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History of post-Soviet Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In August 2000, the Soviet submarine Kursk suffered an explosion, causing the submarine to sink in the shallow area of the Barents Sea. As the Soviet system was being dismantled, well-placed bosses and technocrats in the Communist Party, the KGB, and the Komsomol (Soviet Youth League) were cashing in on their Soviet-era power and privileges. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union devoted a quarter of its gross economic output to the defense sector (at the time most Western analysts believed that this figure was 15 percent). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_post-communist_Russia

Dispatch From Kazakhstan - Who am I? Russian identity in post-Soviet Kazakhstan. By Jessica P. Hayden During Soviet rule, the Russians comprised more than half of the population in Kazakhstan, exiled by Stalin during the 1950s and '60s mass migration under the "Virgin Lands" campaign, when Russians were encouraged to cultivate northern Kazakhstan's pastures. Soviet policy emanated from the Kremlin, and while a Kazakh headed the local Communist Party, Moscow was firmly in charge. No longer supported by Soviet subsidies, the social services that were once readily available came to a screeching halt—schools couldn't pay their teachers, roads and buildings deteriorated, and runaway inflation plagued the economy. slate.msn.com /id/2103946

Kim German.Korean Diaspora in post-Soviet Central Asia It should be noted that among the Soviet Koreans there was a small group of former citizens of the PDRK who had stayed in the Soviet Union upon graduating universities or after post graduate courses or contract work or those who had crossed the border. In the past, both in the academic literature and the vernacular, the term "Soviet Koreans" was used to refer to all Koreans living in the "unified and everlasting Union". The third group of Soviet Koreans consists from the former citizens of the DPRK who came to the Soviet Union for university studies or contract work, and did not return home. world.lib.ru /k/kim_o_i/koreandiasporartf.shtml

186166.txt This section begins with a history of the shadow economy and privatization during the late Soviet years and in post-Soviet Ukraine, and then moves to an analysis of organized crime and patterns of corruption in independent Ukraine. Subsequent Soviet leaders expanded the role of the Procuracy in public affairs, partly to counter the secret police in succession struggles, but also to develop "socialist legality." Shoring up public confidence in the state and ensuring greater predictability in economic relations were important regime goals, and the Procuracy played a critical role in their achievement. That year represented the beginning of the end of the Soviet economy, the year when suppressed inflation led to a shortage of goods in the main economy, as the bulk of goods were produced in and distributed through the shadow economy. www.ncjrs.org /txtfiles1/nij/186166.txt

In Defense of the Russian Revolution: A Reply to the Post-Soviet School of Historical Falsification In The Soviet Tragedy, Martin Malia proclaims that the collapse of the Soviet Union arose inexorably from the socialist aspirations of the Russian Revolution. But his general identification of the Soviet Union with socialism is central to his thesis that the end of the USSR, and with it, the close of the "short" twentieth century, represents the end of socialism itself. The demise of the Soviet Union, which was, in reality, only the final chapter in the decades-long betrayal of the Russian and international working class by the Stalinist regime, has contributed mightily to the disillusionment and disorientation of the working class. www.wsws.org /history/1995/apr1995/idrr.shtml

IGCC Policy Paper 29 Like in all Soviet successor states, the bureaucratic legacies of the centrally planned system include the parallel existence of numerous ministries, state committees, and departments, let alone an abundance of parliamentary committees, monitoring networks, detailed environmental and public health norms, and research institutes. The Soviet period saw an acceleration and an intensification of processes which began during the colonial period. In 1988, the Soviet government conducted a series of tests of the public water supply. www-igcc.ucsd.edu /publications/policy_papers/pp2905.html

Some Soviet and Post-Soviet National and Linguistic Problems in the Slavic Republics (States):Russia, Ukraine, Belorus Soviet national policy was aimed at giving the leading nationalities within their governmental frameworks the feeling that the people who made the decisions belonged to their own ethnic group. All Soviet Union citizens lived by Radio Moscow, though officially it was not the national Radio of Russia, and in the length and breadth of the Soviet Union, pupils studied Russian history as their very own. In these territorial units, Soviet policy was designed to encourage the languages and cultures of local ethnic groups on the one hand and, on the other hand, to subjugate them to the interests of the Soviet state. src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp /sympo/97summer/alt.html

