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| | Crisis of the Modern Welfare State |
 | | We could say, for example, that it is the outcome of a three-stage development during the last one hundred years, beginning with the stage of individual relief graded according to genuine needs, passing through public social insurance, and ending up in today's stage of universal, all encompassing security. |
 | | It is that the first stage was one of assistance and was designed to be self-liquidating as soon as possible; this was followed by the idea that government help should become a permanent institution, though a selective one, to be drawn upon only in well-defined cases. |
 | | In the old days, public assistance was, as we noted, intended as a subsidiary and temporary substitute for people's own provision for themselves and as such was meant to safeguard only a certain minimum; nowadays, public services are increasingly becoming the rule, often with the hardly veiled intention of meeting maximal or, indeed, luxury standards. |
| www.house.gov /jec/classics/ropke.htm (8848 words) |
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