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Topic: Post hoc

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	Post hoc ergo propter hoc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Post hoc ergo propter hoc is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this." It is often shortened to simply post hoc.
		Post hoc, also known as "coincidental correlation" or "false cause," is a logical fallacy which assumes or asserts that if one event happens after another, then the first must be the cause of the second.
		Post hoc is an example of affirming the consequent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Post_hoc (307 words)

	post hoc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Post hoc, also known as coincidental correlation, is a logical fallacy which assumes, or asserts, that if one thing happens after another, the first must be the cause of the second.
		Post hoc is from the Latin for "after this"; the long form of the phrase is post hoc ergo propter hoc, "after this, therefore because of this."
		Post hoc reasoning is related to magical thinking, connecting two things that have no actual or logical connection, as well as correlation implies causation (logical fallacy).
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /post_hoc.html (314 words)

	Logical Fallacy: Post Hoc
		The Post Hoc Fallacy is committed whenever one reasons to a causal conclusion based solely on the supposed cause preceding its "effect".
		Thus, post hoc evidence may suggest the hypothesis of a causal relationship, which then requires further testing, but it is never sufficient evidence on its own.
		Superstition and magical thinking include Post Hoc thinking; for instance, when a sick person is treated by a witch doctor, or a faith healer, and becomes better afterward, superstitious people conclude that the spell or prayer was effective.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /posthocf.html (754 words)

	Post hoc tests
		The most widely used post hoc test in Psychology and the behavioural sciences is Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference or HSD test.
		There are many types of post hoc tests all based on different assumptions and for different purposes.
		Post hoc tests can only be used when the 'omnibus' ANOVA found a significant effect.
	www.une.edu.au /WebStat/unit_materials/c7_anova/oneway_post_hoc.htm (234 words)

	Post hoc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Post hoc, also known as coincidental correlation, is a logical fallacy which assumes, or asserts, that if one thing happens after another, the first must bethe cause of the second.
		Post hoc is from the Latin for "after this"; the long form of the phrase is post hoc ergo propterhoc, "after this, therefore because of this."
		Post hoc reasoning is related to magical thinking, connectingtwo things that have no actual or logical connection, as well as correlationimplies causation (logical fallacy).
	www.therfcc.org /post-hoc-30839.html (259 words)

	Post hoc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There is no evidence that the games caused their behavior to change.) Post hoc reasoning is related to magical thinking, connecting two things that have no actual or logical connection, as well as correlation implies causation (logical fallacy).
		A-POST A multi-post tool to post an ad to many message boards at the same time.
		Post Colonial Literature Bibliography Notes more than 500 primary and secondary sources; includes sections on general works, empires, regions, post-colonial feminist approaches, post-colonialism and post-modernity, and Orientalism.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Post_hoc.html (469 words)

	Stats: Post hoc power
		The one approach to post hoc power that is somewhat defensible is an update of your a priori power calculation.
		When the p-value is large enough to accept the null hypothesis, you notice a small post hoc power, and congratulate yourself on studying an area that merits further research, if only someone would give you a big fat research grant.
		Never will a post hoc power based on observed effects tell you that a negative finding is truly negative.
	www.childrens-mercy.org /stats/size/posthoc.asp (581 words)

	Post hoc ergo propter hoc -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Post hoc, also known as "coincidental correlation," is a (A fallacy in logical argumentation) logical fallacy which assumes or asserts that if one event happens after another, then the first must be the cause of the second.
		Post hoc is an example of (Click link for more info and facts about affirming the consequent) affirming the consequent.
		Post hoc reasoning is related to the logical fallacy " (Click link for more info and facts about correlation implies causation) correlation implies causation (cum hoc ergo propter hoc)."
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc.htm (314 words)

	Post hoc tests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Post hoc tests need to be undertaken after ANOVAs, whenever one or more of the significant factors entails more than two categories or levels.
		First, some researchers argue that many of the post hoc tests are not applicable to within-subject designs.
		In other words, post hoc tests must be undertaken for males and females separately.
	www.med.monash.edu.au /psych/research/rda/Post%20hoc%20tests.htm (2554 words)

	Post Hoc
		In the case of the Post Hoc fallacy, that leap is to a causal claim instead of a general proposition.
		Post Hoc fallacies are typically committed because people are simply not careful enough when they reason.
		Because Post Hoc fallacies are committed by drawing an unjustified causal conclusion, the key to avoiding them is careful investigation.
	www.hebrew4christians.com /Clear_Thinking/Informal_Fallacies/Post_Hoc/post_hoc.html (671 words)

