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Topic: Posttranslational modification

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	Encyclopedia: Posttranslational modification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Posttranslational modification means the chemical modification of a protein after its translation.
		Posttranslational modification may involve the formation of disulfide bridges and attachment of any of a number of biochemical functional groups, such as acetate, phosphate, various lipids and carbohydrates.
		Modifications of proteins that depend upon vitamin C as a cofactor include proline and lysine hydroxylations and carboxy terminal amidation.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Posttranslational-modification (1926 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Posttranslational modification
		Posttranslational modification of serine to formylglycine in bacterial sulfatases - Recognition of the modification motif by the iron-sulfur protein AtsB
		Formylglycine is generated by posttranslational modification of a cysteine (pro- and eukaryotes) or serine (pro-karyotes) located in a conserved (C/S)XPXR motif.
		AtsB, an iron-sulfur protein, is strictly required for modification of Se-72 in the periplasmic sulfatase AtsA of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2003/17/publZIM21.html (152 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The expression is carried out under conditions that allow posttranslational modification in the cells of the display peptide and the display of the protein fusion on the surface of the cells.
		A posttranslational modification does not include a naturally-occurring L-amino acid that is added to the amino group of the amino-terminus or added to the carboxylic acid of the carboxy-terminus of the display peptide or the protein fusion during the translation of the display peptide or protein fusion.
		The display peptide with the biotin modification may be co-expressed with BirA to ensure that the lysine residue in the display peptide is biotinylated Accordingly, a nucleic acid encoding the display peptide is fused to gene III in a vector which encodes a bacteriophage (e.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/29409.030410&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (11329 words)

	ScienceWeek
		The most widespread and complex form of posttranslational modification, glycosylation, requires about 1% of genes (1), yet is typically absent in simple prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria.
		For example, posttranslational modification of proline residues in the transcription factor HIF-alpha (the alpha subunit of the hypoxia-inducible factor) is a key oxygen-sensing mechanism within cells (2), and phosphorylation cascades are a central part of intracellular signaling (3).
		Posttranslational modifications create a dynamic combinatorial library of properties that can rapidly respond to systemic stimuli such as oxygen levels or hormonal concentrations.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sc040423-1.htm (1037 words)

	UD Biological Sciences - Dr. Erica M. Selva
		These genes can be roughly categorized firstly, as genes that control the modification of extracellular receptors and ligands to regulate their activity and secondly, as genes required for the biosynthesis of extracellular matrix molecules, which in turn regulate the activity of signaling pathways.
		This modification enhances Notch responsiveness to the ligand Delta while inhibiting signaling with the alternative ligand Serrate, an exquisite example of a seemly minor posttranslational modification having a profound effect on signaling.
		Clearly the posttranslational changes necessary to regulate signaling are dynamic, yet the mechanisms by which these alterations modulate signaling remain poorly understood.
	www.udel.edu /bio/people/faculty/eselva.html (1261 words)

	SUB Göttingen - Dissertationen - Borissenko, Ljudmila: Posttranslational generation of C-alpha-formylglycin in ...
		Borissenko, Ljudmila: Posttranslational generation of C-alpha-formylglycin in eukaryotic sulfatases: development of the biochemical approach for the characterisation and purification of the modifying enzymee
		FGly is generated by oxidation of a concerved cystein (pro- and eukaryotes) or serine residue (prokaryotes) comprised in the sequience motif C/S-x-P-x-R. In eukaryotes the modification is catalysed by lumenal components of the endoplasmic reticulum during or after protein translocation and prior to folding of sulfatases.
		The modification reaction was characterised kinetically and with respect to cofactor requirement, albeit the acceptor of the reducing equivalents during cystein oxidation remains unknown.
	webdoc.sub.gwdg.de /diss/2003/borissenko (342 words)

	Dr. Robert Deschenes - Research interests
		The first deals with the posttranslational modification and the subcellular localization of signal transduction proteins.
		Posttranslational modification and subcellular localization of Ras proteins.
		It has been known for some time that Ras undergoes posttranslational addition of lipids and this is required for subcellular localization and the signaling functions of Ras.
	www.biochem.mcw.edu /people/faculty/deschenes/research.html (725 words)

	Post-Translational Modifications
		The distinction between proteoglycans and glycoproteins resides in the level and types of carbohydrate modification.
		After the oligosaccharide core is transferred to the protein, additional modifications take place through the action of glycosyltransferases as well as through the removal of certain glycosyl residues.
		The vast majority of phosphorylations occur as a mechanism to regulate the biological activity of a protein and as such are transient.
	dwb.unl.edu /Teacher/NSF/C11/C11Links/web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/protein-modifications.html (2699 words)

