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Topic: Positive freedom

Related Topics

Positive liberty

Negative freedom

Negative liberty

Freedom (political)

Two Concepts of Liberty

Harm principle

John Stuart Mill

Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism (book)

	Positive and Negative Liberty
		While theorists of negative freedom are primarily interested in the degree to which individuals or groups suffer interference from external bodies, theorists of positive freedom are more attentive to the internal factors affecting the degree to which individuals or groups act autonomously.
		Positive liberty consists, they say, in exactly this growth of the individual: the free individual is one that develops, determines and changes her own desires and interests autonomously and from within.
		The dichotomy between ‘freedom from’ and ‘freedom to’ is therefore a false one, and it is misleading say that those who see the driver as free employ a negative concept and those who see the driver as unfree employ a positive one.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/liberty-positive-negative (6639 words)

	Positive freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Positive liberty, an idea that was first expressed and analyzed as a separate form of liberty by Isaiah Berlin, refers to the ability toact to fulfill one's own potential, as opposed to negativeliberty, which refers to freedom from the interference of others in one's affairs.
		Berlin argued that the concept of positive liberty could lead to a situationwhere the state forced upon people a certain way of life, because the state judged thatit was the most rational course of action, and therefore, was what a person should desire, whether or not peopleactually did desire it.
		Positive liberty can also be seen as the ability to participate in the process of government, though this idea isalso open to criticism, since minorities may (for example) have as much right to vote as anyone else, and therefore have thispositive liberty.
	www.therfcc.org /positive-freedom-4327.html (419 words)

	Democracy, Metaphors and Freedom: Teaching American Government
		Under this definition of freedom, one is only free if the government puts criminals in jail, ensures clean air and water, maintains a minimum wage and economic safety nets, provides education, etc. Positive freedom thus requires bigger government.
		In social policy, positive freedom requires the government to maintain order and social standards; the government should encourage school prayer, regulate pornography, homosexuality and abortion, and reduce crime.
		While assumption (4) advocates negative freedom, assumption (1) criticizes positive freedom: the masses would regulate private behavior because they are intolerant, and they would regulate economic activity because they are selfish.
	faculty.mckendree.edu /brian_frederking/papers/teach.htm (4861 words)

	20th WCP: What is Freedom?
		Further, freedom in a practical sense as independence of the arbitrariness from the coercion of urges through sensuality, or in the Critique of Practical Reason where freedom is seen in speculative as well as practical uses.
		Freedom appears as the opposite of necessity, as freedom of action, as freedom of will, as practical freedom, as psychological or comparative freedom compared to transcendental freedom, as the ability for pure reason to be practical for itself, as transcendental and absolute freedom.
		Freedom is experienced exactly as freedom and absence of freedom of the individual.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Mode/ModeKoka.htm (2686 words)

	Teens! Use Your Freedom Wisely!
		Positive freedom is liberty to become and to do as we should.
		Consider how a student's freedom to play his stereo loudly in the dormitory conflicts with the rights of other students to study or to rest, or how the freedom of one student to cheat on tests denies all of the other students their right to a fair system of grading.
		Positive freedom, under law and under self-restraint, is outlined in the Declaration of Independence of the United States and in the basic documents of other western countries.
	www.bible.ca /f-teen-freedom.htm (1040 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Fr
		Freedom of trade is precisely freedom of trade and no other freedom because within it the nature of the trade develops unhindered according to the inner rules of its life.
		Freedom of the courts is freedom of the courts if they follow their own inherent laws of right and not those of some other sphere, such as religion.
		Freedom consists in converting the state from an organ superimposed upon society into one completely subordinate to it; and today, too, the forms of state are more free or less free to the extent that they restrict the “freedom of the state”;.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/f/r.htm (2092 words)

	NewsHog: Positive Freedom
		However, there is another kind of freedom, which Baggini describes as "positive freedom".
		I am utterly certain that without these benefits of "positive freedom" I and my parent would have been too busy struggling with life to ever conceive of such a happenstance as my staying in further education.
		They have bought the right's vision of "negative freedom" and swallowed it whole, along with the notion that the Democrats are snobbish elitists who will take away that freedom.
	cernigsnewshog.blogspot.com /2004/11/positive-freedom.html (881 words)

	Iraqi Resistance to Freedom: A Frommian Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The desire to escape freedom, the fear of alienation and powerlessness, the pressure and expectation of conformity, the suppression of individuality, and the loss of the unique self are all noted within the modern democratic society.
		“Positive freedom consists in the spontaneous activity of the total, integrated personality.”67 In equating positive freedom to spontaneous activity, Fromm claimed that the only allowable spontaneous activity in modern society is that which is recognized as successful.
		Positive freedom must include the empowerment of individuals to contribute to the society in which they reside.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/976669/posts (5037 words)