	GraphPad QuickCalcs: Post test calculator
		If your post test compare two sets of subjects at one time, then the situation is trickier.
		For that post test, the fact that you also measured the same subjects at other times is irrelevant.
		If you are running post tests at every dose along a dose-response curve, or every time point along a kinetic curve, think hard about what you really want to know.
	graphpad.com /quickcalcs/posttest1.cfm (311 words)

	POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		post hoc, ergo propter hoc (lat.: danach, aus diesem Grunde) auch: post hoc, hoc non est propter hoc - bezeichnet einen logischen Fehler, der durch einen Verstoß gegen den Satz vom zureichenden Grund im Prozess des induktiven Schließens hervorgerufen wird.
		Mit anderen Worten schärfer gefasst: Wenn man eine bestimmte Aufeinanderfolge von Erscheinungen hervorrufen und begründen kann, dann ist dies gleich zu setzen mit einem Beweis ihres notwendigen Kausalzusammenhangs.
		Der Trugschluss des post hoc, ergo propter hoc stellt einen Sonderfall des Trugschlusses non causa pro causa dar.
	www.toonorama.com /encyclopedia/P/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc (512 words)

	Post Hoc Reasoning in Possible Cases of Child Sexual Abuse
		It describes the logical conditions that must be met in order to engage validly in post hoc reasoning from present symptoms experienced by a child to the conclusion that the child has or has not been sexually abused.
		In addition, the practical problems of using Bayes' Theorem to inform jurors in suspected cases of CSA are described, and an actuarial model of post hoc reasoning is proposed.
		Given the gaps in knowledge concerning the relevant probabilities and thus the differential probabilities of symptom/abuse versus symptom/no abuse, it is argued that it is not possible currently to reason from symptom observation at Time2 to abuse status at Time1.
	www.ipce.info /newsletters/e_18/post_hoc.htm (189 words)

	Michael Davidson: Post Hoc
		"Post hoc ergo propter hoc" ("after this, therefore because of this") is interrogated through poems that are often followed by commentaries, footnotes and addenda.
		By creating a poetry that denies simple causality yet which depends on sequence, Post Hoc attempts to gain a critical perspective on the current period while living within its (often paradoxical) terms.
		Post Hoc is like an axplosion in a logic factory.
	www.durationpress.com /avenueb/posthoc.htm (331 words)

	Post Hoc, Ergo Propter
		Post hoc, propter hoc - "after the fact, therefore because of the fact"
		This fallacy not only shows up in fairly common, every-day examples from popular culture, advertising, campaign rhetoric, etc. - as some of the later examples suggest, this fallacy raises serious questions in the philosophy of science concerning empirical evidence as "proof" of hypothetical causal relationships.
		As the average ACT of Drury students goes up, the percentage of students who join a Greek organization goes down.
	www.drury.edu /ess/Logic/Informal/Post_Hoc__Ergo_Propter.html (758 words)

	Post hoc analysis
		The main thing to remember is that when examining a significant interaction with post hoc tests, it is actually the individual cell means that are being compared.
		In a 2 X 3 ANOVA, there are six cell means to be compared, etc. The number of means being compared is important for determining the q-value in the HSD formula.
		Also note that textbooks differ on the best approach to take in regard to post hoc tests and which post hoc test is most suitable for a between groups design versus a repeated measures design and what to do when assumptions are violated.
	www.une.edu.au /WebStat/unit_materials/c7_anova/twoway_post_hoc.htm (361 words)

	Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The argument offers an explanation that confuses co-occurrence with causality based on a temporal ordering of the events: A comes before B, so A causes B. In fact, the temporal ordering of the two events is likely to have been merely coincidental, or the result of some further causal factor.
		The phrase "post hoc ergo propter hoc" is a Latin phrase that means "after this, therefore because of this."
		If the fallacy of Post Hoc is to count as a fallacy, it cannot be only because the hypothesis later turns out to be wrong.
	www.cuyamaca.net /bruce.thompson/Fallacies/posthoc.asp (426 words)

	IPTAblog: Post-hoc Parody
		The four factor parody inquiry is essentially an objective one because it utilizes this post hoc reasoning - the best stuff your attorney can come up with after the fact.
		But actually this appears to be an attempt to get at a very subjective question: just what was the author thinking when doing the work, even if the thoughts were in the background or subconscious.
		It is clear that the analysis must be post hoc and objective for a variety of reasons including evidentiary and free speech reasons.
	www.iptablog.org /2004/07/29/posthoc_parody.html (667 words)

	Directory of open access journals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The post hoc exercise was carried out as focus groups of international researchers in the field of quality improvement in health care.
		The post hoc survey was done by telephone interviews with physicians allocated to the experimental group of a randomised trial of our multifaceted intervention.
		Neither the post hoc focus groups nor the post hoc survey revealed important barriers or interventions that we had not considered or included in our tailored intervention.
	www.doaj.org /abstract?id=101633&toc=y (269 words)

