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Topic: Potassium chlorate

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Ammonium perchlorate

Potassium nitrate

Potassium

Potassium chloride

Screaming jelly babies

Sprengel explosive

Ammonium nitrate

Manganese oxide

Rocket fuel

Specific impulse

Azeotrope

Calcium oxide

ANFO

Hand grenade

Stoichiometric

	Fireworks Safety Manual Books Ofca
		Potassium chlorate, in many ways one of the best fireworks ingredients, may under certain conditions of temperature and acidity, slowly break down giving chloric acid, or chlorine dioxide, both of which are more active oxidizing agents than potassium chlorate itself.
		Asphalt gums should be avoided with perchlorates or chlorates because the asphalt gums contain sulfur and sulfur acids, which break down the chlorates to chloric acid.
		Potassium or barium chlorate reacts with sulfuric acid to form chlorine dioxide (ClO2) which is decomposed explosively by sunlight into chlorine and oxygen.
	www.skylighter.com /skylighter_info_pages/Books/fireworkssafetymanualofca.htm (20427 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Potassium chlorate (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The hygroscopic and slightly weaker sodium chlorate is sometimes used as a safer and less expensive substitute for potassium chlorate.
		Potassium chlorate is often used in highschool and college laboratories to generate oxygen gas; it is a far cheaper source than a pressurized or cryogenic oxygen tank.
		Potassium chlorate is used in the oxygen-supply systems of aircraft, and has been responsible for at least one plane crash.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Potassium-chlorate (0 words)

	A gallery of potassium chlorate photomicrographs.
		Manganese dioxide acts as a catalyst in the decomposition of the chlorate, and a greater volume of oxygen was therefore generated in a comparable time period.
		Potassium chlorate is a commonly used chemical in the manufacture of safety matches and pyrotechnics.
		Potassium chlorate is more ionic in character, and thus has a higher melting temperature, making it more difficult to work with.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artsep04/bjchlorate.html (862 words)

	Safety Match Chemistry:Red Phosphorus and Potassium Chlorate
		Potassium chlorate is sprinkled on a small mound of red phosphorus.
		Friction ignites the mixture of phosphorus and potassium chlorate.
		By separating the strong oxidizer (potassium chlorate) from the reducer (phosphorus) the matches are prevented from igniting spontaneously.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCEsoft/CCA/CCA3/MAIN/MATCHES/PAGE1.HTM (0 words)

	Potassium(K) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Potassium metal is made by the electrolysis of fused potassium hydroxide or of a mixture of potassium chloride and potassium fluoride.
		Potassium is found in nature in large quantities, ranking eighth in order of abundance of the elements in the crust of the earth, in various minerals such as carnallite, feldspar, saltpeter, greensand, and sylvite.
		Potassium bromide (KBr), a white solid formed by the reaction of potassium hydroxide and bromine, is use d in photography, engraving, and lithography, and in medicine as a sedative.
	www.sof.edu /gallery/Christie/AhmadCo/potassium.html (402 words)

	Potassium : by Ray Sahelian, M.D., health benefit, food source
		Potassium is the principal positive ion inside of the cells of the body and is used in nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and normal kidney function.
		Potassium iodide is used to treat overactive thyroid and to protect the thyroid gland from the effects of radiation from inhaled or swallowed radioactive iodine.
		Potassium iodide may be used before and after administration of medicine containing radioactive iodine or after accidental exposure to radioactive iodine (for example, from nuclear power plant accidents that involved release of radioactivity to the environment).
	www.raysahelian.com /potassium.html (1220 words)

