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Topic: Portuguese in the United States

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	WORLD WAR II ECONOMIC WARFARE: THE UNITED STATES, BRITAIN, AND PORTUGUESE WOLFRAM.(Critical Essay) - The Historian \| ...
		Britain and the United States knew that Germany could be defeated only by a combination of conventional military operations and economic warfare, which included strategic bombing of German economic assets and depriving Germany of essential raw materials.
		At first the State Department accepted the British argument that economic incentives might be sufficient, but in November 1943, when Spain blundered by congratulating the head of the Japanese puppet regime in the Philippines, the State Department reversed course and used economic warfare to stop the flow of Spanish wolfram to the Germans.
		The United States earlier had followed Britain's lead in Portugal because of their "special relationship," although the State Department thought Britain could have used more leverage in its October 1943 Azores base agreement--similar concessions were not given to the United States--and German protests had been milder than expected.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-55426752.html (6550 words)

	Portuguese language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Portuguese is often nicknamed The language of Camões, after the author of the Portuguese national epic The Lusiadas; The last flower of Latium (Olavo Bilac); and The sweet language by Cervantes.
		Portuguese is also an official language of the European Union, Mercosul and the African Union (one of the working languages) and one of the official languages of other organizations.
		Portuguese is written with the Latin alphabet, and makes use of the acute accent, the circumflex accent, the grave accent, the tilde, and the cedilla, to denote stress, vowel height, nasalization, and other sound changes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portuguese_language (4471 words)

	NationStates \| Spotlight on The United Socialist States of Portuguese americans
		Portuguese americans's national animal is the red hawk, which teeters on the brink of extinction due to widespread deforestation, and its currency is the dollar.
		Portuguese americans, citizens are barcoded to keep track of their movements.
		Portuguese americans, the country's famous rainforests are being bulldozed by the mining industry.
	www.nationstates.net /nation=portuguese_americans (298 words)

	Portugal - United States
		These sentiments were reinforced by the large number of Portuguese immigrants to the United States and the growing economic and political importance of this Portuguese community.
		United States officials were not worried initially by the Revolution of 1974.
		The United States and its NATO allies provided assistance to the socialists and socialist trade unions because they were viewed as the best alternative to a communist takeover.
	countrystudies.us /portugal/94.htm (385 words)

	The Ultimate Portuguese language - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Portuguese (português) is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and East Timor.
		Portuguese Creoles are the mother tongue of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau's population.
		Portuguese is also an official language of the European Union, Mercosul and the African Union (one of the working languages) and one of the official languages of other organizations.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Portuguese_language (3867 words)

	United States (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The United States may be regarded as an example of a constitutional republic or as a liberal democracy, with a government composed of and operating through a set of limited powers imposed by its design and enumerated in that design or Constitution of the United States of America.
		The United States does not have an official language at federal level; nevertheless, English is the first and/or only language of the overwhelming majority of the population and serves as the de facto official language: English is the language used for legislation, regulations, executive orders, treaties, federal court rulings, and all other official pronouncements.
		Spanish follows English as the second-most spoken language in the United States, primarily due to the influence of recent Latin American immigrants and the fact that almost a fifth of its continental territory was originally part of Mexico, and it is a primary spoken language in some areas of the Southwest.
	abcworld.net /United_States.html (6108 words)

	Azorean Immigration
		Also Portuguese sailors were with Oliver Hazard Perry on Lake Erie and the sea battles which were fought there.22 Much later in United States history, John Phillips, born on the Azorean island of Pico, became an American hero in 1866 by riding 236 miles in a blizzard through Indian country to save army troops.
		Obviously problems occurred because of racial prejudice, fl stigma, and misidentity.28 Heavy immigration of southern Europeans to the United States in the latter part of the 19th century and first part of the 20th century was of great concern to Americans of northern European heritage who made up the bulk of the United States population.
		Some Portuguese were able to escape hostile regimes and were allowed immigration to the United States.34 Then in 1957, disaster struck the Azores, when a volcano erupted offshore near the island of Faial.
	wwwlibrary.csustan.edu /bsantos/immigr.html (1939 words)

	Portuguese Settlement in the United States
		Although there were scattered Portuguese settlements in the American colonies during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, sustained immigration began in the early nineteenth century when young men from the Azores were employed in the New England whaling industry.
		Portuguese immigration and settlements were not nearly as large or as geographically widespread throughout the northeastern and midwestern regions of the United States as the Irish and German immigration that dominated the nineteenth century.
		Distribution of Portuguese Ancestry in the United States, 1980
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/portam/settle.html (180 words)

	Brazil - United States
		The United States was the first nation to establish a consulate in Brazil in 1808, following the transfer of the Portuguese royal court to Rio de Janeiro and the subsequent opening of the ports to foreign ships.
		Vargas blamed the United States for his ouster in 1945 and appealed to Brazilian nationalism, which was growing in many sectors, including the armed forces.
		The United States was especially pleased with the break-up of state monopolies in the petroleum and telecommunications sectors.
	countrystudies.us /brazil/113.htm (2287 words)

