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Topic: Poston War Relocation Center

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	Japanese American internment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Those who believe relocation is a more appropriate term argue that (1) the official designation at the time was relocation center; (2) the camps were not, strictly speaking, prisons; and (3) an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 camp residents did eventually settle outside the exclusion area.
		According to a 1943 War Relocation Authority report, internees were housed in "tar paper-covered barracks of simple frame construction without plumbing or cooking facilities of any kind." Most camps were built quickly by civilian contractors during the summer of 1942 based on designs for military barracks and were thus poorly equipped for cramped family living.
		For example, the Heart Mountain War Relocation Center in northwestern Wyoming was a barbed-wire-surrounded enclave with unpartioned toilets, cots for beds, and a budget of 45 cents daily per capita for food rations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japanese_American_internment (4435 words)

	Japanese American relocation. Who is Japanese American relocation? What is Japanese American relocation? Where is ...
		Some of those who did report to the civilian assembly centers were not sent to relocation centers, but were released upon condition that they remain outside the prohibited zone until the military orders were modified or lifted.
		Later in the war, some were authorized to return to the exclusion zone under supervision of a sponsoring family or agency.
		Some estimate that by the time the last relocation camps (except Tule Lake) closed on December 1, 1945, the Japanese Americans had lost homes and businesses estimated to be worth, in 1999 values, 4 to 5 billion dollars, and that deleterious effects on Japanese American individuals, their families, and their communities, went beyond monetary damages.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Japanese_American_relocation (3304 words)

	National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Chapter 10) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Poston was directly responsible for the establishment, in 1865, of the Colorado River Reservation, where the center is located (Figure 10.1).
		The BIA considered the relocation center an opportunity to develop farm land on the reservation with the benefit of military funds and a large labor pool.
		Guard towers were not constructed at Poston, as they were at the other relocation centers; here they were considered unnecessary because of the isolated location, in the desert at the end of a road.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/anthropology74/ce10.htm (593 words)

	Poston
		Poston was named after Charles Debrille Poston, the first Superintendent for Indian Affairs in AZ.
		In a verbal agreement the War Relocation Authority (WRA) turned over administration of the center to the BIA until December 1943 when the WRA took full control of the center.
		Poston Relocation Center consisted of three separate camps at 5-mile intervals (Poston I, II, III - nicknamed by internees Roasten, Toasten, and Dustin).
	www.nps.gov /manz/ccposton.htm (757 words)

	Internment/Relocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Persons living in the Relocation Centers were encouraged to leave on work passes or leave permanently when they could find a sponsor away from the West Coast to guarantee a job and that they would not become public wards.
		Recalling that the relocation centers were actually cities of around 10,000 people, it was common for persons to write letters to each other within the city, or to friends who resided in different relocation centers.
		There are often stories that the Japanese in the relocation centers "lost their educational privileges." However, every one of the ten Relocation Centers had public schools taught by certified teachers, text books and offered all school activities, especially in the junior and senior high grades as found in city schools from which they transferred.
	www.pnorthwestbooks.com /docs/fac_fic_fal.html (1442 words)

	Salinas Assembly Center and Poston Relocation Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Residents of Poston, Ariz., the new community where most of the Japanese from the Pajaro Valley are residing and farming now, recently completed a successful" county fair," according to the Poston Press-Bulletin, copies of which have been received by Watsonville residents.
		Poston, Ariz. (UP)--The fourth day of a general strike in the huge Japanese relocation center here began Saturday, with 8500 members of the colony refusing to do any of the work assigned to them.
		With the war department and the Western Defense command issuing proclamations terminating the exclusive program Tuesday night under which persons of Japanese ancestry were banned from the three west coast states, the Pajaro valley's present Japanese population of approximately 77 individuals was expected to increase steadily in the next few weeks.
	www.santacruzpl.org /history/ww2/9066/camps.shtml (1467 words)