	Logical Fallacy: Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
		Cum Hoc is the fallacy committed when one jumps to a conclusion about causation based on a correlation between two events, or types of event, which occur simultaneously.
		This type of error is what distinguishes cum hoc from its better known sibling post hoc.
		In a post hoc fallacy, the supposed cause temporally precedes the alleged effect, so there is no possibility that the causal relationship is the reverse.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /cumhocfa.html (513 words)

	De Clarke's Personal Opinion (isn't bisque beautiful?)
		Scientists are trained to treat post hoc results with extreme skepticism, considering every possible alternative explanation (and devising clever control cases) in an attempt to avoid false perception of cause where there is only sequence.
		This weakens even the classic post hoc fallacy, since there is not a clearly demarcated "before and after" pattern in the data.
		To the student of classical logic, the use of juvenile road fatality data to "prove" that helmets are effective in reducing cycling fatalities is a perfect illustration of post hoc ergo propter hoc in daily life.
	www.ucolick.org /~de/AltTrans/posthoc.html (2845 words)

	ESGS Logical Fallacies
		The Post Hoc fallacy derives its name from the Latin phrase "Post hoc, ergo propter hoc." This has been traditionally interpreted as "After this, therefore because of this." This fallacy is committed when it is concluded that one event causes another simply because the proposed cause occurred before the proposed effect.
		The key to the Post Hoc fallacy is not that there is no causal connection between e1 and e2.
		Thus, Post Hoc resembles a Hasty Generalization in that it involves making a leap to an unwarranted conclusion.
	www.esgs.org /fr/log41.htm (907 words)

	JustOneMinute: Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
		Post hoc, ergo propter hoc - I am going to name my next child, or at least, one of the members of the next litter of kittens, after Ed Kilgore.
		Your post makes sense only if you ascribe to Krugman's work a meaning of ushered that is not in any dictionary.
		A look at the context, which was missing in your original post, suggests that the led or preceded meaning is the correct one since Krugman is addresing claims that higher taxes will be followed by low growth.
	justoneminute.typepad.com /main/2005/03/post_hoc_ergo_p.html (4831 words)

	The Washington Monthly
		Posted by: Cranky Observer on February 13, 2005 at 2:39 PM
		Posted by: Cranky Observer on February 13, 2005 at 3:22 PM
		When someone finally pointed this out, it meant that privatizers could no longer rely on their usual lazy (but credible sounding!) explanation that stock returns for the past 75 years had been around 7% and it was therefore reasonable to use those same returns going forward.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /archives/individual/2005_02/005647.php (11930 words)

	Post hoc ergo propter hoc - definition erklärung bedeutung glossar zu Post hoc ergo propter hoc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Post hoc ergo propter hoc - definition erklärung bedeutung glossar zu Post hoc ergo propter hoc
		Seite verfügbar, der Post hoc ergo propter hoc Artikel kann
		[ Post hoc ergo propter hoc - definition - erklärung - bedeutung - glossar - Impressum ]
	www.adlexikon.de /Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc.shtml (618 words)

	Mission: Critical (Post Hoc Fallacy)
		In the first case, the apparent cause (striking the flint with iron) occurs before the apparent effect (the spark), as is true in both causation and post hoc reasoning.
		And it remains a post hoc fallacy even if we consider a psychological explanation: like Dumbo's feather, Alison's headband gives her confidence, and that confidence enables her to win.
		Notice that many superstitions are post hoc fallacies, and are often phrased so vaguely that they will almost inevitably be fulfilled in the normal course of events.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/adhom/posthoc.html (1594 words)

	Post hoc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A noncontroversial example is "I just washed car so of course it began to Rain is not caused by car-washing but car owner connects the two events.
		Post hoc reasoning is related to magical thinking connecting two things that have no or logical connection as well as correlation implies causation (logical fallacy).
		A list of post hoc reasoning in the media (http://cr.yp.to/postpropter.html)
	www.freeglossary.com /Post_hoc (359 words)

	Centerfield: *Post hoc, ergo propter hoc*
		So, under post hoc, we can say that political shenanigans led to fructose use which in turn led to wide-spread (snicker) obesity.
		My favorite post hoc fallacy lately is that the war in Iraq has caused the terrorists to hate us and may incite them to attack us.
		I also studied statistics in grad school and do remember that the post hoc fallacy is one of the 3 major statistical misunderstandings of the average person.
	www.centristcoalition.com /blog/archives/000415.html (664 words)

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