Russian Peace-keeping Forces in the Post-Soviet Area The participation of Soviet officers in UN operations as observers did not contradict this approach, since international organizations were assigned the role of a force ‘containing imperialist states and their aggressive aspirations’. Soviet military units which mostly declared allegiance to Russia had difficulty moving into Russia and, in the process, often lost their equipment and arms. In addition to the united armed forces subordinated to the President of the Soviet Union, and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, the Kremlin had at its disposal the armed forces of the Ministry of Interior which were especially trained for the suppression of internal disorder. www.memo.ru /hr/hotpoints/peace/peacekeep.htm

Soviet and Post-Soviet Area Studies By contrast, the intellectual agenda in both Soviet and post-Soviet studies and the disciplinary distribution of specialists have undergone significant modifications during the past decade. The focus of the inquiry is Soviet and post-Soviet area studies in the United States. Victoria E. Bonnell and George W. Breslauer, "Soviet and Post-Soviet Area Studies" (December 1, 1998). repositories.cdlib.org /iseees/bps/1998_03-bonn

List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union The post of General Secretary was created in April 1922 but did not come to signify the party leader or leader of the country until after Stalin won the struggle with Trotsky to succeed Lenin. Theoretically it was the highest position, since the Supreme Soviet was an interim organ of the Congress of Soviets, the latter being the supreme power of people, according to the Constitution of the Soviet Union. The " Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet " was the equivalent of President of the state while " Chairman of the Council of Ministers " and "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars" were equivalent to Premier or Prime Minister. q-basic.xodox.de /Leaders_of_post-Soviet_independent_states

Post-Soviet Media Law & Policy Newsletter It covered a wide range of issues, including developing media policy and press laws, censorship, defamation, privatization and the closure of media outlets, and foreign investment in media and telecommunications in the region. www.vii.org /monroe

CRS, Vol. 1, nr. 1, Georgia in the Post-Soviet Space Small countries of the post-Soviet space found themselves in a catastrophic situation, due to their limited resource base and highly specialised, undiversified economy. The collapse of the Soviet Union was followed by the series of intercon-nected political, economic, social, military, ethnic and psychological traumas. Disintegrational forces are supported by the new political and economic conditions in the former Soviet Union, by Russian military and political pressure that creates a negative reaction among Georgia's population and the lack of desire or the incapability of Russian business to deal with Georgia. poli.vub.ac.be /publi/crs/eng/0101-07.htm

Action for Post Soviet Jewry Action for Post-Soviet Jewry, Inc. (APSJ) is a private, non-profit, human rights organization dedicated to helping Jews in the former Soviet Union (FSU) as well as participating in general human rights work and humanitarian aid projects. APSJ was founded in 1975 in response to the struggle of Jews in the Soviet Union to emigrate and to live freely as Jews. We are a member organization of the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews (UCSJ) based in Washington, DC, and we are a constituent agency of the Jewish Community Relations Council of Greater Boston (JCRC). www.jcrcboston.org /action.htm

Cuba's Post-Soviet Socialism - Mises Institute Despite the global changes since the breakdown of the Soviet Union, Cuba’s leadership continues to bank on a centrally planned economy as a viable way into the future and to maintain that it is not the inefficiency of the socialist system but primarily the U.S.-American blockade that is the prime culprit behind Cuba's economic problems. Since the breakdown of the Soviet Union, and with the maintenance of the embargo, it is now the Cuban people who suffer most from the sanctions. After the end of Soviet subsidies, the government initiated a series of reform measures, such as opening the economy to foreign investment, establishing free-trade zones, fostering tourism, reorganizing companies, and legalizing the possession of the U.S. dollar. www.mises.org /fullstory.asp?control=956&FS=Cuba%27s+Post%2DSoviet+Socialism

