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	Medieval Theories of Demonstration (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Again, drawing on Aristotle's example in Posterior Analytics II 8, thunder is a noise made in a cloud (formal definition), and such a noise, in a cloud, is made (only) when fire is extinguished in it, and so thunder is the extinction of fire in a cloud.
		In his literal commentary on the Posterior Analytics (1269-72) he notes that mathematics bears on matter because of the nature of matter, which leads it to have mathematical accidents, dimensions, that is, accidents which can be abstracted from matter and considered on their own in the mathematical disciplines without relation to matter.
		Mathews, P.L. “A Study of the Literary Background and the methodology of St. Thomas's commentary on the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle.” Dissertation.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/demonstration-medieval (7895 words)

	Posterior cingulate (Site not responding. Last check: )
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		Boletines meteorológicos marítimos del INM Último aviso de temporal, próximas horas y tendencia posterior en Alta Mar.
		Lex posterior generalis non derogat legi priori speciali (encyklopedia.pl)
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Posterior_cingulate.html (204 words)

	Commentary on Aristotle's Posterior Analytics
		The Posterior Analytics is the summit of Aristotle’s achievement in logic.
		The introduction discusses three topics of fundamental importance for the study of the Posterior Analytics today: the relationship of Aristotle’s logic to symbolic logic, the scope and subject matter of logic, and the status of the syllogism as an argument form.
		The supplementary commentary invites the reader to further reflection on the Posterior Analytics in the light of Aquinas’s interpretation.
	www.staugustine.net /commentaryposterior.html (298 words)

	Prior Analytics - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Prior Analytics is Aristotle's work on deductive reasoning, part of his Organon, the "organ" of logical and scientific methods.
		The text of the Prior Analytics is available from the MIT classics archive.
		On Aristotle's Prior Analytics 1.8-13 (with 1.17, 36b3-37a31).
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /prior_analytics.htm (130 words)

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	7.fresadultbus.info /aristotle-politics-book-iii.htm (509 words)

	20th WCP: The Modernity of Aristotle’s Logical Investigations
		Prior Analytics successfully established a formal deduction system that could serve as an instrument for demonstrative science, or apodeiktikê epistêmê, as this is outlined in Posterior Analytics.
		Prior Analytics (esp. at A1-2, 4-7, 23, 45) is a proof-theoretic treatise in which Aristotle demonstrated certain of the logical relationships among syllogistic deduction rules.
		Aristotle was keenly aware of the difference between (1) establishing knowledge of the truth or falsity of a given sentence (whether by induction or by deduction) and (2) establishing knowledge of the validity or invalidity of a given argument.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Logi/LogiBoge.htm (5026 words)

	Romans : Immaculata Publishing Radio Weblog
		Commentary on the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle Foreword p 1 Now reason is not only able to direct the acts of the lower powers but is also director of its own act: for what is peculiar to the intellective part of man is its ability to reflect upon itself.
		Furthermore, the certitude obtained by such an analysis of a judgment is derived either from the mere form of the syllogism--and to this is ordained the book of the Prior Analytics which treats of the syllogism as such--or from the matter along with the form, because the propositions employed are per se and necessary [cf.
		Commentary on the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle Foreword p 2 To the second process of reason another part of logic called investigative is devoted.
	radio.weblogs.com /0144108/categories/romans (2762 words)

	Aristotle: an ancient mathematical logician
		Prior Analytics: (1) logic is taken as part of epistemology; (2) syllogistic deduction is treated metalogically; (3) rules of natural deduction are explicitly formulated; (4) the syllogistic system is modeled to demonstrate logical relationships among its rules; and (5) logical syntax is distinguished from semantics.
		Posterior Analytics A10 he remarked that “demonstration is not addressed to external argument but to argument in the mind” (76b24-27).
		Prior Analytics Aristotle was principally concerned to treat argument patterns and not arguments in much the same way that a geometer treats triangles and parallelograms apart from a carpenter’s concern, for example, with this or that triangle, etc. 11
	www.trentu.ca /ossa/p5.htm (4715 words)

