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	Portuguese Literature
		The Portuguese language was developed gradually from the lingua rustica spoken in the countries which formed part of the Roman Empire and, both in morphology and syntax, it represents an organic transformation of Latin without the direct intervention of any foreign tongue.
		The line of the chroniclers which is one of the boasts of Portuguese literature began with Fernão Lopes, who compiled the chronicles of the reigns of Kings Pedro, Fernando, and John I. He combined a passion for accurate statement with a especial talent for descriptive writing and portraiture, and with him a new epoch dawns.
		Portuguese pastoral poetry is more natural and sincere than that of the other nations because Ribeiro, the founder of the bucolic school, sought inspiration in the national serranilhas, but his eclogues, despite their feeling and rhythmic harmony, are surpassed by the "Crisfal" of Christovão Falcão.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/p/portuguese_literature.html (4338 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Portuguese Literature
		The general inferiority of seventeenth-century literature to that of the preceding age has been charged to the new royal absolutism, the Inquisition, the Index, and the exaggerated humanism of the Jesuits who directed higher education; nevertheless, had a man of genius appeared he would have overcome all obstacles.
		Though lacking imagination, his contos, or scenes of Portuguese life, strike a new note of reality, and his blank verse translation of the "Martyrs" of Chateaubriand is a high performance.
		The literature of independent Brazil really began with the Romantic Movement, which was introduced in 1836 by Domingos de Magalhaes, whose "Suspiros Poeticos" reveal the influence of Lamartine.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12307a.htm (4347 words)

	Portuguese literature. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The early poems were greatly influenced by the Provençal language and literature, but they had the individual flavor and meter of Portuguese and Galician, then a dialect of Portuguese (see Provençal literature).
		Among the greatest achievements of medieval Portuguese prose are the vivid and well-documented chronicles written by Fernão Lopes (c.1380–c.1460) and Gomes Eanes de Zurara (c.1420–c.1474).
		The Portuguese Bernardim Ribeiro’s pastoral novel Menina e Moça [the book of the young girl] (1554) was certainly the inspiration in part for the Spanish Jorge de Montemayor’s Diana (1559), one of the most important novels in Spanish literature.
	www.bartleby.com /65/po/Portlit.html (943 words)

	History of the Portuguese
		Portuguese developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from the spoken Latin language brought there by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century BC.
		In the second period of Old Portuguese, between the 14th and the 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the Portuguese language spread to many regions of Asia, Africa and The Americas.
		The period of "Modern Portuguese" (from the 16th century to the present) saw an increase in the number of words of Classical Latin origin and erudite words of Greek origin borrowed into Portuguese during the Renaissance, which augmented the complexity of the language.
	www.portugueselanguage.net /portuguese/history.asp (659 words)

	UF Romance Languages: Portuguese
		The primary aim of this course is to advance students' proficiency in speaking and aural comprehension of Brazilian Portuguese.
		To introduce students to the nature of the Portuguese sound systems (continental and American) and various subsystems of the language for application in later study and research or teaching.
		Portuguese linguistic change since the time of colonization in Brazil will also be considered.
	www.rll.ufl.edu /CoursePr/portugue.html (1248 words)

	Portuguese Literature
		Portuguese literature was formed on the basis of a single, unified geographical space, namely the Portuguese territory, although it was later to spread to various parts of the world as a consequence of the Portuguese maritime discoveries in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
		Among the greatest achievements of medieval Portuguese prose are the vivid and well-documented chronicles written by Fernão Lopes (c.1380-c.1460) and Gomes Eanes de Zurara (c.1420-c.1474).
		Portuguese poetry in the 15th century was marked by the influence of Spain, which can be seen in Garcia de Resende's collection, Cancioneiro geral (1516).
	www.portugueselanguage.net /portuguese/literature.asp (629 words)

	Modern Languages and Linguistics Library
		This multi-volume set provides an alphabetical listing of Portuguese authors, significant movements, institutions, and magazines and journals that were key to the publication and dissemination of Portuguese literature in its various forms.
		General history of Portuguese literature subdivided into in 6 period divisions and covers the period from 1185 to 1910.
		This is the new revised 16th edition that documents Portuguese literature from its origins to contemporary literature.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /mdx/bibliogs/Portuguese/portlit.html (1103 words)

	Portuguese literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The line of the chroniclers which is one of the boasts of Portuguese literature began with Fernão Lopes, who compiled the chronicles of the reigns of Kings Pedro I, Fernando, and John I.
		The general inferiority of seventeenth-century literature to that of the preceding age has been blamed on the new royal absolutism, the Inquisition, the Index, and the exaggerated humanism of the Jesuits who directed higher education; nevertheless, had a man of genius appeared he would have overcome all obstacles.
		To English speakers, the most famous writer in the Portuguese language is the poet Luís Vaz de Camões or Luís Vaz Camoens (1524 - June 10, 1580), author of the epic poem, the Lusiad.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portuguese_literature (5178 words)

