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Topic: Posttraumatic stress disorder

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	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Answer: The easiest way to remember posttraumatic stress disorder is that it is most likely a resetting of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, such that someone exposed to intense trauma requires far less subsequent stimulation to induce a fight-or-flight response with all the attendant physiological arousal, and takes longer to return to baseline.
		Like panic disorder patients (it is important to remember that posttraumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder), posttraumatic stress disorder patients will avoid anything that might trigger this intensely painful physiological response, usually visual, acoustic, and even olfactory cues that remind them of the trauma.
		The average number of posttraumatic stress disorder episodes suffered by an individual with posttraumatic stress disorder is 3.3; the average duration of each episode is 7.0 years.
	www.vakkur.com /psy/ptsd.html (2582 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Blanchard EB, Kolb LC, Prins A. Psychophysiological responses in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans.
		Premilitary antecedents of post-traumatic stress disorder in an Oregon cohort.
		Failure to detect fabricated posttraumatic stress disorder with the use of the MMPI in a clinical population.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /gwv_bib/stress_disorder.html (4789 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is associated with increased rates of Major Depressive Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Phobia, Specific Phobia, and Bipolar Disorder.
		Acute Stress Disorder is distinguished from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder because the symptom pattern in Acute Stress Disorder must occur within 4 weeks of the traumatic event and resolve within that 4-week period.
		Flashbacks in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder must be distinguished from illusions, hallucinations, and other perceptual disturbances that may occur in Schizophrenia, other Psychotic Disorders, Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features, a delirium, Substance-Induced Disorders, and Psychotic Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition.
	www.health.am /psy/more/posttraumatic_stress_disorder (2025 words)

	309.81 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
		The likelihood of developing the disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase.
		Community-based studies reveal a lifetime prevalence for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ranging from 1% to 14%, with the variability related to methods of ascertainment and the population sampled.
		The diagnosis of Adjustment Disorder is appropriate both for situations in which the stressor does not meet the criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (or another specific mental disorder) and for situations in which the symptom pattern of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder occurs in response to a stressor that is not extreme (e.g., spouse leaving, being fired).
	www.cirp.org /library/psych/ptsd2 (1775 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an emotional condition that often occurs after direct or indirect exposure to a terrifying event in which physical harm was threatened, witnessed, or actually experienced.
		Despite this avoidance, people with posttraumatic stress disorder often re-experience the ordeal in the form of intense "flashbacks," memories, nightmares, or frightening thoughts, especially when they're re-exposed to events or objects that remind them of the trauma, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
		The body of a person with chronic posttraumatic stress may show such adaptations to the stress over time - a phenomenon that researchers call "physiologic habituation." Currently, research is being conducted to further investigate the causes and consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder.
	kidshealth.org /parent/emotions/feelings/ptsd.html (1401 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com
		Antisocial personality disorder: A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others and inability or unwillingness to conform to what are considered to be the norms of society.
		The personality disorders encompass a group of behavioral disorders that are different and distinct from the psychotic and neurotic disorders.
		Personality disorders are a long-standing and maladaptive pattern of perceiving and responding to other people and to stressful circumstances.
	www.medicinenet.com /posttraumatic_stress_disorder/glossary.htm (3418 words)

	NIMH: Reliving Trauma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened.
		Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter released during stress, and one of its functions is to activate the hippocampus, the brain structure involved with organizing and storing information for long-term memory.
		Under the extreme stress of trauma, norepinephrine may act longer or more intensely on the hippocampus, leading to the formation of abnormally strong memories that are then experienced as flashbacks or intrusions.
	www.nimh.nih.gov /publicat/reliving.cfm (1324 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder News
		Posttraumatic stress disorder may alter the way the brain handles pain, a new study shows.
		A study of military veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder found that the more severe their anxiety, the greater their risk of heart disease, a report said yesterday.
		A higher level of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder may increase the risk of coronary heart disease in older men, according to a report in the January issue of the Archives of General Psychiatry, one...
	www.topix.net /health/posttraumatic-stress-disorder (706 words)

