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	Portugal - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		In 711 Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula from Africa and deposed the Visigothic monarchy.
		The Portuguese monarchy became the wealthiest in Europe, with Lisbon serving as the empire’s commercial capital.
		The Portuguese royal family chose to remain in Brazil, which in 1815 was made a separate kingdom equal to Portugal.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761558260___29/Portugal.html (6666 words)

	European Voyages of Exploration: The Portuguese Empire
		The stability of the monarchy was essential to the establishment of sustainable economic growth, thus the stability of the Portuguese monarchy gave the kingdom a seventy-year head start over the Spanish who were distracted by a civil war and the Reconquista of Granada.
		Portuguese vessels sailed to France, Normandy, England, Spain, and the Mediterranean.
		The peace of 1411 insured the stability of the House of Avis on the Portuguese throne.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/portuguese.html (1090 words)

	Chapter 6: History of Spain and Portugal
		Proclamation of the crusade was frequent in the Portuguese reconquest of the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.
		Portuguese culture progressed during the fourteenth century, with the growth of vernacular literature and the foundation of new religious schools.
		The main Portuguese variant of this trend was the "Sesmarias" decree by the crown in 1375, taken from the term used to denote the dividing up of strips of land in the earlier resettlement of Portugal.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne6.htm (7159 words)

	Portugal Iberian Union
		After Philip was declared king of Portugal, he decreed that his new realm would be governed by a six-member Portuguese council; that the Portuguese cortes would meet only in Portugal; that all civil, military, and ecclesiastical appointments would remain Portuguese; and that the language, judicial system, coinage, and military would remain autonomous.
		Portuguese nobles were summoned to Madrid and ordered to recruit soldiers for war against France.
		The Portuguese, who were dragged into Spain's wars with England and Holland, began to see those two countries attack their holdings in Asia, as well as in Brazil.
	www.country-studies.com /portugal/iberian-union.html (693 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Portugal
		One of the first acts of his son Edward (in Portuguese Duarte-1433-38) was to promulgate the "Lei Mental" which enacted that these properties should only descend in the direct male line of the grantee, on the failure of which they reverted to the Crown.
		The opening of the ports of Brazil to foreign ships ruined Portuguese commerce, the separation of the colony diminished the prestige of the mother country, which was reduced to a miserable plight by the long war, and internal feuds were added to external troubles.
		The last half-century of the Portuguese Monarchy, embracing the reigns of Pedro V (1853-61), Louis I (1861-89), and Charles I (1889-1908), was one of internal peace and increasing material prosperity.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12297a.htm (9947 words)

	Tasca Portuguese Restaurant & Sports Bar in Vancouver, British Columbia BC, Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Because Garcia was a tyrant, Portuguese and Galician nobles rebelled and the country rejoined Leon and Castile.
		Fado (fate in Portuguese) arose in Lisbon as the music of the urban poor, and is thus often compared to rembétika music of Greece.
		Portuguese literature, especially the quatrain couplets and modhina ballads, were another integral part of early fado, but fado had appeared by 1836, when Maria Severa sang a fado so beautifully that she seduced and ruined the Comte de Vimisio.
	www.tascaportugueserestaurant.com /portugal.php (1561 words)

	Seattle Language Academy, Portuguese Classes Seattle, Study Portuguese Seattle, Learn Portuguese Seattle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Portuguese shares with Spanish many words of Arabic origin and, as with all Romance languages, shows a high incidence of Greek words in its technical and scientific vocabulary.
		Portuguese words are still in use in areas where the language is no longer spoken, as in Japan, India and parts of Africa.
		In the sixteenth century, Portuguese was adopted as the language of Brazil.
	www.sealang.com /flp/flp_portuguese.asp (231 words)

	Brasil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The different approach to governance between the Spanish and the Portuguese was caused by a disparate of colonial cultures.
		Whereas the Portuguese main interest was in the export of Brazilwood, much sought after in Europe as a source of dye.
		The monarchy hired English mercenaries to help put down the Pernambucans in the northwest of Brazil who had proclaimed "the Confederation of the Equator." Rio succeeded in dominating the region.
	www.vandine.com /brazil.htm (928 words)

	Chapter 22: A History of Spain and Portugal, vol. 2
		That Portuguese miguelismo emerged two or three years before Spanish carlismo was a consequence of the greater liberality of the Portuguese ruler as well as of the split in the royal family between the easygoing king and his ambitious, ultraconservative, and authoritarian Spanish queen, D. Carlota Joaquina, sister of Fernando VII and D. Carlos.
		The Portuguese Charter of 1826 was based on the Brazilian constitution of 1823, the French charter granted by Louis XVIII in 1814, and the constitutional ideas of Benjamin Constant.
		The establishment of Portuguese liberalism coincided with a cultural revival among the Portuguese elite that was primarily associated with the romantic movement in literature.
	libro.uca.edu /payne2/payne22.htm (17940 words)