	Portugal and the
		Portugal and the Portuguese in the United States
		Portuguese immigration to the United States of America continued to increase throughout the early 1900’s.
		Portuguese Population in the United States by State
	www2.bc.edu /~brisk/portugal.htm (2215 words)

	Portugal (04/08)
		The Council of State, a presidential advisory body, is composed of six senior civilian officers, former presidents elected under the 1976 constitution, five members chosen by the assembly, and five selected by the president.
		Contributing to the strong ties between the United States and Portugal are the sizable Portuguese communities in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, California, and Hawaii.
		The Portuguese Government is seeking to increase exports of textiles and footwear to the United States and is encouraging greater bilateral investment.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3208.htm (3210 words)

	portuguese_immigration
		Portuguese people from the Azores, the Maderias, the Cape Verde islands and continental Portugal have arrived on US shores.
		Portuguese immigration to the United States peaked in the early 1900's.
		In 1917 the US government required that every person over the age of sixteen wishing to immigrate to the United States must be able to read or write some language in order to reside in the country.
	nhs.needham.k12.ma.us /cur/kane98/kane_p3_immig/Portugal/portugal.html (675 words)

	UTA Portuguese: Importance
		Until recently, when interest in Latin America became paramount, very few individuals in the United States realized that Portuguese is not only the language of the small Republic of Portugal, which occupies the southwestern sea-coast strip of the Iberian peninsula, of the Azores, and of the Madeira Islands, but also of Brazil.
		Portuguese should be studied as a key to a wealthy literary tradition.
		Portuguese can boast of many men of letters worthy of note other than her two most renowned sons, Luiz de Camões and Gil Vincente.
	langlab.uta.edu /portuguese/why (348 words)

	U.S.-Portuguese Social Security Agreement
		Entitlement to a benefit from the United States which results from paragraph 1 shall terminate with the acquisition of sufficient periods of coverage under United States laws to establish entitlement to an equal or higher benefit without the need to invoke the provisions of paragraph 1.
		Where the laws of a Contracting State are applicable in accordance with Part II of the Agreement, the agency of that Contracting State, upon request of the employer or self-employed person, shall issue a certificate stating that the employee or self-employed person is subject to those laws.
		The agency of the Contracting State with which an application for benefits is first filed in accordance with Article 16 of the Agreement shall inform the liaison agency of the other Contracting State of this fact without delay and provide such evidence and other information as may be required to complete action on the claim.
	www.ssa.gov /international/Agreement_Texts/portugal.html (2641 words)

	Safety Abroad Handbook -- How to Get There... and Back (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Portuguese is one of many so-called "romance" languages, meaning that its origins are from Latin.
		Despite the spread of the Portuguese language to lands far and wide, and the researched benefits of learning a romance language, few students choose to study the language.
		The Lusiads, a famous epic poem stemming from the Renaissance period, was originally penned in Portuguese; it recounts the events of explorer Vasco de Gama on his first voyage to India.
	www.lmu.edu /globaled/brazil/advantagesabroadlangstudy.html (476 words)

	Untitled Document
		During the Eisenhower administration, the United States responded to the new situation in Africa in a "slow and ambivalent fashion," due to its close alliance with the European powers.
		On March 14, the representatives of Ceylon, Liberia and the United Arab Republic submitted a draft resolution calling for the introduction of reforms in Angola and requesting the appointment of a subcommittee to examine the situation in the territory.
		The United States voted in favor of resolutions concerning Portuguese colonialism in the General Assembly, in April 1961, the Security Council, in June 1961, the General Assembly, in December 1961, and again, in the General Assembly, in January 1962.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue3/html/lnrodrigues_main.html (3401 words)

	PALCUS data
		Law was modified and all Portuguese residents in the country as of 1 October 1997 qualify for continued SSI benefits.
		Portuguese citizens may now visit the U.S. for periods of up to 90 days, possessing only their passport and return ticket.
		Age of Baroque in Portugal Exhibition - In 1993, PALCUS collaborated with the Portuguese Secretariat of State for Culture to bring The Age of Baroque in Portugal to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. The exhibit was the first major exhibit to be sent by the Portuguese to the United States.
	www.palcus.org /prog/issues.html (816 words)

	January 9, 2002
		Although Portuguese is the world’s sixth most commonly spoken language, at present there is only one summer program in the United States devoted exclusively to its study.
		In Brazil, where Portuguese is the primary language, close to 170 million people make up the world’s sixth largest population.
		Portuguese is still widely used in many of its former colonies in Africa and Asia," said Katz.
	www.middlebury.edu /about/pubaff/news_releases/news_2002/portuguese_school.htm?wbc_purpose=Basicstu16 (577 words)