	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: PTSD symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options
		In fact, he was really the first person to describe the full syndrome (group of symptoms) of post-traumatic stress disorder.
		Post-traumatic stress disorder is defined in terms of the trauma itself and the person's response to the trauma.
		Stress - Learn about stress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), what causes it, its effects on the body, and how to manage it.
	www.medicinenet.com /posttraumatic_stress_disorder/article.htm (539 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Anxiety Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Posttraumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder caused by exposure to an overwhelming traumatic event, in which the person later repeatedly reexperiences the event.
		If posttraumatic stress disorder has been present for 3 months or longer, it is considered chronic.
		In posttraumatic stress disorder, the traumatic situation is reexperienced repeatedly, usually in nightmares or flashbacks.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual_home2/sec07/ch100/ch100g.htm (527 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), is an anxiety disorder that develops following a frightening or traumatic event.
		PTSD was originally thought to arise as a result of war trauma and was referred to as "shell shock." We now know that this disorder can arise from many different types of traumatic events including natural disasters, rape, child abuse and other violent attacks, and accidents.
		A subset of individuals will develop Acute Stress Disorder, a more immediate reaction to a stressful event in which symptoms begin soon after the event, and last for up to 1 month.
	anxiety.psy.ohio-state.edu /PTSD.htm (723 words)

	eMedicine - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children : Article by Roy Lubit, MD, PhD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In addition, many researchers, from Kardiner in the early part of the century to Van Der Kolk today, note that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neurophysiologic disorder that has significant impact on brain function.
		Posttraumatic dreams in children generally are vaguely formed dreams that the child may not be able to describe.
		Trauma survivors have pituitary adrenocortical hyperresponsivity to stress.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic3026.htm (5427 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Revisited -- Lamprecht and Sack 64 (2): 222 -- Psychosomatic Medicine
		stress was regarded as sufficient for its causation (18).
		Assessment of alexithymia in posttraumatic stress disorder and somatic illness: introduction of a reliable measure.
		Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society.
	www.psychosomaticmedicine.org /cgi/content/full/64/2/222 (8815 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Overview // National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In fact, one cannot make a PTSD diagnosis unless the patient has actually met the "stressor criterion," which means that he or she has been exposed to an historical event that is considered traumatic.
		Keane, T.M., Wolfe, J., and Taylor, K.I. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence for diagnostic validity and methods of psychological assessment.
		Friedman, M.J., Charney, D.S. and Deutch, A.Y. Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to PTSD.
	www.ncptsd.va.gov /facts/general/fs_overview.html (2714 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a very strong stress reaction that can develop in people who have lived through an extremely traumatic event, such as a serious car accident, a natural disaster like an earthquake, or an assault like rape.
		This may be due to high levels of stress hormones in the body.
		Another factor in stress resilience is relationships: Having strong support from family and friends and getting counseling right after a traumatic event are two things that help.
	kidshealth.org /teen/your_mind/mental_health/ptsd.html (1329 words)

	eMedicine - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder : Article by T Allen Gore, MD, MBA, CMCM, DFAPA
		Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a pathological anxiety that usually occurs after an individual experiences or witnesses severe trauma that constitutes a threat to the physical integrity or life of the individual or of another person.
		Fifth, the duration of the relevant criteria symptoms should be more than 1 month, as opposed to acute stress disorder, for which the criterion is a duration of less than 1 month.
		Individuals with PTSD may be at increased risk for panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, major depressive disorder, and somatization disorder.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1900.htm (4081 words)

	Public - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - Diagnosis
		Obtain the relevant history of traumatic stress exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms.
		Strongly consider major and minor depressive disorders, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, phobias, substance abuse, and personality disorders in the differential diagnosis of PTSD.
		Focus the history and examination on medical problems that may be causing the patient's most significant symptoms (e.g., insomnia, restlessness, or fatigue), including an exacerbation of medical problems that existed before the patient's traumatic experience or newly developed conditions.
	pier.acponline.org /physicians/public/d251/diagnosis/d251-s3.html (574 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -- Connor and Butterfield 1 (3): 247 -- Focus
		The stress response is dysregulated in PTSD and influenced by
		Rothbaum BO, Foa EB: Subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorder and duration of symptoms, in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: DSM-IV and Beyond.
		Kessler RC: Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society.
	focus.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/1/3/247 (6530 words)

