension by the earliest discoverers themselves, with the Portuguese far in the vanguard.
		However, they betray a strong fink with portolan charts in that they usually retain a rudimentary windrose with the eight principal winds, and in their contours and style, which are those of the portolan charts but on a larger scale.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/readings/soucek.html (6116 words)

	Item 96
		Portolan atlas of five charts of the European and African Coasts of the Mediterranean and Atlantic.
		The portolan chart is of the same tradition as the isolario, and many of the portolan atlases made by the Oliva family and other chart makers of the period include an isolario at the end.
		Portolan charts were used by mariners well into the seventeenth century, but there was also a demand for richly decorated versions among the enlightened wealthy.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/treasures/html/96.html (144 words)

	Columbus and the Piri Reis Map of 1513 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The map follows in the tradition of portolan charts, mariners’ sea charts of the Black, Aegean, and Mediterranean Seas and the Atlantic coasts of Europe.
		Portolan charts are based upon dead reckoning and the magnetic compass.
		Like other portolan charts of the time, the Piri Reis Map exhibits a network of rhumb lines radiating from a circular pattern of wind roses or compass roses, five of which can be seen on the extant fragment.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /dicuoghi/Piri_Reis/McIntosh/McIntosh_PiriReis.htm (2269 words)

	The Newberry Library: Smith Center Publications
		Cresques undoubtedly had access to many charts in the Catalan tradition, and he was familiar with similar charts made by the Genoese and Venetians that mapped the waters of the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas.
		The portolan charts are sea charts, developed by Mediterranean sailors at least as early as the thirteenth century, when a resurgence in the volume of navigational trade and improving technology created a demand for accurate knowledge of seacoasts and distances.
		Firmly within the portolan chart tradition of the Catalan school of chartmakers, the depiction of Europe and the Mediterranean are considered sophisticated and represent a tremendous advance in scientific cartography.
	www.newberry.org /smith/slidesets/ss25.html (5352 words)

	World Mysteries - Strange Artifacts, Catalan Atlas
		The portolan chart drafted in 1339 by Angelino Dulcert (BNF, Res Ge B 696), was the first map known for certain to have been produced in Palma, on Majorca.
		Its originality lies in the addition of an oriental half which is not based on the experience of Mediterranean sailors, as was the case with portolan charts, but makes use of all manner of sources, including the account of Marco Polo's voyage in the late thirteenth century.
		It reproduces the geographical framework of Dulcert's portolan chart, the rich array of paintings and explanatory legends of the Catalan Atlas, and it reflects the same fascination with African gold and knowledge of the overland routes leading to it.
	www.world-mysteries.com /sar_10.htm (1240 words)

	General Maps Title List (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		[Portolan atlas of 9 charts and a world map, etc. Dedicated to Hieronymus Ruffault, Abbot of St. Vaast].
		Between 1536 and 1564 an enterprising Genoese chartmaker, Battista Agnese, produced in Venice a number of remarkably accurate and beautifully decorated nautical or "portolan" atlases on vellum for merchant princes and ranking officials.
		The portolan atlas containing this world map was drawn in Venice in 1543-44.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/gmdhtml/gnrlagn.html (480 words)

	Office of Coast Survey - United States Coast Pilot
		Portolans were remarkable insomuch as they are among the first maps to present a rational view of a portion of the surface of the earth.
		Prior to its publication the written coast pilots were the primary aids to navigators and the portolan charts were considered supplementary information.
		After the publication of Waghenaer’s atlas of charts, the chart and the written material of a pilot guide became of equal importance.
	chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov /nsd/cphistory.htm (1750 words)

	The Portolan Atlas of Battista Agnese Finn's Fine Books Facsimile Book Catalogue
		We know of 80 to 100 navigational charts (portolans) from his pen, of which the Atlas of 1546 is the finest example.
		The research edition of Battista Agnese´s Portolan Atlas of 1546 comprises 18 charts in the original format on individual facsimile leaves which are kept in a case with the commentary (German or English).
		The three charts of the oceans taken together form a complete picture of the earth as it was seen at that time.
	www.finns-books.com /agnese.htm (574 words)

	[No title]
		On the early "portolan" charts of the Mediterranean a base of parallels and meridians was not needed since frequent passages and relatively short distances within the enclosed area led to accurate relative locations.
		A chart of these larger regions had to be based on some systematic transformation (a map projection) of the spherical surface of the earth to a flat sheet as a base on which to draw the chart.
		He would draw a straight line on his chart between the two, as in Figure 10-3, which would show his course to be about N 62°30° E. If the mariner maintained that course he would actually miss England entirely, going far to the north.
	www.gis.psu.edu /projection/chapter10.html (995 words)

	Early vellum sea charts ('Portulans') - National Maritime Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		They are often referred to as ‘Portulan’ or ‘Portolan’ charts, a name taken from the written sailing directions, 'portolani', which they supplemented and superseded, although this attribution is not always technically correct.
		The chart maker drew a ‘secret circle’ around a central point, which he then bisected with straight lines into 16 equidistant points on the circle’s circumference.
		The rhumb lines created by this method were used by the chart maker to plot the coastlines and by sailors to plan their course.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /collections/explore/index.cfm/category/90170 (311 words)