	SUNY Press :: Analysis and Science in Aristotle
		Presents a new interpretation of Aristotle's Analytics (the Prior and Posterior Analytics) as a unified whole, and argues that to "loose up" or solve—rather than to reduce or break up—is the principle meaning which best characterizes the Analytics.
		Offering a new interpretation of Aristotle's Analytics (the Prior and Posterior Analytics) as a unified whole, Patrick H. Byrne argues that a non-deductive form of ancient mathematical analysis influenced Aristotle's thinking.
		Reading the Analytics with this perspective in mind sheds new light on Aristotle's theories of the syllogism, demonstration and the principles of science.
	www.sunypress.edu /details.asp?id=53631 (301 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In contrast The Posterior Analytics is one of Aristotle’s five works that collectively are known as The Organon.
		The Posterior Analytics allows for differences in structure between the different sciences, but how large these differences are allowed to be and whether or not they can be methodological is an open question.
		Section 3: Irwin Aristotle’s First Philosophy as Departing from the Posterior Analytics in Methodology Terry Irwin’s view of the Aristotle’s metaphysics is that it does not conform to the model of science in the Posterior Analytics.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/Arena/9349/Aristotle_Prospectus1.doc (2485 words)

	enlightenment: Will Wilkinson: Aristotle on Dialectic and Demonstration
		In his Posterior Analytics, Aristotle sets out what seems to be a rather stringent method of acquiring scientific knowledge and understanding (episteme).
		So when we fail to find the method of the analytics present in the scientific treatises, it is not because that method is not being employed, or because Aristotle changed his mind about method, or was inconsistent, but because we have misconceived what that method would have to look like in practice.
		In the Posterior Analytics Aristotle repeated states that the principles are better known to nature and are initially less well known to us.
	enlightenment.supersaturated.com /essays/text/willwilkinson/aristotledialectic.html (6913 words)

	Bell, Ian. Metaphysics as an Aristotelian Science
		This is a study of the influence of Aristotle's Posterior Analytics on the structure and methodology of the science of being qua being undertaken in his Metaphysics.
		Bell argues that Aristotle's account of the science of being developed in the methodological chapters of the Metaphysics is significantly influenced by his conception of scientific knowledge in the Posterior Analytics.
		In particular, Bell argues that Aristotelian metaphysics is a discipline unified and distinguished from the other sciences by the "qua itself" relation of its objects to being and substantiality.
	www.academia-verlag.de /titel/69292.htm (265 words)

	International Catholic University: 32.9
		In the Posterior Analytics Aristotle is talking about learning in the strongest sense of the term, acquiring certain knowledge of some new truth.
		In the Posterior Analytics Aristotle gives us a more precise account of what he means by scientific knowledge.
		But there are many cases in which what is prior in the order of knowledge is the effect, and what comes posterior in the order of knowledge is the cause.
	home.comcast.net /~icuweb/c03209.htm (4313 words)

	Aristotle's Organon: Posterior Analytics - Book II
		The following must suffice as an account of the manner in which the middle would be identical with the cause on the supposition that coming-to-be is a series of consecutive events: for in the terms of such a series too the middle and major terms must form an immediate premiss; e.g.
		we argue that, since C has occurred, therefore A occurred: and C's occurrence was posterior, A's prior; but C is the source of the inference because it is nearer to the present moment, and the starting-point of time is the present.
		And the originative source of science grasps the original basic premiss, while science as a whole is similarly related as originative source to the whole body of fact.
	www.gibson-design.com /Philosophy/Aristotle-Organon-4-posterior.2.ii.htm (10054 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.06.12
		This interpretation of the relation between the Analytics and what actually happens in the zoological treatises has not been universally accepted, and L. in the introduction to this volume rightly recognises that the fit between the two is not exact (xxii-xxiii).
		He observes that Aristotle faced a mismatch between, on the one hand, biological inquiry and, on the other, a philosophy of science based in Platonic fashion on mathematics, a mismatch not unlike that between biology and modern philosophy of science based on physics (108-109).
		Important too is L.'s emphasis on the need to consider the Posterior Analytics as a whole and not just the theory of demonstration in its first six chapters (41).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2001/2001-06-12.html (1493 words)

	Simon of Faversham (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Moreover, the colophon to his Questions on the Prior Analytics in Ms V speaks of him as “magistro Symone Anglico Parisius,” and his questions are similar in content and form to Parisian work, especially that of Peter of Auvergne, in the 1270's and early 1280's.
		Lohr 1973 and 1971 doubts that this and the other literal commentaries in the same manuscript (on the Topics and De anima) are genuine, but since Wolf 1966 has argued convincingly that the De anima commentary is genuine, it seems possible that this work is too.
		But in his second commentary on the Posterior Analytics, Question 49, written much later, he explicitly criticizes Thomas's views, and himself follows the views of Henry of Ghent, though he does not identify their author.
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/entries/simon-faversham (2591 words)

