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Topic: First Portuguese Republic

	History of Portugal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On the Asiatic mainland the first trading-stations were established by Cabral at Cochin and Calicut (1501); more important, however, were the conquest of Goa (1510) and Malacca (1511) by Albuquerque, and the acquisition of Diu (1535) by Martim Afonso de Sousa.
		Because Philip II of Spain was the son of a Portuguese princess, Spain invaded Portugal and the Spanish ruler became Philip I of Portugal in 1580; the Spanish and Portuguese Empires were under a single rule.
		The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, was fond of de Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Portugal (7397 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Portugal
		Portuguese industry and agriculture were inefficient and labor-intensive, and the nation’s financial investments were directed mainly toward the profitable African colonies.
		The reign of John I, the first king of the Burgundian line known as the house of Avis, was one of the most notable in Portuguese history.
		John, duke of Braganza, grandson of a former pretender to the throne, was elected John IV, first king of the house of Braganza.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761558260__1/Portugal.html (12672 words)

	Portuguese language - InformationBlast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Portuguese language was spread worldwide in the 15th and 16th centuries as Portugal created the first and the longest lived modern-world colonial and commercial empire, spanning from Brazil in the Americas to Macau in China and Japan.
		Portuguese is the first language in Angola, Brazil, Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe.
		By the census of 1983, in the capital, Luanda, Portuguese was the first language of 75% of a population of 2.5 million.
	www.informationblast.com /Portuguese_language.html (4672 words)

	MSN Encarta - Portugal
		Portuguese territory also includes two autonomous archipelagos, the Azores (Açores) and the Madeira Islands, both located in the Atlantic.
		Today, Portuguese is one of the world’s most widely spoken languages, a legacy of Portugal’s once-vast empire.
		Portuguese soils tend to be sandy and acidic and are generally volcanic in origin.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761558260 (1302 words)

	FACT SHEET: The Portuguese Republic at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The first begins in the Paleolithic period and extends to the formation of Portugal as an independent monarchy.
		The second broad period of Portuguese history runs from the founding of the monarchy in 1128 until the disappearance of the House of Burgundy, Portugal's first dynasty, in 1383.
		Portuguese life expectancy at birth rose from 62 years for men and 67 for women in 1960 to 71 and 78, respectively, in 1992.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/west_europe/portugal/index.shtml (940 words)

	Footnotes to History- G to J
		On September 2, 1938, the Republic of Hatay was declared, and the Republic was annexed to Turkey on June 23, 1939.
		The controlling junta of Hawai'i established the Republic as a temporary measure in July of 1894, fully expecting annexation to be inevitable.
		Ireland, First Republic of- The first Irish republic was declared at Wexford in May of 1798.
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/natgj.htm (5149 words)

	Victor Januario - Into: Portuguese Facts
		Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese and its Creoules are spoken by 55% of the population)
		Gama, the renowned Portuguese explorer, was the first European to journey by sea to India in the 15th century, which was the catalyst for the development of the Portuguese Empire.
		Olivença (Portuguese) or Olivenza (Spanish), population 8,274, is a town (and territory) on the Portuguese-Spanish border.
	into.januario.com /2004/04/portuguese-facts.html (2814 words)

	European royalty--Portuguese monarchs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Portuguese monarchy was founded by Hernry of Burgandy, son of the poweful French Duke of Burgandy.
		He kept a regular fleet to guard against coastal pirates and was the first Portuguese monarch to establish a permanent and hereditary office of Admiral.
		Duarte Nuno, Infante of Portugal, Duke of Braganca was born in 1907.
	histclo.hispeed.com /royal/por/royal-porm.htm (2380 words)

	Portuguese Version
		First, a sustained demographic expansion is occurring that is without precedent in human experience.
		Brazil may be the first large country in history to rely almost entirely on the internal combustion engine to develop its economy and to tie together its territory.
		Any real democratization, first of all, would mean such a large transfer of wealth to improve the consumption levels of the poor as to deprive the country of the capital needed for intensive economic development.
	www.normangall.com /brazil_art16.htm (7284 words)

	The Political History of Twentieth-Century Portugal
		The First Republic continues to be the subject of an intense debate which is impossible to summarise in these pages.
		English-language interest in the First Republic was for a long time restricted to American historian Douglas Wheeler, whose pioneering political history of the period remains even today a useful summary (1978).
		As regards the First Republic, the standard reference work continues to be the História da Primeira República Portuguesa, edited by A. de Oliveira Marques in the 1970s (Marques, n.d.) In it can be found an analysis of electoral legislation as well as results, expressed in a series of tables and maps.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue2/html/baioa_main.html (9349 words)

	The First Republic (1910 -1926)
		After the Republic revolution of 5 October 1910, a new constitution was needed to establish the ground rules for the new political regime.
		The first republican constitution marked a return to the liberal principles of 1820-1822: parliamentary elections by direct suffrage, the sovereignty of the nation and the separation and three-way division of political powers.
		The Congress of the Republic had a two-chamber structure, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, whose members were required to have a minimum age of 25 and 35 respectively.
	www.parlamento.pt /ingles/constitucionalism/1republic (1029 words)

	Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cuban exiles mount an unsuccessful invasion at the Bay of Pigs in a doomed attempt to retake the country from Castro.
		Portuguese troops unsuccessfully revolt at home as insurrections continue to break out in the country's colonial possessions.
		Portuguese armed forces end Portugal's dictatorship, introducing democracy and freeing Portugal's overseas colonies, many of which were fighting for their freedom.
	www.tamiltigers.net /tamilcanadian/canada9858j.html (3915 words)

	A SHORT HISTORY OF THE PORTUGUESE CURRENCY
		Afonso Henriques (1128-1185) is considered to be the founder of the Portuguese kingdom.
		Sancho I, the coin presents for the first time, the five “ Quinas “ placed in cross, which gave birth to the universal symbol of the Portuguese shield.
		Living in Democracy, the Portuguese Republic could from then on, together with the other European states of the Union, walk towards a common currency: the Euro.
	www.euromaths.jyu.fi /porcurren.htm (544 words)

	Odyssey of the Portuguese Jews
		First I showed the Castle of St. Michal in Guimarães, where the first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques was born.
		I stressed that the first adviser to this king was Egas Moniz, a Portuguese Sephardic Jew.
		The Portuguese Sephardic Jews of Newport became businessmen: importers and exporters, and they used perfect Portuguese in their correspondence, as it can be verified by the letters that exist today in the Historical Society of Newport.
	www.saudades.org /odysseyeng.html (3261 words)

	Portuguese History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		But not all was bad, the first republic changed areas like the education and culture, the compulsive school, and the grade birth of new universities.
		The Portuguese colonial war was on for 13 years, thousands of soldiers fell in battle, many physically challenged returned from the war, the Portuguese people had to deal with heavy expenses to support all them.
		On the 25th of April of 1975 took place the first free election (in 50 years), the aim was to elect a representative convention that later wrote a new Constitution published on the 2nd of April 1976.
	www.aph.pt /pt_history/pt_history.html (3030 words)

	Portuguese Constitution Proposal
		The truth is that the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic itself — the Fundamental Law of the State, from, and in accordance to, which all other legislation is established — does not refer at any time to the protection of animals, not even when it refers to the protection of the environment and nature.
		Therefore, in order to correct this serious failure in the Fundamental Law of the Portuguese Republic, as the fulfillment of such a moral and political imperative, it should be introduced a new precept in the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic that establishes the protection of animals as a duty of the State.
		It is duty of the Portuguese State to promote and insure the respect from the animals that have characteristics pointed in the previous number, taking the necessary measures to protect and preserve them from all suffering, imprisonment and death that are not justifiable.
	www.animallaw.info /nonus/articles/arptconstitutionalproposal_en.htm (1084 words)

	My Portuguese Culture
		Until the 1970s, Portuguese overseas territories included the Cape Verde Islands, Jesus's Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese Guinea, Angola and Mozambique (all in Africa), Macau (in Asia) and Timor (in Oceania).
		On his first voyage (1482-1483), he discovered the Congo River, and contacted the Bakongo kingdom further upstream.
		"Portuguese art and culture from ancient Lusitania to the establishment of the Burgundian kingdom in the 12th century catered to the blossoming of Renaissance art during an age of exploration, and expansion to Africa, India, and Brazil.
	www.wccusd.k12.ca.us /adams/Garland/PortugueseCulture.html (734 words)

	Portuguese Republic
		The Government of Ireland and the Government of the Portuguese Republic, desiring to conclude a Convention for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to tax on income, have agreed as follows:
		The case must be presented within two years from the first notification of the action resulting in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.
		At the moment of signing the Convention between Ireland and Portuguese Republic for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, the undersigned have agreed upon the following provisions which shall be an integral part of the Convention.
	www.revenue.ie /services/tax_info/dtas/portug.htm (4998 words)

	Convention Between Canada and the Portuguese Republic - 2
		Subject to the provisions of Articles 16, 18 and 19, salaries, wages and other remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment shall be taxable only in that State unless the employment is exercised in the other Contracting State.
		However, this limitation does not apply to lump-sum payments arising on the surrender, cancellation, redemption, sale or other alienation of an annuity, or to payments of any kind under an annuity contract the cost of which was deductible, in whole or in part, in computing the income of any person who acquired the contract.
		At the moment of signing the Convention this day concluded between Canada and the Portuguese Republic for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, the undersigned have agreed upon the following provisions which shall be an integral part of the Convention.
	www.fin.gc.ca /news99/data/99-053_2e.html (2874 words)

	Odyssey of Port. Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The cultural conference, entitled The Odyssey of the Portuguese Jews, was held on Sunday, February 21, 1999, in the main amphitheater of the new building of the Faculty of Economics at Roger Williams University (Bristol, Rhode Island).
		First, we saw the Castle of St. Michael in Guimarães, where the first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques, was born.
		For her migraine headaches this Portuguese physician prescribed "tobacco powder" because at that time the tobacco plant was considered "miraculous leaves." Jacob Mantinho went to Italy and became professor of medicine in Rome and private physician to Pope Paulo III.
	www.apol.net /dightonrock/odyssey_of_port_jews.htm (9365 words)