	Hey City Zen!: Maybe he should learn a first language?
		In addition to the region of Macau, Portuguese is an official language of eight countries: Portugal (including the Azores and Madeira), Cape Verde, São Tomé e Príncipe, Guiné-Bissau, Angola, Brazil, Mozambique, and East Timor, some of which hold strategic importance in their relations with the United States.
		The United States will be well-served by a force of academically prepared bilingual and bi-literate professionals in a world where more than 200 million speak Portuguese on five continents.
		To now refer to a Portuguese language program as a “wasteful project” is contradictory to your previous policies and initiatives to support foreign language learning in the United States in general, and to the instruction of the Portuguese language in particular.
	hey-city-zen.blogspot.com /2007/11/maybe-he-should-learn-first-language.html (1144 words)

	Portuguese & Lusophone World Studies
		Portuguese is the fifth most spoken language in the world today.
		Portuguese speaking populations are spread throughout Europe, South America, Africa and Asia.
		Portuguese Studies students have a unique opportunity to enrich their classroom experience by spending time in Newark's Ironbound neighborhood.
	www.newark.rutgers.edu /cmll/portuguese.html (954 words)

	Portuguese Historical Museum : The Portuguese in California
		Portuguese immigrants began settling in California in the mid-1800's.
		Portuguese Americans have been prominent in contributing to the development of culture and society in the United States.
		The Portuguese Heritage Society of California has built this museum with the support of the community that it represents to serve as a center for the display of our Portuguese heritage and culture.
	www.portuguesemuseum.org /history.shtml (292 words)

	Transparent Language - Portuguese Language Learning
		Portuguese ranks second after Spanish as the most widely spoken Romance language, and it ranks eighth in the world in terms of number of speakers.
		The variety of influences on the Portuguese language stems from the consecutive invasions of Visigoths and Muslims in later years, not to mention influences from France and Spain due to the proximity of those countries to Portugal.
		There were two main dialects of Portuguese in medieval times: Galician-Portuguese (spoken in the Northwestern region of the Iberian Peninsula) and Luso-Mozarabic (spoken in the region between the Mondego and Tagus Rivers, which was under Muslim control).
	www.learn-portuguese-language-software.com /overview.htm (896 words)

	Preserving the Smaller Languages: Portuguese (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Portuguese development (or preservation, if you will) was given a high priority in the department; we strengthened our collaboration with the University of São Paulo and the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, and in both 1976 and 1977 visiting professors from the latter enriched our program in Brazilian literature.
		Among Portuguese specialists there is also a new air of urgency, even militancy, which is to be expected from a beleaguered minority that believes in the rightness of its cause and counts on the cooperation of its more fortunate brethren whether in departments of Spanish and Portuguese or in the AATSP.
		In 1976, the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, by a vote of twenty-two to zero, with two abstentions, had approved the addition of a six-hour intensive beginning Portuguese course to the general requirements for the undergraduate major in Spanish, a change requiring the approval of the College of Humanities.
	www.mla.org /adfl/bulletin/v09n2/092029.htm (3568 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Ethnicity: Portuguese
		Portuguese American Leadership Council of the United States - National advocacy organization for the Portuguese American community.
		Portuguese Historical and Cultural Society - Promotes the culture and historical significance of the Portuguese immigrant and descended population of the Sacramento Valley, California.
		Portuguese of the West Indies - Resource for the history and genealogy of Portuguese settlers in the Caribbean region.
	www.dmoz.org /Society/Ethnicity/Portuguese (260 words)

	The Portuguese in the United States
		The Portuguese were the leading European explorers in the fifteenth century and it was through the efforts of Portuguese-born and sponsored men that many parts of the world, including the coast of present-day California, were discovered and mapped.
		They began settling in the United States several centuries later, although there were isolated Portuguese Jewish communities here beginning in the seventeenth century and in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii, in the eighteenth.
		They and their descendants have been active in all facets of life in the United States, from agriculture to industry to politics, and at the same time have introduced some of their customs, food, and even instruments to other Americans.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/portam (239 words)

	Portuguese Americans - Church Planting Village
		Fall River, Massachusetts, which is 50 percent Portuguese, is the heart of New England's Portuguese-American community of 150,000.
		The Portuguese have an open, liberal society, but place a greater emphasis on moral values than do those in other European nations.
		The Portuguese are proud of their cultural heritage (especially its seafaring past), sense of nation, and economic progress.
	www.churchplantingvillage.net /site/c.iiJTKZPEJpH/b.795695/k.586/Portuguese_Americans.htm (621 words)

	e-JPH. Vol.2 number 2, Winter 2004
		The teaching of Portuguese language at UMD began in the mid-sixties, and an undergraduate major was approved shortly thereafter.
		The second collection, the Portuguese in the Americas Series, publishes monographs in the social sciences, history and literary criticism, as well as works of imaginative literature, thereby contributing to the emergent field of Portuguese-American Studies by documenting the variety and complexity of the Portuguese experience in America.
		Portuguese Studies at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth has developed a complex interdisciplinary program which allows for the preparation of students at the undergraduate and graduate levels and provides opportunities for its faculty to do research, publish, and work collaboratively within the university and with colleagues in other institutions.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue4/html/sousa_main.html (1597 words)

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