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Topic: Portuguese pronouns

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	Portuguese grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Portuguese grammar is the study of the grammar of the Portuguese language.
		Portuguese conditional mood is often described as a tense, namely the "future of the preterite".
		Another interesting feature of Portuguese verbs is the existence of two or three equivalent forms for some past tenses, either in the indicative or in the subjunctive, but something similar happens in French and Spanish perfect tenses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portuguese_grammar (1354 words)

	Definition of Portuguese language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Portuguese (português) is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea Bissau, Macau (China), Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé and Príncipe.
		Portuguese Creoles are the mother tongue of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau's population.
		Portuguese is also an official language of the European Union, Mercosul and the African Union (one of the working languages) and one of the official languages of other organizations.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Portuguese_language (4514 words)

	Portuguese language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Portuguese is the first language in Angola, Brazil, Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe, and the most widely used language in Mozambique.
		Portuguese Creoles are the mother tongue of Cape Verde and part of Guinea-Bissau's population.
		Portuguese is with Spanish the fastest growing western language, and, following estimates by UNESCO it is the language with the higher potentiality of growth as an international communication language in Africa (south) and South America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portuguese_language (5260 words)

	Portuguese pronouns - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The pronouns of the Portuguese language have flexions according to their number and, in case of some third person forms, also according to their gender.
		Si/sigo in EP In European Portuguese, si and sigo can also be used to refer to the person to whom the message is directed in the formal treatment by "o senhor", etc. or in the treatment by você.
		For this article, it is relevant because the pronouns listed under the column Indirect object with preposition may actually be used as a direct object, with an emphatic purpose after one of the atonic forms having been used.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Portuguese_pronouns (875 words)

	Portuguese
		Portuguese is a Romance language spoken in Portugal, Brazil, and Portuguese colonial and formerly colonial territories (Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Sao Tome, Goa, Macau, East Timor).
		Portuguese spread worldwide in the 15th and 16th centuries as Portugal created a far-reaching colonial and commercial empire, spanning from Brazil in the Americas to Macau in China.
		Portuguese phonology is interesting because of the large number of vowel phonemes in the language.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/january/Portuguese.html (880 words)

	CANELA :: Encyclopedia :: Indigenous Peoples in Brazil :: ISA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Besides that, when a person speaks to his own group, he uses an exclusive pronoun in the first person plural, me(n)pa (we-our group); but when he speaks to someone of another group, he uses an inclusive pronoun in the first person plural wa me(n) (we, all of us), as in Portuguese.
		Pronouns, adjectives, and substantives are not differentiated by gender, as in Portuguese, but a feminine or masculine suffix (-kahãy or -tsu(n)m-re, respectively) can be added to any substantive.
		The other pronoun, yê, is used to establish social distance and respect with the majority of affines and all formal friends.
	www.socioambiental.org /pib/epienglish/canela/lingua.shtm (387 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Pronoun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A pronoun used for the item questioned in a question is called an interrogative pronoun, such as who.
		Some languages distinguish inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns, letting a listener know whether the person addressed is or is not included in "we".
		Reflexive pronouns are used as the object of a sentence when the subject and object match.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Pronoun (1111 words)

	Encyclopedia: Portuguese pronouns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes a noun or noun phrase with or without a determiner, such as you and they in English.
		This occurs because lhe used to be employed indistinctly for the singular and the plural and, while the agglutinated form suffered no alteration, lhe evolved into lhes for the plural number.
		Categories: Portuguese language Portuguese (português) is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea Bissau, Macau (China), Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé and Príncipe.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Portuguese-pronouns (971 words)

	Read about Portuguese language at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Portuguese language and learn about Portuguese ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Denis created the first Portuguese University in Lisbon (the Estudo Geral) and decreed that Portuguese, then simply called the "Vulgar language" should be known as the Portuguese language and should be officially used.
		conditional tense expression involving an indirect object pronoun, the pronoun is placed between the verb stem and the verb ending.
		Portuguese is spoken by about 187 million people in South America, 16 million Africans, 12 million Europeans, 2 million in North America and 0.25 million in Asia.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Portuguese_language (3673 words)

	Portuguese: Personal Pronouns of Subject - Wikibooks
		The Portuguese language contains pronouns for I, you (formerly thou), he, she, we, you and they.
		There is no "it" because Portuguese has no neuter gender, and instead an ungendered thing will be considered either masculine or feminine, depending on the gender of the word.
		When you say "you" in Portuguese to a single other person, you must show the level of formality that is appropriate to that person.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Portuguese:_I,_you,_he,_she,_we,_and_they (503 words)