	Portuguese History
		He first visited Portugal in 1951, before the exile laws, that forbade any descendants of D.Miguel from entering Portugal, were revoked, accompanied by his aunt, Princess D.Filipa for a short visit.
		This is mainly due to the large Portuguese speaking population of Brazil, with the addition of Angola and Mozambique in Africa and East Timor in the Far East.
		This is because approximately 50% of the working population in the North of Portugal is working overseas with Paris being the second largest Portuguese city as measured by the number of Portuguese residents.
	www.angelfire.com /ny2/lusosarge/history.html (980 words)

	AllRefer.com - Portugal - The First Republic \| Portuguese Information Resource
		AllRefer.com - Portugal - The First Republic
		The Constituent Assembly became the first Congress by electing one-third of its members to the Senate; the remaining two-thirds constituted the Chamber of Deputies.
		The Portuguese Republican Party (Partido Repúblicano Português--PRP) was Portugal's first political party in the modern sense of the term.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/portugal/portugal52.html (1203 words)

	RNN / First Apartied litigation in the Czech Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		RNN / First Apartied litigation in the Czech Republic
		In December1995 the district attorney Frantisek Harby brought the case before the district court, but in March the Rokycany city hall threw the case out on the grounds that the charges were a mere breach of the law which should be treatedas such.
		However, the County Court protested against this ruling andopened criminal proceedings against the offender in the district court where the first public hearing which took place on the 17th July.This of course brought a fully ignored problem to the attention of the public.
	www.romnews.com /a/82-96.html (433 words)

	A SHORT HISTORY OF THE PORTUGUESE CURRENCY - Euromaths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The coinage of money in what we know today as the Portuguese territory, dates back from the Roman domain of the Iberian Peninsula, which had been occupied by Celtic people since IX B.C. Among the Roman-Portuguese coinage of the first era, several types are known, some with latin or iberian inscriptions.
		D. Afonso Henriques (1128-1185) is considered to be the founder of the Portuguese kingdom.
		In 1910, King Manuel II was dismissed by a civil-military revolution which established the First Portuguese Republic.
	www.euromaths.jyu.fi /portumoney.html (566 words)

	Korfball World - News: Portuguese upset on first day Korfball WYC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		On the first day of the 2004 Korfball World youth championships the Portuguese team started with a big stunt by beating Taiwan 18-14, with a lead they held all second half.
		The opening match of the tournament was between Hong-Kong and the Czech republic.
		Taiwan was unable to close the gap, making the Portuguese go crazy after their 18-14 victory.
	www.korfballworld.com /articles/0290 (399 words)

	ILC88 - Address by Mr. Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio, President of the Portuguese Republic
		One of the main responsibilities of all those who have been voted into office is to guarantee the freedoms and to promote equalities among the societies in which we live and to contribute therefore actively to ensure that citizens’ rights are at the effective centre of the political decisions that determine the future of humankind.
		As a Portuguese and European citizen, I am pleased and greatly honoured to be addressing this 88th Session of the Conference.
		Even more so, since it is only right to recognize immediately that both the model of social protection that prevails in Europe and the development of industrial relations in Portugal owe much to decades of serious research and technical cooperation with the International Labour Organization.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc88/a-sampaio.htm (2005 words)

	Tax Convention Signed by Canada and the Portuguese Republic
		Finance Minister Paul Martin today announced that a Convention between Canada and the Portuguese Republic for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income was signed today at Ottawa.
		The Convention was signed on behalf of Canada by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lloyd Axworthy, and on behalf of the Portuguese Republic by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Defence, Jaime Gama.
		The Convention is patterned to a large extent on the Model Double Taxation Convention prepared by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
	www.fin.gc.ca /news99/99-053e.html (240 words)

	Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report on Portugal (the Portuguese Republic)
		In January the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (cpt) published a report critical of ill-treatment and insanitary conditions in Oporto prison, which it last visited in 1996.
		In September the Ombudsman for Justice and the General Inspectorate of Internal Administration (igai) both opened inquiries into the conduct of an officer of the National Republican Guard (gnr) during a farmers' demonstration near Ourique, Alentejo.
		Portuguese television transmitted pictures of people already under arrest being beaten while they appeared to be offering no resistance.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/aireport/ar99/eur38.htm (1446 words)

	Articles - Estado Novo (Portugal) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Estado Novo (Portuguese: New State) is the name of the Portuguese Conservative Authoritarian regime installed in 1933, following a coup d'Ã©tat against the democratic republic by the army in 1926.
		Salazar managed to discipline the Portuguese economy, after the chaotic First Portuguese Republic of 1910-1926.
		Liberal economic reforms advocated by some of the elements of the ruling party, which were successfully implemented under similar circunstances in neighbouring Spain, were rejected out of fear that industrialization would destabilize the regime and its ideological base and would strengthen the Communists and other left-wing movements.
	www.mainearth.com /articles/Estado_Novo_(Portugal) (819 words)

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