	The Japanese-American Relocation - Thirteen Frequently Asked Questions - (FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Japanese in relocation centers could leave if they demonstrated loyalty to the U.S. and would not become public charges, however they could not go back into the military zones from which they had been evacuated until the exclusion orders were lifted early in 1945.
		As a result, 8,000 voluntarily relocated from their States of residence to other non-excluded states, or failing that, moved into assembly centers where they were ordered to remain until an orderly program could be set up.
		This necessitated the establishment of the War Relocation Authority which hurriedly built 10 relocation centers intended to be for temporary housing of the evacuees until they could be permanently resettled.
	www.pnorthwestbooks.com /docs/ja_faq.html (1707 words)

	Japanese American Internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Members of the American Legion and war veterans who fought in the Pacific theater are the most vocal proponents of this viewpoint.
		According to a 1943 War Relocation Authority report, internees were housed in "tarpaper-covered barracks of simple frame construction without plumbing or cooking facilities of any kind." Most camps were built quickly by civilian contractors during the summer of 1942 based on designs for military barracks and were thus poorly equipped for cramped family living.
		Consider the Heart Mountain Relocation Center in northwestern Wyoming: a barb-wire surrounded enclave, with unpartioned toilets, cots for beds, and a budget of 45 cents daily per capita for food rations.
	mywiseowl.com /index.php?title=Japanese_American_Internment&... (3950 words)

	Historic California Posts: Manzanar Relocation Center
		Accordingly, on 18 March 1942, the War Relocation Authority (WRA) was established in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President and liaison was created between the WCCA and the WRA.
		On 17 April 1942, a formal agreement was executed in which the relocation centers would be acquired and constructed by the Army while the centers themselves would be administered by the WRA.
		Based on this agreement, the Manzanar Reception Center was formally transferred to the War Relocation Authority on 1 June 1942.
	www.militarymuseum.org /Manzanar.html (1280 words)

	Map Page
		After the war there was a long silence because of their shame and guilt, not unlike the victims of the holocaust.
		It is about transition of the immigrant Japanese American people caught between two countries at war; people caught without a country that would claim them as their own.
		It is about their collective voices and memories of that displacement, and it is about the quiet silence that surrounds the land, those prison cities, and that time.
	www.csuohio.edu /art_photos/map.html (505 words)

	Poston Monument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This Memorial Monument marks the site of the Poston War Relocation Center where 17,867 persons of Japanese ancestry, the majority of whom were United States citizens were interned during World War II from May 1942 to November 1945.
		This Memorial is dedicated to all those men, women and children who suffered countless hardships and indignities at the hands of a nation misguided by wartime hysteria, racial prejudice and fear.
		This Memorial Monument is erected in cooperation with the Colorado River Indian Tribes, former Internees of Poston, Veterans and Friends of the Fiftieth Year Observance of the Evacuation and Internment.
	artmuseum.arizona.edu /mfa/artists/scott/post/mon.html (627 words)

	War Relocation Authority biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The War Relocation Authority (WRA) was U.S. civilian agency responsible for the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.
		The WRA was created by President Roosevelt on March 18, 1942 with Executive Order 9102 and officially ceased to exist June 30, 1946.
		The WRA was responsible for 10 relocation centers, most located on the West Coast.
	war-relocation-authority.biography.ms (74 words)

	Masumi Hayashi Photography - Tule Lake Relocation Camp
		Question 28 of the relocation camp registration questionnaire, filled out by all internees, confronted imprisoned Japanese Americans with a pledge of loyalty to the United States.
		In 1943, Tule Lake was selected as the "Segregation Center" where dissidents who would not pledge their loyalty to the US were to be isolated from the rest of the Japanese American prisoners.
		The WRA also included all persons in their centers it believed to be anti-administration or "troublemakers," as well as their family members.
	www.masumihayashi.com /html/tulelake.html (886 words)

	Manzanar Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Manzanar Relocation Center, established as the Owens Valley Reception Center, was first run by the U.S. Army's Wartime Civilian Control Administration (WCCA).
		It later became the first relocation center to be operated by the War Relocation Authority (WRA).
		The center was located at the former farm and orchard community of Manzanar.
	www.manzanar.com /information.php (241 words)