	Posttranslational modification: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Posttranslational modification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Posttranslational modification: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Posttranslational modification
		A protein is a chain composed of 20 possible amino acids (also called polypeptide).
		Other modifications like phosphorylation are part of common mechanisms for controlling the behavior of a protein.
	www.encyclopedian.com /po/Posttranslational-modification.html (156 words)

	Posttranslational Modification of Proteins - Christopher T. Walsh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is in large part due to posttranslational modifications of proteins that provide covalent alterations to protein backbones and side chains that increase proteome complexities.
		Greater than 5% of the genes in the human genome encode enzymes that perform such modifications, including hundreds of protein kinases and opposing phosphatases, ubiquitinyl ligases, acetylases and deacetylases, methyl transferases and glycosyl transferases.
		The major classes of posttranslational modifications (PTM) are codified according to types of residues modified, underlying chemistry, PTM catalysts, and biological consequences.
	www.roberts-publishers.com /walsh (285 words)

	The apparent coupling between synthesis and posttranslational modification of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein is ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The apparent coupling between synthesis and posttranslational modification of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein is due to inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis.
		The apparent coupling between synthesis and posttranslational modification of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein is due to inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis.Jackowski and Rock (J. Biol.
		Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is modified on serine 36 by the covalent posttranslational attachment of 4'-phosphopantetheine from coenzyme A (CoA), and this modification is required for lipid biosynthesis.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/539381.html (140 words)

	[No title]
		There are also other posttranslational modifications that require distinct structural features within the substrate to be recognized by the processing machinery (e.g., for some palmitoylation, phosphorylation and glycosylation events).
		There are some posttranslational modifications that occur in known non-globular regions of proteins such as unfolded N- or C-termini, polar low complexity regions and the like.
		Sequential Posttranslational Modifications When talking about posttranslational processing, it has to be clear that proteins can undergo several different modifications that, furthermore, are often strongly interdependent and occur sequentially.
	www.embl-heidelberg.de /~andrade/book123/frank_chapter3.doc (6728 words)

	Cubilin expression and posttranslational modification in the canine gastrointestinal tract -- Xu and Fyfe 279 (4): 748 ...
		Cubilin expression and posttranslational modification in the canine gastrointestinal tract -- Xu and Fyfe 279 (4): 748 -- AJP - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
		Cubilin expression and posttranslational modification in the canine gastrointestinal tract
		and posttranslational modifications with an emphasis on the gastrointestinal
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/279/4/G748 (336 words)

	Acetylation of alpha-tubulin in cultured neurons and the induction of alpha-tubulin acetylation in PC12 cells by ...
		modification that lowers its p/(Black and Kurdyla, 1983a).
		observations indicate that the reaction is posttranslational and is not
		posttranslational nature of tubulin acetylation was further established by
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/7/6/1833 (399 words)

	Phosphoglycerylethanolamine Posttranslational Modification of Plant Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1alpha -- Ransom et ...
		Phosphoglycerylethanolamine Posttranslational Modification of Plant Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1alpha -- Ransom et al.
		Articles by Ransom, W. Articles by Boss, W. Phosphoglycerylethanolamine Posttranslational Modification of Plant Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1
		modifications to affect the distribution and the function of eEF-1A
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/abstract/117/3/949 (344 words)

	Posttranslational Modification of Proteins - Christopher T. Walsh
		With the completion of genome sequencing projects and emergence of the field of proteomics, researchers are, for the first time, visualizing the diversity and pervasiveness of post-translational modifications that occur on proteins.
		As such, it is a very timely book that may be used either as a reference entry into a certain field or as a comprehensive collection of the astonishing structural and functional variety of these modifications.
		Several very interesting links are made between various modification processes and their roles in biological processes that tie the at first glance heterogeneous collection of posttranslational modifications very nicely together."
	www.roberts-publishers.com /walsh/praise.html (438 words)

	Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine, a posttranslational modification of elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha), affects the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine, a posttranslational modification of elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha), affects the distribution of EF-1alpha in stimulated cells.
		This posttranslational modification was identified using in vivo labeling studies and confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis of trypsin digested EF-1alpha.
		Although the function of the ethanolamine modification is not known, our data indicate that this posttranslational modification of EF-1alpha may be important in controlling the distribution of EF-1alpha within the cell.
	abstracts.aspb.org /pb1997/60/0780.shtml (258 words)