	Pronouns
		Prepositional pronouns are pronouns used in conjunction with prepositions.
		The direct object pronoun is normally not used correctly in spoken form while in the written form (newspapers/magazines) it is used correctly.
		Remark: Even though the indirect object pronoun te (you) refers to the subject pronoun tu (you), it is widely used when referring to the subject pronoun você (you) instead of the indirect object pronoun lhe (you).
	www.sonia-portuguese.com /text/pronouns.htm (892 words)

	Perforated Tongue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		European Portuguese on the other hand would not be able to have the same words for subject pronouns and their direct object equivalents without leading to a great deal of ambiguity.
		If the subject pronoun was the same as its direct object counterpart, it could never be known what function the word is performing in the sentence whenever it sits before a verb.
		If the subject pronoun was the same as its equivalent direct object pronoun, it could mean he hears him always, or it could mean the intransitive he hears always.
	johnboy.typepad.com /perforatedtongue (2955 words)

	Agreement, Predication, and Pronouns in the History of Portuguese. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Despite their differences, the three Portuguese grammars considered here share an important syntactic characteristic: they license constructions in which the verb and the subject are not in a Spec/head configuration.
		This analysis is based on the claim that weak pronouns and bound agreement morphemes are the same element, with the only difference that the latter are inserted in the derivation as a part of a word.
		When the pronoun is proclitic, it is licit not to repeat it in the second segment of a coordinate structure.
	www.ime.usp.br /~tycho/participants/c_galves/apphp.html (7496 words)

	Portuguese - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Clearly organized, it covers the central topics of syntax, phonology, morphology, semantics, and pragmatics, and explores the social and historical background of Portuguese, its development and spread in the world, and related sociolinguistic issues such as dialect variation and language planning.
		Assuming very little prior knowledge of linguistic terminology, Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction is designed to help intermediate and advanced students of Portuguese understand how the language functions at all levels, and to give students of linguistics a useful starting point for work on the structure of Portuguese.
		MILTON M. is Professor of Hispanic Linguistics in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of California, Berkeley.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521801265&ss=fro (878 words)

	the use of personal pronouns in Portuguese - tutoyer and vousvoyer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		I have a question for native Portuguese speakers about the use of the personal pronouns tu and você in Portuguese.
		In brazilian portuguese, the usual is to use "você".
		Saturday 25th of September 2004 07:16:30 AM I also heard that some Portuguese people whom you haven't met before might be offended if you address them with você so that you should use o senhor or a senhora instead.
	www.phrasebase.com /archive/55_the_use_of_personal_pronouns_in_portuguese.html (461 words)

	Personal pronouns
		There are detailed rules on the use of direct object pronouns, but generally these are used when something is done directly to someone/something.
		The pronoun may follow the verb and in that case the verb and the pronoun are separated with a hyphen.
		There are detailed rules on the use of undirect object pronouns, but generally these are used when something is done undirectly to someone/something.
	www.saunalahti.fi /~huuhilo/portuguese/gb_pronouns.htm (171 words)

	Sadler Talk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Object (clitic) pronouns in European Portuguese exhibit a degree of positional flexibility: although they normally occur postverbally, the presence of any one of a specific set of syntactic elements in pre-verbal position causes object pronouns to appear preverbally.
		Moreover the combination of preverbal pronoun and verb appears to exhibit a degree of syntactic transparency.
		We argue that while in both cases the pronoun and the verb are combined morphologically, the status of the morphological operations responsible for pre-verbal and post-verbal placement differ.
	ling.uni-konstanz.de /pages/conferences/dgfs-cl00/sadler.html (152 words)

	[No title]
		It is important to keep in mind that, from very early on, evidence such as the fact that Portuguese soldiers kept harems of slave women suggests that there existed a significant number of Indo-Portuguese (IP) offspring in Korlai and Daman.
		Portuguese continues to be used in church services, church choirs sing in Portuguese, and Portuguese is taught as a second language in Catholic schools in the area (English is the schools’ primary medium).
		Both creoles take the first person subject pronouns from their Portuguese counterpart (yo < eu, n], n]s < nós), KP and DP1 derive their second person singular form from the 2pl form (w], ]s < vós), which was also used as an honorific singular in Old and Middle Portuguese.
	www.uc.pt /indoport/dpkp.paper.final.version.htm (4138 words)

	Portuguese_pronouns LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		This also occurs when the pronoun is in a mesoclitic position: matÃ¡-lo-Ã¡s (matarÃ¡s+lo), fÃ¡-lo-ias (farias+lo), i-lo-ias (ir+lo), comÃª-lo-ias (comer+lo).
		The forms migo, tigo, sigo, nosco, and vosco are never isolated and always agglutinated with the preposition com, forming comigo, contigo, consigo, connosco (conosco in BP), and convosco.
		They are derived from the Latin practice of tacking cum ("with") on the end of the ablative form of a pronoun, as in mecum or vobiscum; in Portuguese (and Spanish), this final cum got corrupted to -go and a second com was added to the front in an instance of redundancy.
	www.school-explorer.com /info/Portuguese_pronouns (854 words)

	Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex, UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The existence of clitics that interact morphophonologically with their host has challenged the standard assumption popular in syntactic theory that clitic pronouns are Xº which either head projections of their own (Sportiche, 1992) or are adjoined to an existing head (Kayne, 1994).
		al (1995) share the view that object pronouns constitute a set of special lexical items that are placed through movement operations and attached post-syntactically to the verbal host.
		One of the shortcomings of this view is its failure to explain why pronouns in this language a) exhibit non-productive allomorphic variation, b) trigger idiosyncratic stem allomorphy on the verb, and c) may intervene between the verb stem and the tense/agreement marker:
	www.essex.ac.uk /linguistics/pgr/egcl/GSPD6/Abstracts/RibeiroLuis.shtm (431 words)

	Portuguese:Lesson One - Saying Hello - Wikibooks
		So Ricardo (which is the Portuguese version of "Richard") has started by saying "good day" or "hello".
		However, in Portuguese, because there are different conjugations for the different people, you can often leave out the 'I, we, they' etc. if it is obvious.
		In the case of 'I' and 'we' it is always obvious in the present tense.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Portuguese:Lesson_One (619 words)

	No Longer Camões Portuguese: Brazilian, European and African Portuguese Differences
		In Brazilian Portuguese the "Você" is needed (A Brazilian reader would ask herself "who" if you eliminate it) for the sentence to be idiomatic.
		African Portuguese vocabulary tends to follow European Portuguese vocabulary, with the addition of words relating to local foods, plants, animals, and places.
		As for pronouns, in Brazil we are taught that certain types of words "attract" them: (1) negative words like não and nem, (2) adverbs, (3) relative pronouns like quem, que, qual, and (4) subjects or subject pronouns like ele and eu.
	www.necco.ca /faq_no_longer_camoes.htm (1541 words)

	Prentiss Riddle: Language: Seeking Portuguese study materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		I was trying to figure out reflexive verbs and pronouns yesterday (one area where a naive Spanish speaker cannot just fake Portuguese by throwing in a few nasalizations and phonetic shifts!) and found this handout from Penn State, for instance.
		We have pronouns like "everyone" which refer to plural people but are grammatically singular, ostensibly because there's a "one" buried in there.
		Finally there's the complete breakdown of singular-plural logic in our third-person pronouns as we substitute "they" for "he" or "she" when the gender is indeterminate.
	www.aprendizdetodo.com /language?item=20030708 (1115 words)

	Geraldine Legendre \| JHU Cognitive Science Department
		Clitics are phonologically weak elements (such as Romance object pronouns and Balkan tense auxiliaries) which, traditionally, have been taken to play a role in the syntax.
		A detailed analysis of the syntactic behavior of clitic auxiliaries and clitic pronouns in Balkan languages has convinced me that they are morphological categories - phrasal affixes - that are syntactically inert, contrary to the belief held by many generative syntacticians.
		A detailed study of verb-second phenomena in Breton and Basque and the fact that these phenomena are often masked -that is, demonstrably present but not overtly detectable -- have also convinced me that finiteness features (Tense and Agreement) are subject to the same violable interface alignment constraints as clitics.
	www.cog.jhu.edu /faculty/legendre (2925 words)

	► » Portuguese & Italian: Definite articles & possessive pronouns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Portuguese & Italian: Definite articles & possessive pronouns
		pronouns, with the remarkable exception of close familiar relationships,
		pronoun when the name needs to be qualified by something that follows it, or
	www.science-chat.org /detail-509374.html (1143 words)

	untitled1.html
		Demonstrative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, and contractions with prepositions.
		Project/Writing Requirement: May be fulfilled by 5 compositions in Portuguese or one 2000 word project written in English on a topic related to Luso-Brazilian- African culture.
		It is appropriate to use this text in recognition of the large population of Valley residents having family origins in the Azores and Madeira Islands which are autonomous regions of Portugal.
	zimmer.csufresno.edu /~davidro/port1b.htm (871 words)

	Animacy, Respect and Salience in Surinamese Creoles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Standard English offers both a syntactic role (first NP after the verb) or post-position (to+ NP postposed) as markers of the dative, and Portuguese preposed pronouns to appear in IO O order while nominal indirect objects are generally marked prepositionally with "a" or "para").
		By contrast, animals who are starting out a notch under people in the animacy hierarchy get bumped up to the "people" slot, grammatically--and conceptually-- speaking, when the o determiner is used.
		As I have not had the opportunity to research the history of this construction in BP, I can not say definitively whether it is in any way related to the SM data.
	www.enformy.com /dma-anim.htm (4795 words)

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