	Positive Freedom vs Classic Freedom - Asylum Forums
		Yes, a few men must consider that their freedom had been curtailled but vastly more people would now be free to do things that hitherto they had been unable to do.
		The initial authority on the positive vs. negative freedom debate is Jean-Jacques Rousseau; the debate has evolved through Marxist theory and reached its modern incarnation in the era of Communitarian and Third Way thought.
		It was only in the 16th and 17th century that the notion of liberty and freedom became a general condiiton that ought to be shared equally amongst all citizens of a state.
	www.asylumnation.com /asylum/_r/showthread/threadid_30004/index.html (2178 words)

	Three Concepts of Political Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Freedom consists, not in the presence of self-mastery and not in the absence of interference by others but in the absence of mastery by others: in the absence, as I prefer to put it, of domination.
		Freedom is … a Liberty to dispose, and order, as he lists, his Person, Actions, Possessions, and his whole Property, within the Allowance of those Laws under which he is; and therein not to be subject to the arbitrary Will of another, but freely to follow his own.
		Freedom is one of the goods that agents typically value, and their freedom may be gauged by their ability to achieve that goal.
	www.acton.org /publicat/m_and_m/2003_spring/swan.html (10078 words)

	Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy
		Personal (or individual) autonomy should also be distinguished from “freedom”, although again, there are many renderings of these concepts, and certainly some conceptions of positive freedom will be equivalent to what is often meant by autonomy (Berlin 1969, 131-34).
		Freedom means lacking barriers to our action that are in any way external to our will, though it also requires that we utilize a law to guide our decisions, a law that can come to us only by an act of our own will (for further discussion see Hill 1989).
		Such a position, however, may draw criticism to the extent that the conception of autonomy at its center is too narrowly drawn and hence exclusionary or denigrating regarding certain persons, groups, or cultures.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/autonomy-moral (10969 words)

	Sen's Ethic of Positive Freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the case of freedom from coercion, the same can be said: one can be a slave, constantly subject to the whims of an overseer, or one can have maximum available freedom from coercion by one's fellow humans in their private or governmental capacities.
		To understand the distinction between substantial freedom and well-being, consider the difference between a person like Gandhi who fasts, that is, deliberately goes without food, in order to witness to an ethical position that might otherwise be ignored and a person who is starving because she lacks the opportunity to get food.
		To say that freedom is constitutive of development is to say that the use of freedom is part of what well-being is. Sen has in mind chiefly rights to active political participation, at the local and higher levels, in determining the shape of one's social and economic environment.
	www.wku.edu /~jan.garrett/senethic.htm (1872 words)

	Do Americans Still Value Freedom? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Two of them, freedom of speech and worship, are "negative" rights that simply require the government and your fellow citizens to leave you alone.
		Your freedom to speak your mind or worship as you please does not deprive others of their right to do the same.
		For example, part of the "positive" freedom from want might mean that government must provide a house to those who can't afford one.
	www.cato.org /cgi-bin/scripts/printtech.cgi/dailys/07-04-01.html (730 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Julian Baggini: Why the left has gained a US accent
		Freedom only becomes real if people are empowered to make choices for themselves, and they may need the help of others to do so.
		For positive freedom to be maximised, you need the presence of others and a supportive state.
		But what is alarming is how we now seem to instinctively rally to the defence of negative freedom when it is seen as under attack, and be suspicious of measures that are premised on the need to increase positive freedom.
	www.guardian.co.uk /g2/story/0,3604,1363264,00.html (1388 words)

	G.W.F. Hegel -- Social and Political Thought [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Moreover, this consciousness is given acknowledgement of its freedom through the submission and dependence of the other, which turns out paradoxically to be a deficient recognition in that the dominant one fails to see a reflection of itself in the subservient one.
		Also, he defines freedom not in terms of contingency or lack of determination, as is popular, but rather as the "truth of necessity," i.e., freedom presupposes necessity in the sense that reciprocal action and reaction provide a structure for free action, e.g., a necessary relation between crime and punishment.
		The "negative self-relation" of this freedom involves the subordination of the natural instincts, impulses, and desires to conscious reflection and to goals and purposes that are consciously chosen and that require commitment to rational principles in order to properly guide action.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/h/hegelsoc.htm (14441 words)

	Escape from freedom
		Positive freedom on the other hand is identical with the full realization of the individual's potentialities, together with his ability to live actively and spontaneously."
		'Freedom from' is not identical with positive freedom, with 'freedom to'.
		By one course he can progress to 'positive freedom'; he can relate himself spontaneously to the world in love and work, in the genuine expression of his emotional, sensuous, and intellectual capacities...
	www.alternativeinsight.com /Escape_from_freedom.html (1793 words)