	SUMO and ubiquitin in the nucleus: different functions, similar mechanisms? -- Gill 18 (17): 2046 -- Genes and ...
		Posttranslational modification of transcription factors by ubiquitin also promotes proteasome-dependent degradation (not shown; see Table 1).
		SUMO modification is proposed to induce a conformational change in TDG possibly due to an intramolecular interaction between a SUMO-binding domain (SBD) in TDG and the conjugated SUMO.
		Hietakangas, V., Ahlskog, J.K., Jakobsson, A.M., Hellesuo, M., Sahlberg, N.M., Holmberg, C.I., Mikhailov, A., Palvimo, J.J., Pirkkala, L., and Sistonen, L. Phosphorylation of serine 303 is a prerequisite for the stress-inducible SUMO modification of heat shock factor 1.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/18/17/2046 (6461 words)

	Injury-Associated Differential Regulation of Histone Expression and Modification in the Thymus of Mice -- Jeong et al. ...
		Western blot analysis of the expression profile of histone subtypes and histone H3 posttranslational modification in the thymus after burn.
		In the posttranslational modification study, a substantial decrease in acetyl-histone H3 (lysine 14) and dimethyl-histones H3 (lysine 36) was observed at 1 and 3 days.
		Role of covalent modifications of histones in regulating gene expression.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/229/4/327 (3937 words)

	Expression of the gene encoding the 17-kilodalton antigen from Rickettsia rickettsii: transcription and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Expression of the gene encoding the 17-kilodalton antigen from Rickettsia rickettsii: transcription and posttranslational modification.
		In vitro mutagenesis designed to alter the cysteine at residue 20 to a glycine abolished incorporation of [3H]palmitate, suggesting that posttranslational modification occurs via a mechanism similar to that described for other gram-negative bacterial lipoproteins.
		Recently, we reported the molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of a gene from Rickettsia rickettsii that codes for a 17-kilodalton antigen (17K antigen) and is preceded by sequences closely resembling the -10 and -35 consensus sequences for recognition by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (Anderson et al., J. Bacteriol.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/5837103.html (275 words)

	differences in posttranslational modification - Microbiology
		I'm not a 100% sure but from my understanding there are no post-translational modifications in bacteria well lets say not as many as in yeast and mammalian cells.
		Yeast and mammalian cells will overall do the same postranslational modifications but there might be some slight differences, even from species to species.
		For instance, the type of sugar and the lengh of it will probably be different in a glycosylation.
	www.protocol-online.org /archive/posts/4757.html (244 words)

	AAAS \| Science's STKE \| Bode et al., pp. re4
		The nucleosome is the basic unit of chromatin and generally consists of approximately two turns of DNA wrapped around an octamer of core histone proteins.
		Two distinct categories of histone posttranslational modification have been observed: (i) inducible or stimulation-dependent and (ii) mitosis-dependent.
		Stimulation by mitogens or stress leads to rapid transient posttranslational modifications of histones, in particular histone H3, which are mechanistically and temporarily distinct from modifications associated with mitosis.
	stke.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/2005/281/re4 (367 words)

	Interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev response element RNA ...
		Hypusine formation on the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A eIF-5A) precursor represents a unique posttranslational modification that is ubiquitously present in eukaryotic cells and archaebacteria.
		The precise cellular function of eIF-5A and the physiological significance of hypusine modification are not clear.
		The ability of eIF-5A to directly interact with RNA suggests that deoxyhypusine formation of eIF-5A may be related to its role in RNA processing and protein synthesis.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1998/jan/M9810830.html (555 words)

	Proteomic Approaches to Analyze the Dynamic Relationships Between Nucleocytoplasmic Protein Glycosylation and ...
		In all 3 cases, increased O-GlcNAc modification on nucleocytoplasmic proteins is correlated with attenuation of the insulin-signaling PI3K/AKT pathway and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.
		the inhibition of eNOS and its O-GlcNAc modification.
		Glucose stimulates protein modification by O-linked GlcNAc in pancreatic ß cells: linkage of O-linked GlcNAc to ß cell death.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/93/11/1047 (5911 words)

	Reversal of the posttranslational modification on Chlamydomonas flagellar alpha-tubulin occurs during flagellar ...
		Reversal of the posttranslational modification on Chlamydomonas flagellar alpha-tubulin occurs during flagellar resorption -- L'Hernault and Rosenbaum 100 (2): 457 -- The Journal of Cell Biology
		Reversal of the posttranslational modification on Chlamydomonas flagellar alpha-tubulin occurs during flagellar resorption
		posttranslational modification on alpha-tubulin might be a control step in
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/abstract/100/2/457 (211 words)

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