	War Relocation Camps in Arizona 1942-1946
		Evacuees of Japanese ancestry are given a preliminary medical examination upon arrival at this War Relocation Authority center.
		The bus in the foreground is stuck in the sand while on its way to the Colorado River War Relocation Authority center bringing evacuees of Japanese ancestry.
		Large crowd assembled to bid bon voyage to residents of Poston who left the project by bus and truck August, 24, 1943 for the Rivers Center, on the first lap of the journey to Japan via the Gripsholm, which had sailed from an eastern seaport Sept. 1.
	www.elearn.arizona.edu /wracamps/evacuees.html (210 words)

	The Camps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Poston was constructed on the Colorado River Indian Reservation.
		Of these 120,313: 54,127 returned to the West Coast after their incarceration; 52,798 relocated to the interior; 4724 moved (or were moved) to Japan; 3121 were sent to INS internment camps; 2355 joined the armed forces; 1862 died during imprisonment; 1322 were sent to institutions; and 4 were classified as "unauthorized departures."
		After the war, 1400 were not allowed to return to their former countries (ie.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8420/camps.html (952 words)

	JAOHP M-R (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Santa Fe Railroad employee who worked in Parker, Arizona during World War II discusses handling of freight for Poston War Relocation Center; layout of camp; camp conditions; rationale for necessity of camps such as Poston; loyalty investigation of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and local resentment toward camp.
		Impressions of a Nisei concerning pre—World War II family produce business in Los Angeles, California; evacuation experience at Santa Anita Assembly Center in California, and Granada War Relocation Center in Colorado; wartime college experience in Minnesota; and Army military intelligence duties in the Philippines and occupied Japan.
		Former associate superintendent of the War Relocation Authority Cooperative Enterprises discusses formation and operation of co—ops relative to Granada War Relocation Center in Colorado and Tule Lake War Relocation/Segregation Center in California.
	ohp.fullerton.edu /jaohp_m-r.htm (1057 words)

	History Matters Search
		This collection offers 1,118 photographs depicting Civil War military personnel, preparations for battle, and the aftermath of battles in the main eastern theater and in the west, in addition to Federal Navy and Atlantic seaborne expeditions against the Confederacy.
		The Center for History and New Media (CHNM) was established in the fall of 1994 to contribute to and reflect upon this transformation and challenge.
		The Center produces historical works in new media, tests the effectiveness of these products in the classroom, and reflects critically on the promises and pitfalls of new media in historical practice.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /search.php?function=find&...&x=15&y=4 (4816 words)

	Relocation Center Sites
		They were then transferred to camps called Relocation Centers, which were controlled by the War Relocation Authority (WRA).
		In addition to the 10 centers there were many other camps in which people of Japanese ancestry lived in during this period of internment.
		Label each dot on your map with the name of the Relocation Center that is next to the coordinates.
	www.hawaii.edu /hga/ASGI02/wwII/Relocation_Center_Site.htm (261 words)

	Community information, Points of interest, Parker Area Chamber of Commerce, the Official Website - A River Info Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There are also large photo exhibits from the building of the Parker Dam and the World War II Japanese internment camps, one of which was located in Poston.
		This monument marks the site of the Poston War Relocation Center where 17,867 persons of Japanese ancestry were interned during World War II.
		History of the Center is inscribed into the monument and at an information kiosk on the property.
	www.parkerareachamberofcommerce.com /community_pi.html (1542 words)

	The Japanese American Historical Society of San Diego
		Set up exhibit for Poston Booth at the Family Expo held at the Convention Center in Los Angeles and sponsored by the Japanese American National Museum.
		First of the series was a showing of the documentary, Of Civil Wrongs and Rights: the Fred Korematsu Story, with a discussion by Dr. Peter Irons of UCSD and his part in uncovering evidence that reversed Korematsu's conviction.
		Other programs in the series included: Ruth Okimoto on how Poston came to be; Jeanne Houston on her book Farewell to Manzanar; a reading of letters to librarian Clara Breed by students of Karen Kawasaki from Mt. Carmel High School.
	www.jahssd.org /cgi-bin/page.cgi?our10years (1502 words)