	Hapgood
		Nordenskiöld, who compiled an atlas of these charts (which Hapgood and his students used) also wrote an essay on their history, presenting several reasons for concluding they must have come from ancient times.
		Although scholars agreed that the portolan charts had no lines of latitude or longitude, it stood to reason that if one of the vertical lines was drawn to true north, then it would be a meridian of longitude, and any line at right angles to it would be a parallel of latitude.
		Since the earth is round, and the portolan design apparently based on a flat surface projection which would not take account of the spherical surface, the meridians would deviate further and further from true north the farther they were removed from the center of the map.
	members.tripod.com /~Glove_r/Hapgood.html (4909 words)

	History of Antique Sea Charts by Grace Galleries of Harpswell Maine
		Charts shown in the book were taken from the Archives of the Admiralty Library, Portsmouth, the U.K. Hydrographic Office, the British Library, the National Archives and the National Maritime Museum.
		Each one opens with a succinct history of the charting of a particular area and is followed by a sumptuous plate section of significant charts that support the well-written text.
		The collection includes the early portolan charts of the 15th century, manuscript charts of North America, India and the Orient and nautical maps that show the medieval view of the known world.
	www.gracegalleries.com /Books.htm (822 words)

	Portolan Charts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In the thirteenth century a new type of chart, the portolan chart emerged.
		Portolan charts were made to get seafarers from home to another place and back again safely.
		Though not strictly a portolan the stamp shows a portion of an anonymous Portuguese map from about 1630.
	sio.midco.net /dansmapstamps/portolan.htm (133 words)

	The Mavens' Word of the Day
		On medieval charts it was sometimes indicated as a continent or large island and sometimes as an archipelago.
		Portolan charts, created before Columbus's discovery of America, were navigational charts that contained the accumulated knowledge of sailors and navigators.
		("Portolan" basically means 'getting to a safe port, haven'.) These charts were made in the 13th, 14th and 15th century, and some are quite accurate.
	www.randomhouse.com /wotd/index.pperl?date=20010125 (573 words)

	Special Collections -- Library of Congress Geography and Maps: An Illustrated Guide
		Portolan charts appear to have evolved from sailing guides, known as portolanos, during the late thirteenth century in northern Italy or in the western Mediterranean in the vicinity of Majorca or Barcelona.
		Among the most distinctive are an anonymous Catalan chart of the Mediterranean Sea dated before 1350 (the earliest portolan chart in the Western Hemisphere); and Samuel de Champlain's chart of his three-year exploration of the northeast coast of North America, which he drew on vellum during the winter of 1606 to 1607.
		One of three original maps depicting the maritime explorations of the coasts of the United States, this historical chart of the Atlantic Coast was compiled by the German geographer Johann Georg Kohl in 1856 for the U.S. Coast Survey.
	www.loc.gov /rr/geogmap/guide/gmillspc.html (5863 words)

	The Third Coast
		These charts began as oral and written records of sea routes, descriptions of ports, coastal outlines and promontories, harbors, islands, shallows, and reefs, and were used to steer the ships.
		In the fifteenth century, cosmographers prepared accurate manuscript coastal sailing charts called portolan charts, but within forty years of the advent of the printing press, the portolans were replaced with printed charts that allowed the rapid spread of geographical information.
		The charts published by the agency, including the recent acquisitions, benefited from the inclusion of this data acquired from the historical records of the organizations mentioned.
	libraries.uta.edu /SpecColl/crose03/thirdcoast.htm (962 words)

	Cartographica Helvetica 9 (1994) 23-31: Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Together with two similar maps from Florence and London, the portolan chart, drawn by Angelino Dulcert in 1339 in Mallorca, constitutes a set of maps which was a predecessor of the upcoming masterpiece, the Catalan Portolan Atlas.
		To understand the content of Dulcert's portolan chart, one has to be familiar with the commercial trade of the early 14th century.
		The portolan charts, first used only by navigators, became important to other interested parties such as governors and merchants.
	www.stub.unibe.ch /dach/ch/ch/summaries/e09d.html (215 words)

	WESTERN HEMISPHERE: Western Hemisphere; Caribbean Sea; Central America: The Luso-Hispanic World in Maps (Library of ...
		Chart appears to be unfinished as it does not include towns or cities, nor does it identify coastal features.
		This is a detailed Spanish portolan chart of the Pacific Coast from Peru to Guatemala and includes the Galapagos Islands.
		Although chart is typical of portolan charts in emphasizing the coast, it also includes stylized buildings and groups of buildings representing interior cities and towns, some identified e.g., "qujto", "granada", and "leon".
	www.loc.gov /rr/geogmap/luso/westhem.html (5226 words)