	Amazon.com: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Malady or Myth?: Books: Chris R. Brewin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As more individuals bear witness to terrorist attacks, school shootings, or assaults, there has been an increase in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a diagnosis that has generated controversy since its genesis during the Vietnam War.
		Overwhelming stress can lead to a condition in which survivors are lost for words to describe what has happened to them but still experience vivid and inescapable images.
		Car Accident PostTraumatic Disorder — If you are severely injured from a car accident, find car accident lawyers and research your rights to a legal claim.
	www.amazon.com /Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder-Malady-Myth/dp/0300099843 (979 words)

	PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) \| Disasters and Mental Health : Trauma; Treatment; Symptoms; Coping Strategies; ...
		The predominant symptoms which characterize an Adjustment Disorder can be depressed mood, anxiety, disturbance of conduct (e.g., fighting, vandalism, reckless driving), or other maladaptive reactions (e.g., physical complaints, work or academic inhibition, social withdrawal).
		By its definition, an Adjustment Disorder cannot last longer than 6 months, unless the precipitating experience is ongoing or has ongoing consequences.
		The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) provides a forum for the sharing of research, clinical strategies, public policy concerns, and theoretical formulations on trauma in the United States and around the world through its education and training programs and its various publications.
	www.guidetopsychology.com /ptsd.htm (3151 words)

	BehaveNet® Clinical Capsule™: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		anxiety symptoms, reexperiencing of the event, and avoidance of stimuli related to the event lasting more than four weeks, they may be suffering from this Anxiety Disorder.
		Simon (Editor), Robert I. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Litigation : Guidelines for Forensic Assessment (Hardcover - February 1995)
		DVD A criminal accused of murdering a police officer ties up the criminal justice system for years while the police officer who survives the murder of his partner appears to suffer from PTSD.
	www.behavenet.com /capsules/disorders/ptsd.htm (738 words)

	MedlinePlus: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
		Managing Stress and Recovering from Trauma: Facts and Resources for Veterans and Families (Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD)
		Sleep and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD)
		The primary NIH organization for research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is the National Institute of Mental Health
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/posttraumaticstressdisorder.html (509 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Recently it has been hypothesized that the development of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) results from a combination of factors, only some of which are related to exposure to and severity of trauma.
		Although psychotherapy is commonly used to treat the disorder, its effectiveness is unproven.
		Although psychodynamic psychotherapy is commonly used to treat the disorder, its effectiveness is controversial.
	www.psychologynet.org /ptsd.html (974 words)

	Hammond-Henry Hospital - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined as "the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one' physical integrity" (American Psychiatric Association, 2000 p.
		Their have been few studies completed that offer the prevalence of PTSD in children but it is known children and adolescents are susceptible to developing PTSD, and that PTSD has different age-specific features.
		For more information you can contact Hammond Henry Hospital social work service department at 944-9170.
	www.hammondhenry.com /press/stressdisorder.php (648 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
		Posttramatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a serious, potentially debilitating condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a life-threatening event, such as a natural disaster, serious accident, terrorist incident, sudden death of a loved one, war or violent personal assault, such as rape.
		While most people who experience such events recover from them, people with PTSD continue to be severely depressed and anxious for months or even years following the event.
		PTSD often occurs with depression, substance abuse or other anxiety disorders.
	www.adaa.org /GettingHelp/AnxietyDisorders/PTSD.asp (312 words)

	PTSD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Alliance is a group of professional and advocacy organizations that have joined forces to provide educational resources to individuals diagnosed with PTSD and their loved ones; those at risk for developing PTSD; and medical, healthcare and other frontline professionals.
		Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a complex health condition that can develop in response to a traumatic experience – a life-threatening or extremely distressing situation that causes a person to feel intense fear, horror or a sense of helplessness.
		The PTSD Alliance includes four national organizations that represent a spectrum of healthcare issues related to PTSD; including trauma-related stress, women’s healthcare and anxiety disorders.
	www.ptsdalliance.org /home2.html (237 words)

	facts for health--posttraumatic stress disorder
		If vivid "flashback" experiences or nightmares haunt you, if you're feeling emotionally numb or you feel plagued by worry and are losing sleep over concern for your safety, it is possible that you may be suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder.
		Seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can help restore balance, control, and enjoyment to your life.
		In the aftermath of traumatic events, including mass disasters such as terrorist attacks and the recent Katrina and Rita hurricanes, many individuals may suffer posttraumatic stress disorder.
	ptsd.factsforhealth.org (108 words)

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