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Topic: Portuguese Creole

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	Portuguese Creole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Africa's Portuguese creoles: Cape Verdean creoles (1), Kriol of Guinea-Bissau and Senegal (2) and creoles of São Tomé and Príncipe and Equatorial Guinea (3).
		Southeast Asia Portuguese creoles: Papiá Kristang of Malaysia (1) and Macaista Chapado of Macao, SAR (2).
		The earliest Portuguese creole in the region probably arose in the 16th century in Malacca, Malaysia, as well as in the Moluccas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portuguese_Creole (1443 words)

	Creole language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A creole language, or just creole, is a well-defined and stable language that originated from a non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many distinctive features that are not inherited from either parent.
		Another factor that may have contributed to the longtime neglect of creole languages is that they do not fit the "tree model" for the evolution of languages, which was adopted by linguists in the 19th century (possibly influenced by Darwinism) and is still the foundation of the comparative method.
		By definition, a creole is the result of a nontrivial mixture of two or more languages, usually with radical morphological changes and a syntax which is not obviously borrowed from either of the parent tongues.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Creole_language (1264 words)

	The Ultimate Portuguese language - American History Information Guide and Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Portuguese (português) is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and East Timor.
		Portuguese Creoles are the mother tongue of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau's population.
		Portuguese is also an official language of the European Union, Mercosul and the African Union (one of the working languages) and one of the official languages of other organizations.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Portuguese_language (3867 words)

	Portuguese language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Portuguese is ranked sixth among the world's languages in number of native speakers (over 200 million), and first in South America (186 million, over 51% of the population).
		Portuguese is often nicknamed The language of Camões, after the author of the Portuguese national epic The Lusiads; The last flower of Latium (Olavo Bilac); and The sweet language by Cervantes.
		Portuguese Creoles are the mother tongue of Cape Verde and part of Guinea-Bissau's population.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portuguese_language (6392 words)

	Verbix -- Creole. Conjugate verbs in 50+ languages
		Portuguese creoles were purportedly once widely used in Asia, though probably more frequently as trade languages than as mother tongues.
		In Africa, Portuguese creoles are used by more than 450,000 people in Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, the Cape Verde Islands, and some Gulf of Guinea islands (Annobn in Equatorial Guinea, where it is losing ground to Spanish, and S o Tom and Pr ncipe, where more than four-fifths of the 125,000 inhabitants speak creole dialects).
		In Brazil a Portuguese creole was once widespread, extending even to Suriname, where Portuguese Jews and their slaves fled in the 17th century; the creole is now virtually extinct.
	www.verbix.com /languages/creole.asp (473 words)

	Creole Translations
		Creole is a language spoken by the entire population of Haiti (estimated at seven million people).
		These differences are called dialectal differences by scholars studying language.But asking if Creole (or Portuguese or Yoruba, etc.) is a dialect or a language is tantamount to asking if a tall person or a short one, an elderly male or a middle age female are human beings or not...
		Unfortunately article 5 of the 1987 constitution proclaiming that Creole is the sole language uniting all Haitians and one of the two official languages of the country is not yet seriously implemented in government offices.
	www.creoletrans.com /faq.htm (1564 words)

	WWW Virtual Library Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka Portuguese Creoles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Asian Portuguese Creoles once flourished in the coastal towns of India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, and Macao but are a dying race.
		Sri Lanka Portuguese Creole was the successful solution to the intercommunication problems that arose when the Portuguese and Sri Lankans came into contact from the sixteenth century.
		The Portuguese Creole is the oldest creole based on an European language and are therefore particularly interesting.
	www.lankalibrary.com /geo/portu/creole.htm (1198 words)

	Brazilian Portuguese Translation - Translate Portuguese Language Translator
		Portuguese is a Romance language spoken in Portugal and most of its former colonies, including Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau and East Timor.
		Portuguese is nicknamed ''A l ngua de Cam es'' (after Lu s de Cam es, the author of The Lusiad); and ''A ltima flor do L cio'' ("The last flower of Latium").
		The Portuguese language was spread worldwide in the 15th and 16th centuries as Portugal created the first and the longest lived modern-world colonial and commercial empire, spanning from Brazil in the Americas to Macau in China and Japan.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /languages/portuguese.shtml (1573 words)

	Online Papiamentu Dictionary
		This creole language is being spoken north of Venezuela on Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire--islands of the leeward Netherlands Antilles.
		Initially, this theory assumed that all Atlantic Creole languages, including Papiamentu, derive from one language, namely the Afro-Portuguese pidgin-creole that originated as a result of the first encounter between Portuguese settlers and native inhabitants on the west coast of Africa.
		In their opinion, Papiamentu is a direct descendant of the Spanish that was used in the area during the Spanish rule, and the small Portuguese, English, and Dutch influence came later.
	www.papiamentu.net /history.html (584 words)