	Worker's History - Portuguese Revolution 1974
		As Commander-in-Chief of the Portuguese forces in Guinea he earned the nickname "butcher." In addition, prior to the coup he was a director of two of Portugal's leading monopolies.
		Soares, for example, ominously declared "the Portuguese army is not the Chilean army." Yet on the eve of that bloodiest of coups, Allende and Corvalan soothed their supporters with assurances that the Chilean army wasn't like others, had a democratic tradition and so on.
		Because of their key position in the Portuguese economy this meant the AFM and the Provisional government, between whom a kind of dual power had developed, were forced to nationalise 50% of the economy.
	www.newyouth.com /archives/westerneurope/portugal/workers_history_.html (2965 words)

	Lisbon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Portuguese monarchy gradually lost the respect of its citizens, who overthrew the last king in 1910.
		We were told that this is a special technique of soulful singing in Portuguese.
		Portuguese take pride in having this soccer event held in their country.
	www.nd.edu /~tkazakov/Cruise2004/countries/Lisbon.htm (957 words)

	Creole at Caribbean Topfunwebsites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Those unmixed Portuguese born in Portugal living in Brazil were deemed ''Galegos'' (in reference to the northern Portuguese origin of most, but also used on those born in south Portugal).
		People of mixed Portuguese and Native ancestry that the Portuguese had contact with since the 15th century but who didn't speak a Portuguese creole are known as ''mulatto'', '''', ''caboclos'' and ''pardos''.
		In the Caribbean region the term creole is used to describe anyone, regardless of race or ethnicity, that was born and raised in the region.
	www.topfunwebsites.com /haiti/creole.html (1107 words)

	Wikinfo \| History of Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		1279 - 1415 The monarchy was gradually consolidated in spite of resistance from the Church, the nobles and the rival kingdom of Castile.
		Pedro de Covilham had reached Abyssinia as early as 1490; In the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea, one of Cabral's ships discovered Madagascar (1501), which was partly explored by Tristão da Cunha (1507); Mauritius was discovered in 1507, Socotra occupied in 1506, and in the same year D. Lourenco d'Almeida visited Ceylon.
		In the Red Sea Massawa was the most northerly point frequented by the Portuguese until 1541, when a fleet under Estevão da Gama penetrated as far as Suez.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=History_of_Portugal (1159 words)

	Portugal - Peninsular Wars
		In 1801 France and Spain sent the Portuguese an ultimatum threatening to invade Portugal unless it abandoned its alliance with Britain, closed its ports to the British and opened them to French and Spanish ships, and handed over one-quarter of its territory as a guarantee for Spanish territories held by Britain.
		The Portuguese refused to comply, and the Spanish marched into the Alentejo in May. After two weeks of fighting, the "War of the Oranges," as it is known, was concluded in 1801 at Badajoz.
		Napoleon ordered the Portuguese to close their ports to the British, which they were prepared to do if they could without breaking relations with their old ally.
	countrystudies.us /portugal/33.htm (734 words)

	Streams IV-BrzHis&Cul
		Ultimately the Portuguese were able to drive the French, Dutch, and English to west of the mouth of the Amazon River along the coast of the Guyana Highlands.
		Portuguese territory in South America would henceforth be determined by the the principal of "uti possidetis," that is, the nationality effectively using or occupying a territory owned it.
		Portuguese influence declined replaced on the one hand by French social, cultural, intellectual, and artistic directions and on the other by British commercial, trade, and financial practices.
	library.osu.edu /sites/latinamerica/indxclas_IV_cultrlstrms.htm (4762 words)

	European royalty -- Portuguese monarchs
		The Portuguese monarchy was founded by Hernry of Burgandy, son of the poweful French Duke of Burgandy.
		The Portuguese navy, however, went on to suffer numerous losses in King Ferdinand I's various conflicts, which left it in a precarious state during the succession crisis that followed the king's death in 1383.
		The stability of the monarchy was essential to the establishment of sustainable economic growth, thus the stability of the Portuguese monarchy gave the kingdom a seventy-year head start over the Spanish who were distracted by a civil war and the Reconquista to defeat the Moors.
	histclo.com /royal/por/royal-porm.htm (2556 words)

	Angola Mission Team - History of Angola
		It was not until 1776, however, that the Portuguese finally moved into the central highlands and established control over the Ovimbundu.
		The Portuguese military response was swift: perhaps 40,000 Africans were killed in the wake of the March 15 violence.
		Discontent among Portuguese military officers led to the painless overthrow of the Portuguese dictatorship in Lisbon on April 25, 1974.
	angolateam.org /angola_history.html (1077 words)

	H-Net Review: Jeffrey D. Needell on Tropical Versailles: Empire, Monarchy, and the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio de ...
		Most historians, for some time, have spent their energies on studying the later monarchy, to understand the passing of the regime, or, more often, they have dismissed the political history of the monarchy as an unchanging window dressing of little interest and concentrated on analysis of social or economic history, particularly slavery and its demise.
		She does so in a study of how the flight and exile of the Portuguese court led to a reevaluation and reconstruction of the institution of monarchy in a revolutionary age and in a slave society marked by racial distinctions.
		In these chapters she demonstrates that the exile transformed the monarchy from a European absolutist regime with overseas colonies to a regenerated, even new, monarchy, and, then, finally, to a constitutional institution attempting to contain political revolution and straddle co-equal realms on either side of the Atlantic.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=298801020441768 (1235 words)