	Iranica.com - FAÚRAÚBÈ
		H®ayla@n up to and including Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, i.e., according to the order of the books studied in the curriculum, Fa@ra@b^ said that he studied Porphyry's Eisagoge and Aristotle's Categories, De Interpretatione, Prior and Posterior Analytics.
		He considers the purpose of the syllogism to be fulfilled primarily by the method of demonstration, as articulated by Aristotle in the Posterior Analytics.
		Since Aristotle's Posterior Analytics considers both the proper way of discovering definitions and the construction of demonstrative syllogisms, the couplet of perfect conceptualization and perfect assent becomes the organizing theme for Fa@ra@b^'s interpretation of the Aristotelian theory of science (Keta@b al-borha@n, in ¿Ajam and Fakòr^, IV, pp.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /farabi/art/v9f277.html (16172 words)

	Aristotle's Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		However, induction (or something very much like it) plays a crucial role in the theory of scientific knowledge in the Posterior Analytics: it is induction, or at any rate a cognitive process that moves from particulars to their generalizations, that is the basis of knowledge of the indemonstrable first principles of sciences.
		The remainder of Posterior Analytics I is largely concerned with two tasks: spelling out the nature of demonstration and demonstrative science and answering an important challenge to its very possibility.
		The Posterior Analytics argues that if anything can be proved, then not everything that is known is known as a result of proof.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/aristotle-logic (11058 words)

	Aristotle and Mathematics
		In the Posterior Analytics i.4, Aristotle also develops three notions crucial to his theory of scientific claims: ‘of every’, ‘per se’ (kath’ hauto) or ‘in virtue of itself’ (in four ways) and ‘universally’ (katholou).
		Aristotle treats the science at the lowest level, descriptions of the rainbow, astronomical phenomena, and acoustical harmonics, as descriptive, providing the fact that something is the case, but not the explanation, which is provided by the higher science.
		In the Analytics, where the notion of matter is absent, Aristotle begins with a particular geometrical perceptible figure.
	setis.library.usyd.edu.au /stanford/entries/aristotle-mathematics (9454 words)

	[No title]
		I argue that both approaches are flawed in that Aristotle's project in the Posterior Analytics is not to answer the skeptic on internalist justificatory grounds, but rather lay out a largely externalist explication of scientific knowledge, i.e.
		Whatever the overall drawbacks and difficulties of the Posterior Analytics are, one thing is quite clear, it is the most integrated and worked out text ever written by Aristotle on his philosophy of science and theory of scientific knowledge in general.
		Now, as far as the epistemological problems in the Posterior Analytics are concerned, this passage is the most important passage on which the orthodox account of nous, understood as an infallible, certain and most accurate faculty, is based.
	web.clas.ufl.edu /users/maydede/Aristotle.html (18431 words)

	Cursusinformatie / Course description
		In this seminar we perform a critical and detailed reading of Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics in conjunction with ancient and modern commentaries and other relevant scholarship.
		The aim is to develop a novel approach to age-old discussions about the aim of the work, the significance of logic and language in scientific research and the systematization of science, and the applicability of Aristotle’s theory to various philosophical disciplines.
		Aristole, Posterior Analytics, various editions and commentaries, with as the main target: Barnes, Jonathan.
	www.studiegids.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?c=17&t=3&q=aWQ9MTA1OTU=&v=&k=10595 (116 words)

	[No title]
		As dialectical proofs of our contention these may carry conviction, but an analytic process will show more briefly that neither the ascent nor the descent of predication can be infinite in the demonstrative sciences which are the object of our investigation.
		Part 23 It is an evident corollary of these conclusions that if the same attribute A inheres in two terms C and D predicable either not at all, or not of all instances, of one another, it does not always belong to them in virtue of a common middle term.
		The clearest indication of the precedence of commensurately universal demonstration is as follows: if of two propositions, a prior and a posterior, we have a grasp of the prior, we have a kind of knowledge-a potential grasp-of the posterior as well.
	classics.mit.edu /Aristotle/posterior.mb.txt (18257 words)

	Philokalia : Immaculata Publishing Radio Weblog
		Consequently one should view the parts of logic according to the diversity among the acts of reason.
		Commentary on the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle Foreword p 1
		Commentary on the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle Foreword p 2
	radio.weblogs.com /0144108/categories/philokalia (3011 words)

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