0814.html Even five years ago, most of the former Soviet republics were still sufficiently integrated that difficulties in the largest of them would inevitably have a large and immediate impact on all the others. Nearly seven years after the Soviet Union collapsed, all too many in the West continue to refer to the countries there as "new independent states" and to think about the region as a single whole rather than as 12 new countries and the three restored Baltic States. The Myrhorod airfield is the base for Ukraine's largest group of SU-27 fighters, which protect the country's air space. www.infoukes.com /rfe-ukraine/1998/0814.html

Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis - The Region - The Challenge of Economic Literacy in Post-Soviet Countries ( December 1998) Absent a coherent and overarching philosophy to replace the Soviet ideology, educational reform in these nations is driven by a curious combination of reformist vision, sober pragmatism, old-style politics and ongoing budgetary crises. For 70 years, education in the vast Soviet empire was driven by ideology and served the interests of the state. In support of the development of good Soviet citizens, values such as loyalty, hard work and respect for learning were inculcated in students; skills such as critical thinking and decision making were not promoted. minneapolisfed.org /pubs/region/98-12/elder.cfm

Cambridge Russian, Soviet & Post-Soviet Studies - Cambridge University Press Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, under the auspices of Cambridge University Press and the British Association for Slavonic and East European Studies (BASEES), promotes the publication of works presenting substantial and original research on the economics, politics, sociology and modern history of Russia, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Cambridge Russian, Soviet & Post-Soviet Studies - Cambridge University Press A history of Soviet education policy 1921—34, this is a sequel to the author’s highly praised Commissariat of Enlightenment. www.cambridge.org /uk/browse/browse_highlights.asp?subjectid=1011015

97-98\html\public_html\journal\nihilo_issue1\russia In the Soviet Union, the Communist party particularly manipulated the sphere of organizations for children to the extent that Russian “society’s” conceptions of responsibilities to its youth was that of the State and its perceived responsibility: to indoctrinate young Soviet citizens with Communist beliefs. Two tendencies link the Soviet period to the present period concerning children’s organizations: the contrast between the philosophies of child development (and the goals as defined by Party officials) and their implementation, and the contrast between the seriousness of such goals and the material reality. The dissolution of the Soviet Union and subsequent economic crisis after 1991 resulted in the closing of almost all Palaces for children, the end of Pioneer activity in schools, and the halting or forced closing of the few other clubs which existed. www.gwu.edu /~uhpwww/journal/nihilo_issue1/russia.htm

GEOG 204 Post Soviet State This term, the class on the post soviet states focuses on the rise and fall of the Soviet State. GEOG 204 Geography of the Post Soviet States The last four weeks will treat the following subjects: the fall of the Soviet State and analyze why it happened; problems in privatization and democratization; severe environmental issues of regional and global significance; whither the regions. www.uoregon.edu /~reesc/geog204.postsoviet.htm

Matonyte, Irmina: Elites in Soviet and post-Soviet societies He examined the background of the post- soviet Baltic elite (in the parliament, bureaucracy, state and private enterprises, political parties, municipalities and academia) and found a high degree of elite continuity. Soviet nomenclature of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia (1953- 1990). Quotations from the abstract "Soviet nomenclature of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia (1953- 1990). www.anthrobase.com /Txt/M/Matonyte_I_01.htm

IN WHAT SENSE IS MODERN RUSSIAN 'POST-SOVIET' The rigorous policing of language may seem typically Soviet, and it accords well with the extreme caution and exaggerated concern for seemliness and decorum which characterised cultural life in the Stalin and post-Stalin periods. There is, however, one aspect of stylistic liberalisation which can almost unambiguously be considered post-Soviet. It is generally known that in Soviet times all public language, which means effectively everything that was printed and all formal spoken language (for example in political speeches or the broadcast media) was kept within fairly narrow stylistic bounds. www.arts.gla.ac.uk /Slavonic/Epicentre/Dunn%20Mod%20Russ%20Seminar%202002.htm