	1489 Caneopa Portolan Chart - Bell Library: Maps and Mapmakers
		This beautiful portolan chart was made by Albino de Canepa, a Genoese cartographer about whom little is known.
		Often Italian portolan charts are described as being less ornate than the Catalan (Spanish) style, but if the Spanish portolan charts are more decorative, Canepa has certainly borrowed from them in his style.
		In his commentary on portolan charts, Campbell notes that in fact the stylistic distinctions between the Catalan and Italian portolan charts are largely a product of national pride of historians rather than real differences (Campbell 1987, 392-93).
	bell.lib.umn.edu /map/PORTO/CAN/mainp6.html (126 words)

	FS Ancient Mysteries News: Rare Map Points To China Discovery Of America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Spread out before her was one of the prize holdings of a rare map collection at the University of Minnesota: a navigational chart hand-painted on a piece of animal skin in 1424 by Venetian cartographer Zuane Pizzigano.
		The holdings include a collection of portolan charts, a class of navigational maps of the Mediterranean and Atlantic produced between 1300 and 1500.
		She said the three maps are among only 17 surviving portolan charts showing the cluster of mysterious islands west of Europe.
	farshores.org /a04map.htm (1089 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Charts 14 and 15 seem to be made by a second person since they differ in cartographic technique and artistic style.
		PMC, 5:136-39 with reproductions of charts 2, 5, 7-11, and 14 on pls.
		Ganong, 234-35, 337-41, with reproduction of chart 9 on p.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /Scriptorium/hehweb/HM29.html (647 words)

	A system for the storage and display of manuscript charts on vellum
		This method has disadvantages in the long term, however, in that the continual flexing of the chart in the rolling and unrolling process may dislodge paint layers while the general handling needed coupled with the necessity of using weights to keep the chart flat when unrolled is likely to cause damage from abrasion.
		The charts were not dissected first but glued to the boards complete, resulting in a tight fold at the junction of the boards.
		The charts in their cases are stored in specially built racking with a working surface on top where they may be examined.
	liber-maps.kb.nl /articles/terrell3.html (1842 words)

	The PORTOLAN GROUP: advocates for the school, not for outsourcing
		The Portolan Group is an advocate for the school, not for privatization.
		No employee of The Portolan Group, Inc. is compensated in any manner by any outsourcing company based on the outcomes or recommendations of our studies.
		We believe the image of the Portolano (Pilot) and the Portolan Chart (the sea chart) beautifully and accurately portray the mission and vision of our company.
	www.portolangroup.com /summary.html (401 words)

	Untitled
		His chart shows the West Indies, the northeast coast of South America, the Bahamas, Africa to the Cape of Good Hope, the Scandinavian peninsula, and the east coast of North America to 56 degrees N; Ceylon is shown as a large triangular island and the coast of India as per Ptolemy (Crone 1968, pp.
		Alberto Cantino's world chart of 1502 records the geographic results of the voyages of da Gama, Cabral, and their predecessors, giving South Africa its correct orientation and approximately its true shape, although with an underestimated width due to the difficulty of determining longitude.
		The century was a time of charting the American coasts, the east coast around to the west as far as California, and inland work, especially in Mexico.
	www.library.ucsb.edu /people/larsgaard/plan1500.html (7151 words)

	MapHist Discussion Papers
		Portolan charts represent a significant evolutionary phase in the historical development of cartography.
		"Portolan Charts from the Late Thirteenth Century to 1500," in The History of Cartography, volume one, Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean, edited by J. Harley and David Woodward.
		Duken, A. Reconstuction of the portolan Chart of Giovanni Carignano (1310), Imago Mundi, 1988, pp.
	www.maphist.nl /papers/portolan.html (1073 words)

	Slide #241 Monograph
		The cartographic signs and generalization are similar in style to those of the portolan charts, as is the network of rhumb lines radiating from the center of the map.
		These are the atlas of ten leaves, with nine charts or maps, dated 1436 and preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice, and the nautical chart of 1448, preserved in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan.
		The first five charts are drawn and colored in the usual portolan style, with strongly accented coastlines; they are on a common scale, and oriented with south to the top (as indicated by the writing of names and legends not on the coasts).
	www.henry-davis.com /MAPS/LMwebpages/241mono.html (1639 words)

	The Compass Rose
		Before the compass became a common navigational instrument in the thirteenth century a "wind rose" was included on charts.
		North was indicated with a spear point or fleur de lis, and East was marked with a cross.
		The central feature of the design is the ornate compass rose with its long North arrow, and the tiny picture, probably of Adolphus Frederick, who ruled Sweden from 1751-1711, at the center of the rose.
	www.danstopicals.com /rose.htm (232 words)

	The Museum on the Digital Shoreline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Portolan Charts were produced by individual navigators or patched together from the records of several mariners.
		Portolano, the originating Italian word, means 'written sailing directions' and Portolan Charts were practical aids to navigation.
		However, how Portolan Charts were actually used is not known and it is thought they may simply have been an aide-memoire - a handy guide to to features of the coast which was seldom out of sight on Mediterranean voyages.
	www.labyrinth.net.au /~saul/wunder/tsunami/tidal.html (73 words)

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