	Brazzil - Brazil 24/7 :: View topic - Portuguese is the poor man's Spanish
		Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and French and even the isolated Romanian, are not Creoles of Latin.
		Actually, papiamento is a Portuguese Creole influenced by Spanish, because of the similarity and because it is close to Spanish speaking countries and it became influence by Spanish speaking inmigrants.
		The two Portuguese creoles of the Americas were badly studyed (papiamentu thought to be a Spanish Creole and Saramacano to be an English Creole) - because people do not study they often do pre-judgment.
	www.brazzilbrief.com /viewtopic.php?p=284465 (1649 words)

	[No title]
		I have further excised cases where the Papiamentu and Portuguese forms have /e/ where Spanish has /je/ (Papiamentu téra, Portuguese terra, Spanish tierra), as the monophthongization of /je/ would have been a plausible simplification of Spanish in a creole language.
		Kabá could technically come from Spanish, but its presence in other creoles with no Spanish influence (such as Saramaccan and Negerhollands) suggests that Portuguese was the source as well, especially in light of its use in West African Portuguese creoles possibly ancestral to Papiamentu.
		Similarly, the parallel between the Cape Verdean Portuguese el taba ta kanta "he was singing" and Papiamentu e tabata kanta is striking (20), since this usage is impossible to derive from any Iberian construction and is only one of many possible reconceptualizations of the lexifier material.
	home.mindspring.com /~johnqu/PAPIAMENTU.txt (1015 words)

	ipedia.com: Portuguese Creole Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Barlavento Creoles: Creole (Criol) of São Vicente (Criol de Soncente), São Nicolau, Sal, Boavista and Santo Antão
		The "Portuguese-American Creoles" spoken in Antilles and Suriname have been influenced by other languages, Spanish and English, respectively.
		Portuguese influenced several languages, such as Japanese, Swahili or Malay.
	www.ipedia.com /portuguese_creole.html (4144 words)

	Bonaire's Papiamentu Language
		The Portuguese colonization of the West African coast prompted the evolution of a new language, one containing elements of African language structures and Portuguese vocabulary that allowed the two peoples to communicate with each other.
		To communicate with one another, as well as with the Portuguese, they slowly started to acquire the coastal Creole during the many months they were held in West African ports awaiting passage across the Atlantic.
		This lingua franca, which became the mother tongue of a new generation, evolved further as it was adapted to the particular linguistic environments in which the slaves found themselves.
	www.geographia.com /bonaire/bonpap01.htm (729 words)

	Interacting Influences of Spanish and English on the creole Papiamentu
		The Spanish gerundive and progressive morpheme -ndo is used in modern Papiamentu (PP) (Iberian creole) as a gerundive and progressive morpheme, though it is not found in the early creole.
		Portuguese was used during the early slave trade, but fell out of use by 1800.
		In the creole, Andersen shows that time of action can be marked at some point in the discourse, after which ta indicates agreement with the previously marked time of action.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /~tsanchez/Sanchez.htm (3663 words)

	Erik's Rants and Recipes: Portuguese Creole Yodling from Malacca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Anyway, for a period the Portuguese had control of this region, and their music left a lasting impression.
		Certainly the Portuguese had a lot to do with the sound of modern Hawaiian music, and we all know how that has influenced Country and Western (think of those weepy pedal steels).
		I also know that C and W is very popular among the Portuguese in California's Central Valley, and I think it has something to do with the fatalism, the brooding lyricism and the emphasis on string instruments.
	www.pinkmochi.com /eriksrant/archives/000713.html (477 words)

	Implementation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It happens, therefore, that, in spite of the importance of Portuguese, Creole is the daily language in Cape Verde.
		It is certain that Portuguese is part of our heritage and through it we read of the world and achieve international integration; Creole, in turn, is not only a fundamental element in our life, but is also how we understand our own national integration.
		Such an alphabet should be able to represent all the variations of Creole as well as to contribute to the unification of these variations.
	www.capeverdeancreoleinstitute.org /implementation.htm (959 words)

	Strong defense of Monogenesis:
		creoles in Philippines didn't have diverse origins but came from common source in Moluccas which origin ated in Portuguese pidgin.
		Bickerton posits the notion that some former Creoles are beginning to merge with the standard language they received their vocabulary from, in the post-colonial situation.
		Thus American Black English, seen as having a Creole origin similar to Gullah or Jamaican Crl., is now supposedly a Post-Creole continuum, merging at the acrolect level with `Standard' American English.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/handouts/pijcreol/node3.html (403 words)