	Toxic effects of potassium chlorate on peanut growth (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The aim of this study was to determine the effects of potassium chlorate stress on the growth and physiological response of peanut (Arachis hypogaea).
		The results showed that: when the concentration of potassium chlorate was higher than 50 mg.L-1, the germination rates of peanut seeds and root lengths were greatly reduced, while the amount of electrolytic leakage and the activity of CAT were increased significantly.
		When the concentration of potassium chlorate was higher than 50 mg.kg-1 in soil, its phytotoxic effects resulted in a significant increase in MP in seedling leaves, and a decrease in NR, chlorophyll, biomass and the number of Rhizobium, and a reduction in transpiration and photosynthesis.
	www.trophort.com /information/data/B03/S43/LIX06TOX1242261.html (306 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Mortimer Abramowitz Gallery of Photomicrography - Recrystallized Potassium Chlorate
		Potassium chlorate is soluble in water and is often used in weed killers, bleach, disinfectants, textile printing and the making of paper.
		However, since a mixture of potassium chlorate and phosphorus, sulfur, or various organic compounds, including charcoal and sugar, explodes upon friction, the chemical is frequently used for more volatile purposes.
		Chemistry students are usually familiar with potassium chlorate not from making it, but because it is frequently utilized in the laboratory preparation of oxygen.
	www.olympusmicro.com /galleries/abramowitz/pages/potassiumchloratecrystal1small.html (0 words)

	Chlorates
		Potassium and sodium chlorates are usually made by Liebig's.process,* in which double decomposition between calcium chlorate and a chloride, sulphate, or carbonate of the alkali metal is accomplished.
		The clear solution is then mixed with the calculated quantity of potassium chloride (which should Le purified, since sodium or magnesium chloride is difficult to separate from the product); the resulting solution of potassium chlorate is evaporated in wrought iron pans, to a density of 70° Tw.
		Magnesia * is sometimes substituted for lime, in order to increase the yield of potassium chlorate, since the latter is much less soluble in a magnesium chloride solution than in one of calcium chloride.
	www.lenntech.com /Chemistry/chlorates.htm (771 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The hygroscopic and slightly weaker sodium chlorate is sometimes used as a safer and less expensive substitute for potassium chlorate.
		Potassium chlorate is often used in highschool and college laboratories to generate oxygen gas; it is a far cheaper source than a pressurized or cryogenic oxygen tank.
		Potassium chlorate is used in the oxygen-supply systems of aircraft, and has been responsible for at least one plane crash.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=potassium_chlorate (508 words)

	Preparing perchlorates (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In typical chlorate cells this results in a cell voltage of 3 to 4 volts, whereas in perchlorate cells the voltage is higher, 5 to 7 volts usually.
		Ammonium chlorate could be formed in the process which is, as mentioned several times already, a dangerously unstable explosive compound the formation of which should at all times be avoided (even in trace amounts).
		Neither persulfates, chlorates or perchlorates are destroyed at a significant rate at the temperature of boiling water, so the reaction rate may be increased by boiling a solution containing the reactants.
	www.wfvisser.dds.nl /EN/perchlorate_EN.html (3896 words)

	JAIC 1995, Volume 34, Number 1, Article 2 (pp. 11 to 32)
		With the exception of aluminum potassium sulfate (alum), chromic potassium sulfate (chrome alum), and sodium carbonate, sizings that have been used with platinum paper are organic and will not interfere with the chemistry of the process.
		Two related and milder oxidants, potassium chromate and potassium bromate, were also tested, as potassium nitrite, which can function as either an oxidizing or a reducing agent and is mentioned in the literature as a developer additive when processing stale paper.
		Potassium chlorate, potassium dichromate, and potassium nitrite were each tested at 0, 1, 8, and 50 drops per L of potassium oxalate developer.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic34-01-002_3.html (4462 words)

	[CPEO-MEF] POTASSIUM CHLORATE
		Chlorate is more likely to hurt a plant, and thus less likely to enter the human food supply.
		Chlorate in drinking water, like other drinking water disinfection byproducts, is considered a necessary evil.
		At high doses chlorate is known to interfer with proper function of the CD44 cell adhesion molecule, presumably by inhibiting proper sulfation.
	www.cpeo.org /lists/military/2003/msg00715.html (0 words)