	Tule Lake Became a Segregation Center
		In mid-1943 in all ten relocation centers -- Manzanar and Tule Lake (California), Gila and Poston (Arizona), Minidoka (Idaho), Heart Mountain (Wyoming), Granada (Colorado), Topaz (Utah), Rohwer and Jerome (Arkansas) -- evacuees were administered loyalty questionnaires.
		While the block was a common basis for a team, such as the Block 34 softball team, some teams drew from their hometowns; the Wakaba Ball Players came form Florin and Sacramento areas while other teams were formed by players with a common ties to a former relocation center.
		After Tule Lake became a segregation center, the composition of many blocks changed dramatically, with residents coming from mixed geographic areas and with experiences in different assembly and relocation centers.
	www.colostate.edu /Orgs/TuleLake/Segregation.html (614 words)

	History Matters Search
		America fought World War II to preserve freedom and democracy, yet that same war featured the greatest suppression of civil liberties in the nation’s history.
		In an atmosphere of World War II hysteria, President Roosevelt, encouraged by officials at all levels of the federal government, authorized the internment of tens of thousands of American citizens of Japanese ancestry and resident aliens from Japan.
		Korematsu had been arrested by the FBI for failing to report for relocation and was convicted in federal court in September 1942.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /search.php?function=find&Keyword=internment&x=15&y=4 (2300 words)

	JAOHP A-F (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Former Reports Officer and Assistant Project Director of Manzanar War Relocation Center discusses experiences as Inyo County, California teacher in the 1930s; prewar job as Executive Secretary for Inyo—Mono Association; social, political, and economic makeup of prewar Owens Valley, California communities; and formation and development of Manzanar.
		Former superintendent of Inyo County, California schools discusses refusal of the Inyo County Board of Education to administer schools at Manzanar War Relocation -Center; teaching and administration of camp schools; evacuation; local attitudes, particularly the incident of a Japanese—American soldier in Lone Pine, California; and 1973 Manzanar plaque wording.
		Longtime resident and former justice of the peace in Parker, Arizona describes the building of Poston War Relocation Center, reaction of the community to the camp, and thoughts on the Japanese—American experience.
	ohp.fullerton.edu /JAOHP_A-G.htm (1369 words)

	D Japanese
		The Nakai family, like the Iwata family, was held at the Colorado River Relocation Center near Poston, Arizona for the duration of World War II.
		Ichiyo's sister, Suyeko Date, was also at Poston with her husband Satoru and children Takumi, Mihoko, and Hiromo.
		Relocation forced Japanese-Americans to give up their pre-war jobs.
	www.balchinstitute.org /resources/internment/html/body_d_japanese.html (233 words)

	Colorado River Indian Tribes
		The 'Ahakhav Tribal Preserve was established in 1995 and currently consists of 1,253 acres of wilderness area and a 3.5 acre park.
		The preserve is centered around a reconstructed Colorado River backwater, which offers a variety of activities including fishing, canoeing, birding, and swimming.
		The preserve is an ongoing project to study methods of revegetation and restoration that may be used though out the area.
	critonline.com /crit_contents/tourism (649 words)

	Japanese American internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Japanese American internment refers to the exclusion and subsequent removal of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, officially described as "persons of Japanese ancestry", 62% of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States
		during World War II to hastily constructed housing facilities called War Relocation Camps in remote portions of the nation's interior.
		Another defender of the policy is Filipino-American opinion columnist Michelle Malkin, who authored a 2004 book entitled In Defense of Internment: The Case for Racial Profiling in World War II and the War on Terror, although critics have characterized her book as being one-sided, poorly researched, and logically unsound.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/J/Japanese-American-Internment.htm (4052 words)

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