	[No title]
		It is important to keep in mind that, from very early on, evidence such as the fact that Portuguese soldiers kept harems of slave women suggests that there existed a significant number of Indo-Portuguese (IP) offspring in Korlai and Daman.
		Portuguese continues to be used in church services, church choirs sing in Portuguese, and Portuguese is taught as a second language in Catholic schools in the area (English is the schools’ primary medium).
		Both creoles take the first person subject pronouns from their Portuguese counterpart (yo < eu, n], n]s < nós), KP and DP1 derive their second person singular form from the 2pl form (w], ]s < vós), which was also used as an honorific singular in Old and Middle Portuguese.
	www.uc.pt /indoport/dpkp.paper.final.version.htm (4138 words)

	abstracts3-2
		Saramaccan, an Atlantic creole whose lexifier languages are Portuguese and English, has a “split” prosodic system wherein the majority of its words are marked for pitch accent but an important minority are marked for tone.
		However, this complication of Saramaccan grammar does appear to be broadly consistent with the more general claim of McWhorter (1998) that creoles form an identifiable class of languages on typological, in addition to sociohistorical, grounds.
		These observations are then analysed in the light of a possible scenario of the formation of Saramaccan involving the partial relexification of an earlier form of Sranan (the English-lexifier creole of the coast of Suriname) with Portuguese and/or a Portuguese-based Creole.
	www.fl.ul.pt /revistas/JPL/abstracts3-2.htm (644 words)

	[Goanet-news]GoanetReader -- Lusophone communities... scattered across the globe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Portuguese heritage and impact on Goa, Daman and Diu is known to most of the readers.
		If many know that Mumbai was once Portuguese, not many will know that in busy rail hub Thane there is a Portuguese St John Baptist church with a bell (72 feet high), which is believed to be the largest amongst the remaining Portuguese churches in India.
		There is also a Lusophone heritage in Chaul (Revdanda) and in Korlai, where besides the fortress and a Portuguese church, there is a small community (900) that has Portuguese Creole form of as their mother tongue.
	www.goanet.org /pipermail/goanet-news/2004-November/000987.html (1269 words)

	From the islands to the classroom and back \| csmonitor.com
		In the absence of video coverage - since television is a luxury - the program does not advance the effort of making written Creole widely available, but she says it does enable students to catch information they may have missed or misunderstood in the Portuguese classroom.
		However, given Creole's obscurity and the fact that there are scores of dialects scattered about the islands, some educators feel that it is politically and logistically difficult to use Creole in the classroom.
		Like indigenous languages around the world, a written form for Cape Verdean Creole was devised in the 19th century when missionaries and colonial officials needed a basic written language to carry out their work.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/0415/p13s02-lecs.html (1810 words)

	Ethnologue: Cape Verde Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		(PORTUGUESE CREOLE) [POV] 300,000 in Cape Verde Islands (1989 J. Holm), 70% of the population; 55,000 in Senegal (1991); 100,000 in Guinea Bissau (1991 UBS); 12,000 in Netherlands; 455,000 in all countries.
		Since independence in 1975, the domains of spoken Portuguese have receded in favor of Creole.
		PORTUGUESE [POR] 170,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA).
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/Cape.html (167 words)

	HLAS 50 Spanish, Portuguese, Creole Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Portuguese, in addition to a high level of meaning discrimination, one contribution is extremely valuable for scientific and technical vocabulary (item bi 89007038), while another is worthwhile for the etymologies of scientific terms (item bi 89007045), and another for the field of informatics (item bi 89007032).
		Pidgin and Creole studies include an article on a Pidgin Spanish (item bi 89007051), a debate between Creole and polymorphism (item bi 89007049), the officialization of Haitian Creole (item bi 89007939) and the use of langpatua (item bi 89007052).
		Finally, there are also studies on multilingual comparative analyses (item bi 89006873), the regional linguistic situation of the Caribbean (item bi 89007122), and the Yucatec language (item bi 89006958).
	lcweb2.loc.gov /hlas/hum50lang-powers.html (266 words)

	Manuel Barbera, Corpus based computational linguistic resources. Languages: J-R (§ 3.4). (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At this moment, a prototype of a syntactic parser for some structures of Brazilian Portuguese is being developed, using the dependence grammar formalism and a multi-agent architecture, in which each word of a structure is an independent agent.
		This project is a first result of an initiative taken by the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to improve the area of computational processing of the Portuguese language.
		The Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese, leaded by Charlotte Galves of the University of Campinas, is a syntactically annotated corpus which consists of texts written by Portuguese authors born between 1550 and 1850.
	www.bmanuel.org /clr3_jr.html (8502 words)

	Problems with these hypotheses:
		All Creoles are typologically similar, so could be based on lots of different kinds of baby-talk.
		Navarro Tomas (1951) argued that Papiamento was not a blend of port/Spanish/African elements but originated in Portuguese pidgin used in slave trade.
		creoles in Philippines didn't have diverse origins but came from common source in Moluccas which originated in Portuguese pidgin.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/handouts/pijcreol/node1.html (510 words)

	Your Heading Goes Here (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Journal of Portuguese Linguistics is concerned with all branches of linguistics and aims at publishing high-quality papers in the field of Portuguese linguistics, including the comparison between any varieties of Portuguese and any other language(s).
		With the goal of being a platform for discussion in the field, the Journal of Portuguese Linguistics welcomes not only papers but also book reviews, dissertations abstracts or letters to the editors in areas such as the European, Brazilian, and African varieties of Portuguese, Portuguese-based Creole languages, and language acquisition, variation, contact and change.
		The broadening of the journal´s scope is reflected by the composition of the board of consulting editors.
	www.fl.ul.pt /revistas/JPL/JPLweb.htm (125 words)

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