	Literature of Brazil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Journals of voyagers and descriptive treaties on "Portuguese America" dominated the literary production for the next two centuries, including well-known accounts by Jean de Léry and Hans Staden, whose story of his encounter with the Tupi Indians on the coast of São Paulo was extraordinarily influential for European conceptions of the New World.
		Literature was often produced by members of temporary or semi-permanent academies and most of the content was in the pastoral genre.
		The key features of the literature of the new-born country are exaggerated affect, nationalism, celebration of nature and the initial introduction of colloquial language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Literature_of_Brazil (1959 words)

	Portuguese Literature Courses
		Portuguese 20: The Portuguese-Speaking World and its Literatures and Cultures: The Definition of an Identity.
		Portuguese 60: Portuguese Literature I: Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century.
		Portuguese 62: Portuguese Literature II: Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Not offered in the period from 04F through 06S. The course begins by studying Realismo through the great writer Eça de Queirós in his famous novel O Primo Basílio, and moves on to Antero de Quental’s philosophical poetry.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~spanport/study/portlit.html (449 words)

	Department of Spanish & Portuguese, Rutgers University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Study of Portuguese as it contrasts to Spanish. Development of speaking and listening skills. Practice in specific areas of grammar, linguistic structure, and style.
		Current issues in the language, literature, and culture of the Portuguese-speaking world. Analysis of topics such as cultural identity, language contact, major literary authors, or historical implications of colonization.
		Study of the literatures from African countries whose official language is Portuguese. EMphasis on 20th century colonial and post-independence literature and theory.
	span-port.rutgers.edu /courses/portuguese.html (733 words)

	UCSB General Catalog - Spanish and Portuguese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Department of Spanish and Portuguese at UCSB is one of the first in the United States to include in its curriculum all five of the languages and literatures of the Iberian peninsula (Spanish, Portuguese, Basque, Catalan, and Galician).
		Portuguese 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, or equivalent.
		Portuguese 114, 115, 120, 125A-B, and 128AA-ZZ may be accepted toward the unit requirement with the stipulation that readings be in the Portuguese language.
	www.catalog.ucsb.edu /LS/spanish.htm (9605 words)

	Portuguese & Lusophone World Studies
		Portuguese is the fifth most spoken language in the world today.
		Literature courses fulfill the college’s literature requirement; elementary and intermediate courses may be used to fulfill the foreign language requirement.
		Literature in translation courses (taught in English) may be used as a partial requirement for a major in another foreign language.
	www.newark.rutgers.edu /cmll/portuguese.html (954 words)

	Overview
		Literature consists of a set of written texts (which are also often firmly rooted in the oral tradition), aesthetically composed from common language and expressing the cultural specificity of a community.
		Portuguese literature was formed on the basis of a single, unified geographical space, namely the Portuguese territory,
		In its origins, Portuguese literature was to develop an intense lyricism with the poetry of troubadours, and particularly with the
	www.instituto-camoes.pt /cvc/literatura/eng/visgenerica.htm (894 words)

	SPANISH LITERATURE
		The Kingdom of Portugal has existed since the 12th century and the Portuguese language is a variation of medieval Galician-Portuguese.
		Apart from during the Franco years (1939-1975) Spanish literature was written in these four languages, although the most representative has always been Castilian.
		To conclude, it is important to stress that Hispanic literature is simply a branch of Roman literature, that is to say, of Latin derivative languages.
	www.spanisharts.com /books/literature/literature.htm (565 words)

	University Graduate School 2004-2005 Online Bulletin: Spanish and Portuguese
		Portuguese: completing, with a grade of B (3.0) or better, P135, or the equivalent, and one course at the 500 level or higher;
		Competence in speaking Spanish or Portuguese fluently and with correct diction is expected of every student; hence, foreign residence in a Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking country prior to receiving the Ph.D. is highly desirable.
		P575 Theatre in Portuguese (3 cr.) A survey of theatre in the Portuguese language from the sixteenth century to the late twentieth century.
	www.indiana.edu /~bulletin/iub/grad/2004-2005/span.html (3626 words)

	Portuguese Programs - The University of Iowa
		The Portuguese major program provides students with the opportunity to continue developing their Portuguese language skills while also studying the literature and culture of Portugal and Brazil as well as Portuguese linguistics.
		They may also combine their Portuguese studies with other areas to prepare for career opportunities in international business, government, travel or communications, where knowledge of a foreign language and of foreign cultures is essential.
		A Portuguese major is a good complement to a major in another foreign language or to certicate programs such as the International Business Certificate and the Latin American Studies Certificate.
	www.uiowa.edu /~spanport/Portuguese/portug.htm (362 words)