The information analytical centre Dogry Yol Turkmenistan : : What are the religious dimensions of the process of forming a national identity in post-soviet Turkmenistan? History In the 1920s the Soviet leadership proclaimed that non-Russians should be assisted in developing their cultures, which, strangely enough, was not seen as a threat to the real goal to amalgamize the peoples of Russia. The Soviet Union, which in many ways had been treated as a whole, was revealed to the West as a complex multi-faceted society, or maybe closer to the truth -societies. The sudden fall of the iron curtain and the collapse of the communistic states of eastern Europe and the Soviet Union may be remembered as one of the most unexpected and surprising historical events of the last century. www.dogryyol.com /eng/article/723.html

RJ street Poll: How important is Slavic brotherhood for post-Soviet republics? You could call the Soviet Union the "Big Slavic State," and Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians lived rather well in it – in fact, much better than they do today. These three countries were united in ancient times, and during the Soviet years, they cooperated. Nevertheless, I understand that these three states are now independent and won’t ever form a single country because they won’t be able to agree on the fundamental political and economic questions that would come with unification. www.russiajournal.com /fan/russia_4972_5082_news.htm

Kazakstan - Post-Soviet Economic Developments Until 1990, when the whole central planning system collapsed, Kazakstan was part of the Soviet command economy. Even at the time of the 1991 coup that led to independence, 43 percent of the republic's industrial capacity was under Moscow's direct control, 48 percent was under joint republic and union control, and only 8 percent was strictly under republic control. The creation of small, individually managed farms was uncommon because capital, inputs, equipment, and credit were in very short supply for individuals attempting to start agricultural enterprises. www.countrystudies.us /kazakstan/30.htm

WashingtonPost.com: World News Alexander Lukashenko, president of this forlorn former Soviet republic in Eastern Europe, is fighting a quixotic battle to empty the diplomatic quarter of his capital. The impulsive Lukashenko, 43, has emerged as the most confounding leader in the 15 former Soviet republics that have become independent states, with more than their fair share of dictators and despots. One explanation of the diplomatic row is that Lukashenko felt a need to stand up to foreign critics; unlike other leaders of former Soviet states, he gets no invitations from the West for official visits. www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/postsoviet/belarus071198.htm

Soviet post-mortems after Apollo 11 (51180) Soviet post-mortems after Apollo 11 Program: Lunar L3. It was apparent that, compared to the Americans, both the management and the development practices of the Soviet space programme were inferior to the Americans. Politically there was no consensus within the Soviet state of the need for a space programme. www.astronautix.com /details/sov51180.htm

Russia Forges Post-Soviet Economic Union -- 05/26/2004 Nazarbayev also insisted that the creation of the CES would not be detrimental to other post-Soviet bodies. The CES proposal was first tentatively broached at a meeting in February 2003, and last September, leaders of the four major ex-Soviet states pledged to revive the economic union that collapsed with the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. Kazakh President Nazarbayev, whom Putin has credited with first proposing the idea, emphasized this week that the CES would not be closed, and that other former Soviet nations would be encouraged to join. www.cnsnews.com /ForeignBureaus/archive/200405/FOR20040526d.html

Georgian president determined to destroy the 'empire of post-Soviet states' - PRAVDA.Ru Saakashvili refers to post-Soviet states as an “empire,” but it is a separate question to talk about. The president of the “most important republic of the former Soviet Union” did not pay any attention to that aspect, though. Mikhail Saakashvili decided to become the person to destroy the “empire” on the territory of the former Soviet Union. english.pravda.ru /printed.html?news_id=15196

The KGB: "They still need us" thebulletin.org As power was transferred from Gorbachev to Boris Yeltsin on December 19, 1991, however, Yeltsin signed a decree creating the Ministry of Security and Internal Affairs (MBVD), and he appointed a former Soviet interior minister, Gen. Viktor Barannikov, to head it. In January 1992, when a constitutional court declared this decree unconstitutional, Yeltsin removed both Bakatin and the head of the Russian republic's KGB, combined their duties, and appointed Barannikov to head a new ministry of national security that incorporated both of their agencies. On September 24, Bakatin fired the KGB's remaining ideological managers, who had destroyed the lives of so many of the intelligentsia, expelled writers, and confined dissidents to mental institutions. www.bullatomsci.org /issues/1993/jf93/jf93Gevorkian.html

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