	Untitled Document
		By establishing the two-party rotational (rotativismo) parliamentary system in the latter half of the century, the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy had sought to stabilize and to avoid the previous violent political struggles.
		By 1890, the Portuguese Republican Party was more active and better organized, or patrimonialist, than any of the other parties.
		The greatest single blow to the political situation was the British Ultimatum of 1890, which challenged the Monarchy's stability and the Portuguese claim to territories in southern Africa.
	home.att.net /~duartepacheco/pacheco1.htm (1114 words)

	History of Portugal
		Those who fled reached such prominence in commerce that for centuries a "Portuguese" abroad was presumed a Jew of Portuguese descent.
		A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy starting then a period of chaotic republicanism (primeira Republica); in 1926 a nationalist military coup began a period of more than five decades of repressive fascist governments, mostly under the rule of António de Oliveira Salazar.
		Lots of poor Portuguese had to emigrate to Brazil and Northwestern Europe.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/portugal.html (1050 words)

	boys clothing: European royalty--Portugal
		The situation was further complicated by the Morrish invasions of the 8th century and the 600 year war between and among Moorish and Christian kingdoms which did not end until the fall of Grenada in 1492.
		Portugal in fact was born from this struggle to reconquer Iberia from the Moors and the first Portuguese king was the son of a French nobel.
		By 1502, Portuguese cartographers were creating enormous master charts containing all the latest knowledge of coastlines, and oceans.
	histclo.com /royal/por/royal-por.htm (1893 words)

	European Voyages of Exploration: Conclusion
		These fifteenth-century navigators persisted in their explorations because they were able to glean more information on the wealth (often exaggerated) of the western Sudan, the gold, ivory and slaves of the Guinea coast, and the successful colonisation of the southern Atlantic.
		The Portuguese and Spanish still retained the militant spirit nurtured by the long conflict of the Reconquista.
		Once the financial benefits of overseas expansion had been proven by the independent expeditions, the Portuguese and Spanish monarchies began to take a more active interest in exploration and financed their own expeditions.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/conclus.html (709 words)

	Portugal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1910, a revolution deposed the Portuguese monarchy, but chaos continued and considerable economic problems were aggravated by a disastrous military intervention in the First World War, which led to a military coup d'état in 1926.
		Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries.
		The Portuguese have a reputation for loving cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which, it is said, there are 365 recipes (i.e, one for each day of the year): pastéis de bacalhau, bacalhau à Brás, and bacalhau à Gomes de Sá are some of the most popular ones.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portugal (4158 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Portuguese Monarchy - Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Born in Coimbra in 1209, Sancho married Marcia (or Mécia) Lopes of Haro, a grand-daughter of Afonso IX of Leon.
		Portuguese merchants were granted safe conducts to trade with England.
		Dom Dinis died on the 7th of January, 1325 and was buried in the Convent of Odivelas.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A2851427 (2100 words)

	Discover Portugal Wine Tours in Portugal and Douro River Valley
		The wine and the vineyards have since the Portuguese monarchy times to the present government have deserved special consideration.
		The Portuguese ambassador wines are the internationally acclaimed Madeira, (produced in the Atlantic island of the same name) and Porto.
		There are Portuguese wines appropriated to all sorts of food including exotic ones.
	www.pousadasun.com /tours/winetour01.htm (392 words)

	Porto eXpress - Portuguese Flag
		In 1910 the Portuguese monarchy was ousted and a republic established, and it is from this year that the current flag, and the prominence on it of the revolutionary red, that both date.
		The green, often taken to express hope or the sea, can be traced back to the time of Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), who inspired and sponsored a whole generation of Portuguese maritime explorers.
		The depiction of the armillary sphere at the center of the flag likewise links with Henry the Navigator, being an emblem chosen to commemorate the deeds of Henry and his protégés by King Manuel I (1469-1521), whose reign saw a further great surge in Portuguese exploration.
	www.portoexpress.com /flag.htm (173 words)

	History of Portugal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1279–1383 The monarchy was gradually consolidated in spite of resistance from the Church, the nobles and the rival kingdom of Castile.
		The Portuguese Royal Family is transferred to the colony of Brasil.
		The Indian army conquers Portuguese Goa and Daman and Diu, in Portuguese India.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Portugal (7805 words)

	Portugal: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		By the middle of the 16th century, the Portuguese empire extended to West and East Africa, Brazil, Persia, Indochina, and the Malayan peninsula.
		Courageous and shrewd explorers, the Portuguese proved to be inefficient and corrupt colonizers.
		By the time the Portuguese monarchy was restored in 1640, Dutch, English, and French competitors had begun to seize the lion's share of the world's colonies and commerce.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107895.html (1365 words)

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