	Vanderbilt University Department of Spanish and Portuguese
		IMPORTANT NOTE: For the Portuguese M.A. there are no restrictions on the number of 200-level literature courses that may be taken and the student may count any course that appears in the Graduate School Catalog, though students are required to register for any 300-level Portuguese courses offered.
		The other 9 credits (elective) correspond to a minor which may be Portuguese, a certificate program in Latin American Studies, an interdisciplinary minor in Philosophy and Literature, or another approved program of courses from one or more departments.
		Core: For the Portuguese M.A., there are no restrictions on the number of 200 level courses in literature or culture that may be taken, that is, any course that appears in the Graduate School Catalog, any other 200-level course, or any graduate class can be taken for credit.
	sitemason.vanderbilt.edu /spanport/program (5842 words)

	Portuguese Language Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		By learning Portuguese you will be able to put your language skills to use not only in countries such as Brazil and Portugal, but also much closer to home.
		Portuguese is the sixth most spoken language in the world.
		The Portuguese literature courses are led by Professor Joaquim-Francisco Coelho, Nancy Clark, Smith, Professor of the Languages and Literatures of Portugal, and Professor of Comparative Literature.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~drclas/regions/brazil/languagestudies.html (862 words)

	Portuguese literature — Infoplease.com
		Portuguese literature: Bibliography - Bibliography See B. Vidigal, ed.
		Portuguese literature: The Twentieth Century - The Twentieth Century The modern period in Portuguese letters dates from the establishment of the...
		Portuguese literature: Early Works - Early Works Literature in the Portuguese language first emerged in lyric poetry, the courtly love...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/ent/A0839851.html (234 words)

	Graduate Program - Spanish and Portuguese Department / UMASS Amherst
		Students of Portuguese may petition the Graduate Studies Committee for a replacement if the course is not pertinent to their area.
		It is strongly advised that students whose field of concentration is Spanish and Spanish American Literatures and Cultures take one or both of these courses in Lusophone Literatures and Cultures, and vice versa.
		One course may be taken outside the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, provided the language subject of research is, for the most part, a Hispanic language.
	www.umass.edu /spanport/grad.html (4548 words)

	[No title]
		A few compositions from before 1200 survive; one, attributed to Sancho I, is the earliest extant parallelistic song, a brief, repetitive lyrical poem marked by a wistful sadness that is never wholly absent from Portuguese literature.
		His son, Dinis, had a deep interest in literature and was considered to be the best poet of his age in the Iberian Peninsula.
		To his court came troubadours from Leon, Castile, and Aragon to enjoy the last of a cult dying elsewhere, and about 2,000 poems by its 200 poets were preserved in the three great repositories of verse, Cancioneiros da Ajuda, Cancioneiros da Vaticana, and Cancioneiros Colocci-Brancuti (or da Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa).
	www.geocities.com /correia72/medieval.htm (675 words)

	University Graduate School 2002-2004 Online Bulletin: Spanish and Portuguese
		Proficiency in literature should include a knowledge of periods and movements and common literary terms, as well as modern literature.
		For Portuguese, proficiency is demonstrated by completion, with a grade of B (3.0) or better, of P135 plus one course taught in the language at the 500 level or higher.
		Students in Luso-Brazilian literature are advised to fulfill the same distributional requirements, but their programs will be individualized and dependent upon the approval of the graduate faculty in Portuguese.
	www.indiana.edu /~bulletin/iub/grad/2002-2004/span.html (2786 words)

	SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Department of Spanish and Portuguese offers qualified undergraduate students the opportunity to earn both a Bachelors and a Masters degree at an accelerated pace by counting two graduate-level courses taken in the undergraduate program toward the masters degree.
		Most Portuguese majors begin their study with Intensive Advanced Portuguese, although some students with less preparation take Intensive Basic Portuguese, which means they must take two additional semester courses in Portuguese to complete their major.
		Portuguese majors who complete the Business Coursework Program, the Pre-Medical Program, or a second major are exempt from the second language requirement.
	www.georgetown.edu /undergrad/bulletin/collegefll6spanish.html (1181 words)

	UCLA Department of Spanish and Portuguese
		Generative approach to the Portuguese language, with some consideration of bearing of syntax, semiology, and phonology on style, metaphor, and meter.
		Study of main genres of Renaissance Portuguese literature, with particular emphasis on works of Luis de Camões.
		Intensive study of folk literature of the Spanish and Portuguese cultures as represented in (1) ballad and poetry, (2) narrative and drama, (3) speech.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /spanport/programs/grad_course_port.html (324 words)

	Spanish & Portuguese Language & Literature
		The Libraries seek to support research in both the linguistic and literary aspects of Iberian, Spanish and Portuguese studies, including the teaching of basic and advanced language skills, grammar and syntax, the history of the languages, Romance philology, including a detailed study of major literary authors together with their most important literary masterpieces.
		Thorough coverage of the various aspects of the Spanish and Portuguese languages--their history, grammar, phonetics, morphology, syntax, rhetoric, style, composition, lexicography and philology--are maintained.
		Overall, the Libraries’ existing collection and collecting goal for Spanish Language in Literature are at the research level while its current acquisitions commitment, based upon available resources, is at the study and teaching level.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/lweb/services/colldev/spanish.html (309 words)

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