	Chlorate (Lloyd E. Sponenburgh; Arno Hahma; Bruce Hamilton; Gerald L. Hurst; Norman L. Reitzel; Steven R Faber)
		Chlorates and perchlorates were still used in US commercial explosives during the early part of this century.
		The matchheads are made of potassium chlorate, antimony sulphide, ground glass, possibly sulphur, and a glue, that is, of a chlorate mixture.
		In order to separate potassium chlorate from the cell, you should filter the electrolyte from the cell (it will have electrode crud in it) and heat it to nearly boiling.
	www.yarchive.net /explosives/chlorate.html (5460 words)

	IvanF, Alana, and Drew's ISU Discussion Page!
		Each Potassium Chlorate molecule began to move faster and faster from the increase in kinetic energy, and the attractive bonds between molecules began to weaken.
		Therefore, the theoretical percentage of oxygen in Potassium Chlorate is 39.15% (48.00 g/mol divided by 122.6 g/mol = 0.3915).
		It is possible that because the Potassium Chlorate was exposed to the air when we opened the jar (we had opened it several times since we completed 6 trials of the experiment), moisture from the atmosphere may have dissolved into the Potassium Chlorate, thus making the reactant impure.
	www.angelfire.com /or/ivanf/isudiscussion.html (4137 words)

	Demonstrations - Instant Fire
		When potassium chlorate and ordinary table sugar are combined, and a drop of sulfuric acid is added as a catalyst, the two react violently with each other, releasing large quantities of heat energy, a spectacular purplish flame, and a great deal of smoke.
		In the following demonstration, roughly equal amounts of solid potassium chlorate and sugar (in the form of finely powdered confectioner's sugar) are placed in a glass jar, and mixed vigorously.
		Potassium chlorate is a powerful oxidizing agent; do not store the mixture of sugar and potassium chlorate since this can detonate unexpectedly.
	www.angelo.edu /faculty/kboudrea/demos/instant_fire/instant_fire.htm (529 words)

	The Hindu : Kerala News : Use of potassium chlorate in blasts raises concern
		The blasts, in which seven persons each were killed, have thrown light on the uncontrolled use of potassium chlorate, a chemical compound banned in crackers and fireworks.
		Bagfuls of potassium chlorate were found at Pullamparamba in the Edayur panchayat, where a fireworks manufacturing unit exploded killing seven labourers who worked there on March 31.
		Potassium chlorate, villain of immeasurable casualties during World War I, has even reportedly caused a plane crash.
	www.hindu.com /2007/04/08/stories/2007040806090300.htm (432 words)

	NRDC Technology offer - POTASSIUM CHLORATE
		The major consumption of potassium chlorate is in the manufacture of safety matches.
		Potassium chlorate is also used in the explosive percussion caps, in pharmaceutical industry and dyes as oxidising agent.
		Potassium chlorate, having a molecular weight of 122.56, is a colourless solid and soluble in water.
	www.nrdcindia.com /pages/potachl.htm (469 words)

	022. Death by Sodium Chlorate
		At one time potassium chlorate was widely used in medicine and being obtainable without restriction, it was a popular household remedy, especially for sore throat.
		This was misinterpreted by the chemist as potassium chlorate.
		This is in part due to direct action of chlorate on the kidney and in part due to mechanical obstruction of tubules of the kidney by hemoglobin set free from the red cells.
	members.tripod.com /~Prof_Anil_Aggrawal/poiso022.html (2201 words)

	Cranial MR Imaging Findings of Potassium Chlorate Intoxication -- Mutlu et al. 24 (7): 1396 -- American Journal of ...
		Potassium chlorate is a highly reactive oxidating agent that
		Potassium chlorate is highly reactive and toxic agent that is
		hypoxia or anoxia caused by potassium chlorate intoxication.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/24/7/1396 (0 words)