	Positive & Negative Liberties in Three Dimensions
		Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) is often credited with originating the idea of negative freedom and of "civil society" (as opposed to "political society"), which is then that sphere of action free of government control in which citizens actually exercise their negative freedom.
		The problem with "welfare rights" as positive "liberties" is that, while they might enable the beneficiary to do what he wants, they must be applied by the threat or the use of force against the freedom and/or property of others.
		Positive "welfare rights" thus are no different from positive liberties that correspond to political power in general, and they may be assimilated to that in our consideration.
	www.friesian.com /quiz.htm (6447 words)

	[No title]
		Freedom first, but profanity is prohibited & board spammers may be sued.
		FREEDOM would be to allow "every" religious view point on their respective fairy tales of how they believe world was started to be put into our schools...or none at all..
		This includes freedom of speech, press, association etc. In the conversation we are having opportunity does not give or equal freedom, it has nothing to do with it.
	www.perspectives.com /forums/forum4/54920-3.html (4209 words)

	Is Access a Positive Freedom? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		For example, illiteracy is an unfreedom—not just the lack of freedom to read, but also the curtailment of all other freedoms that are conditional on communication requiring reading and writing.
		The question is one of fairness and the role of government in ensuring positive freedom to all of its citizens.
		Her simple solution was to purchase a laptop for each of the administrator's use for six months, and then once they had become comfortable with the technology and used it extensively, she took them back.
	infoeagle.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/law/st_org/iptf/commentary/content/1999060402.html (5194 words)

	CMC Magazine January 1996: A Plea for Understanding--Beyond False Dilemmas on the Net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In contrast to negative freedom, positive freedom stresses the capacity of the individual to develop his or her own goals of action, and thereby to establish the most appropriate means of achieving those goals.
		As a simple example of positive freedom: we are freer to undertake our driving projects (get to school and work, go out with friends, pick up the kids, etc., as choices made out of positive freedom) in an environment of agreed-upon rules and regulations (as means of making driving behavior orderly, predictable, and safe).
		Negative freedom could only prescribe an environment of no rules and regulations--not an especially promising or inviting environment, especially when populated by automobiles.
	www.december.com /cmc/mag/1996/jan/ess2apos.html (230 words)

	The Meaning Of Freedom (report) (10-00) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the case of religions freedom, this means freedom from government support and intermeddling in our religious affairs.
		Even if you, like me, are voting for a man who, like me, thinks Freedom From Religion is the American way, you might like this short essay written as part of Cranston's thesis at Oxford and first published in 1953.
		I say this in case someone tries to redefine atheism or religious freedom in a way that would prevent atheism from being covered under religious freedom.
	www.positiveatheism.org /mail/eml9339.htm (187 words)

	Russian Philosophy [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Another figure to emerge in the late 1870s and 1880s was the neo-Leibnizian A. Kozlov (1831- 1901), who taught at Kiev University and who called his highly developed metaphysical stance "panpsychism." As part of this stance, he, in contrast to Hume, argued for the substantial unity of the Self or I, which makes experience possible.
		In his two-volume magnum opus Polozhitel'nye zadachi filosofii (The Positive Tasks of Philosophy), L. Lopatin (1855-1920), who taught at Moscow University, defended the possibility of metaphysical knowledge, claiming that empirical knowledge is limited to appearances, whereas metaphysics yields knowledge of the true nature of things.
		After the accession of L. Brezhnev to the position of General Secretary and particularly after the events that curtailed the Prague Spring in 1968 all signs of independent philosophizing beat a speedy retreat.
	www.iep.utm.edu /r/russian.htm (10378 words)

	British Idealist Studies
		By seeing the thinker as a ‘sceptical idealist’ posing a serious challenge to the intellectual positions informed by the Enlightenment, this book attempts to resolve some of the issues debated by Oakeshott scholars.
		Green and his colleagues developed a philosophy that rejected the atomistic individualism and empiricist assumptions that underpinned classical liberalism and helped to found a new political ideology based around four notions: the common good; a positive view of freedom; equality of opportunity; and an expanded role for the state.
		It follows that Green’s conception of positive and negative freedom, and his vision of political obligation, stemmed from his effort to revive the Puritan heritage rather than from an ambiguous flirtation with idealism.
	www.imprint.co.uk /idealists/jcsmainframe.html (2587 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Books \| Review \| February 26 2005
		John Sergeant's study of Maggie loses its focus, says Tristram Hunt.
		Ben Wemde's introduction to a neglected political philosopher, TH Green's Theory of Positive Freedom, is essential reading, says Roy Hattersley.
		From Daniel Maclise to Wilde, Yeats and Shaw, Irish artists and writers took Victorian London by storm - and transformed 20th-century English culture.
	books.guardian.co.uk /review/index/0,12088,1425606,00.html (693 words)

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