	The Magic Wand (Reaction of Potassium Chlorate and Sugar) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Potassium Chlorate is a strong oxidizing agent; a fire may start when it is mixed with combustible materials.
		Carefully mix potassium chlorate and sugar together in the plastic container.
		The lavender color of the flame indicates the presence of potassium ion.
	chemlearn.chem.indiana.edu /demos/magiwand.htm (593 words)

	chlorate. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Commercially, a chlorate is derived when a hot aqueous metal chloride solution is decomposed by electrolysis, forming chlorine gas at the anode and metal hydroxide at the cathode (with evolution of hydrogen); the chlorine reacts with the hydroxide to form the hypochlorite, which decomposes to form the chlorate.
		Potassium chlorate is a colorless crystalline substance that melts at 356°C and decomposes violently at about 400°C. It is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in making explosives and matches; a mixture of potassium chlorate with phosphorus, sulfur, or any of numerous organic compounds (e.g., charcoal or sugar) explodes upon friction or percussion.
		Perchlorates are safer to handle than chlorates; they are more stable when exposed to heat or shock.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ch/chlorate.html (498 words)

	Potassium chlorate (electrolytic oxidation of NaCl)
		It is important to note that desired chlorate cell conditions highly depend on the chosen anode material.
		Chlorate based pyrotechnic compositions are known to be unstable and have been abandoned by most pyrotechnic manufacturers.
		Chlorate is incompatible with sulfur, sulfates, phosphorous and phosphates.
	www.frogfot.com /synthesis/chlorateel.html (4983 words)

	Potassium Chlorate Lab Safety Precautions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Heating the solid chlorate Heat the test tube GENTLY for a few minutes, holding the burner in your hand, moving the flame around, and gradually ease the potassium chlorate into melting.
		When the chlorate is solid, it is most difficult to keep in the test tube.
		Once the chlorate is melted, it is easier to control, yet it is extremely dangerous if it does contact a reducing agent such as a piece of paper, wood, or skin.
	www.chemistrycoach.com /potassium_chlorate_lab_safety_pr.htm (921 words)

	Potassium Chlorate Diatribe
		My primary contention: I consider it irresponsible to demonstrate the use of a very dangerous chemical such as potassium chlorate to a general audience when much safer and more effective chemicals are in common use for the same purpose.
		Potassium cholrate was discovered in the late 1700's, and led to a revolution in pyrotechnics when it came into common use in the 1800's.
		Potassium chlorate is still in use for specialized purposes, but less and less as safer compounds have been found to replace it.
	www.jamesyawn.com /KClO3/notes.html (2808 words)

	Knutsen's Chem 105 Lab Exercise: Percent Oxygen in Potassium Chlorate (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Add about 6 grams of potassium chlorate to the test tube, and weigh again to the nearest 0.01 g.
		From your data calculate the percent oxygen in potassium chlorate for each trial.
		Determine the theoretical percent oxygen in potassium chlorate from its chemical formula.
	www.instruction.greenriver.edu /knutsen/chem105/kclo3.html (384 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		is used as a catalyst in the laboratory preparation of oxygen from potassium chlorate, a classical experiment of elementary chemistry classes.
		The procedure consists of merely heating potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide together in a hard glass container and collecting the gas over water.
		See oxygen, manganese and potassium chlorate for precautions.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=manganese_dioxide (524 words)

	Potassium Chlorate Rocket Fuel Text - Physics Forums Library
		The Potassium ion is ionically bonded to the Nitrate ion in KNO3.
		Six mass ratios ranging from 50/50 to 75/25 of potassium nitrate to the sugars sucrose and fructose were studied to determine the identity of the products of the reaction as well as the effect of varying concentrations of reactants upon the products.
		Potassium Nitrate is very much involved in the chemical reaction; it absolutely DOES change chemically in the process.
	www.physicsforums.com /archive/index.php/t-63417.html (12982 words)

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