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Topic: Potassium perchlorate

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	Perchlorate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A perchlorate (compound) is a compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +7.
		The perchlorate ion is the weakest oxidizer of the generalized chlorates.
		Most perchlorates, especially salts of electropositive metals such as sodium perchlorate, are slow to react unless heated, the perchlorate ion being largely inert and not oxidizing at lower temperatures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perchlorate (1122 words)

	perchlorate Information Center - perchlorate
		When perchlorates enter the body, they block iodine uptake to the thyroid gland, which is needed to create thyroid hormones used by the body for metabolism as well silver perchlorate as for growth and perchlorate break down bleach development in children.
		The chemical is particularly chemical formula for barium perchlorate perchlorate stockpiles perchlorate groundwater migration perchlorate emissions dangerous to women of childbearing age and developing fetuses, since it is known to cause mental retardation in unborn children joe baca perchlorate as well as infants.
		Another potassium perchlorate suppliers organization, Environment magnesium perchlorate pyro perchlorate skeet san diego California, released its own report, emphasizing the harmful metal perchlorates effects of perchlorates on "expecting mothers, their developing fetuses perchlorate boxer perchlorate 2005 and their infant children".
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Chemistry_Topics_P_-_Po/perchlorate.html (810 words)

	Perchlorate and Perchlorate Salts, IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency
		The effects of perchlorate in these healthy adult humans did not change over time, as indicated by very similar results for thyroid radioiodide uptake measurements on day 2 of perchlorate administration compared to day 14 in the three higher dose groups (uptake was not measured on day 2 in the lowest dose group).
		Therefore, an uncertainty factor for database adequacy is not considered necessary for perchlorate because of the consistency of the human data across multiple studies and the reliance on a precursor, non-adverse, biochemical event as the point of departure.
		This is based on extensive mechanistic data on the mode-of-action of perchlorate, commencing with the inhibition of iodide uptake at the sodium-iodide symporter, and the conclusion that thyroid-pituitary disruption is the sole mode of action for the observed thyroid tumors caused by perchlorate in rodents.
	www.epa.gov /iris/subst/1007.htm (6208 words)

	Potassium : by Ray Sahelian, M.D., health benefit, food source
		Potassium is the principal positive ion inside of the cells of the body and is used in nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and normal kidney function.
		Potassium iodide is used to treat overactive thyroid and to protect the thyroid gland from the effects of radiation from inhaled or swallowed radioactive iodine.
		Potassium iodide may be used before and after administration of medicine containing radioactive iodine or after accidental exposure to radioactive iodine (for example, from nuclear power plant accidents that involved release of radioactivity to the environment).
	www.raysahelian.com /potassium.html (1004 words)

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	dyxmyp.h.fc2.com /potassium-rmanganate (387 words)

	What is Perchlorate?
		Ammonium perchlorate is used as an energetics booster or oxidant in solid propellant for rockets and missiles.
		Potassium perchlorate until recently was used to treat hyperthyroidism resulting from Grave's disease, and is still used diagnostically to test thyroid hormone production in some clinical settings.
		The toxicity of perchlorate is an active area of research, with most activity focused on the potential of perchlorate to hinder the synthesis of thyroid hormones and/or subsequent consequences resulting from decreases in thyroid hormones.
	www.perchlorateinfo.com /perchlorate.html (807 words)

	Perchlorate (CIO4) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The most common forms of perchlorate include ammonium perchlorate (used as a solid rocket fuel propellant and ignitable source in munitions and fireworks) and potassium perchlorate (used to treat Grave's Disease [hyperthyroidism] since the 1950's).
		Perchlorate salts dissociate completely in water and aqueous tissues, therefore exposure is to the ion, not to the salt.
		Perchlorate is also associated with certain types of flares, fireworks, air bags, shoulder fired rocket propelled firearms, and other sources.
	www.komex.com /solutions/perchlorate.stm (375 words)

	ES&T Online News: Perchlorate impact quantified
		Perchlorate is known to impair thyroid function by interfering with the gland’s uptake of iodide, and potassium perchlorate has been used to treat conditions like Graves disease that cause the thyroid to become hyperactive and produce too much thyroid hormone.
		Greer and his collaborators determined the dose of perchlorate in drinking water necessary to trigger an effect on iodide uptake by having 37 male and female adult human volunteers drink 400 milliliters of water laced with varying concentrations of pharmaceutical-grade potassium perchlorate for 14 days.
		From that, they determined that perchlorate concentrations ranging from 180 to 220 ppb, and possibly much higher “should be of no health concern in iodine-sufficient populations.” They note that the U.S. population’s iodine intake has declined in the past 25 years, but they don’t believe that this has caused general iodine insufficiency.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2002/oct/science/kb_perchlorateimpact.html (382 words)

	Perchlorate Removal
		Ammonium perchlorate is used in the manufacture of rocket and missile propellant, road flares and fireworks.
		Health experts say that perchlorate cannot be ingested through the skin, so the emphasis is on treatment of water used for drinking and food preparation.
		The perchlorate compound is structured with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central chlorine atom.
	www.wqpmag.com /wqp/index.cfm/powergrid/rfah=\|cfap=/CFID/793692/CFTOKEN/82157416/fuseaction/showArticle/articleID/5854 (1156 words)

	Perchlorate Identification in Fertilizers
		Perchlorate is commercially produced as solid salts of ammonium, sodium, and potassium cations; it is used as an oxidizer in solid propellants for rockets, missiles, fireworks, and certain munitions and used in the manufacture of matches.
		Perchlorate is water-soluble, exceedingly mobile in aqueous systems, and can persist for many decades under typical groundwater and surface water conditions (2).
		Perchlorate is of concern because of uncertainties about toxicity and health effects at low levels in drinking water, impact on ecosystems, and indirect exposure pathways for humans due to accumulation in vegetables.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtextd?esthag/asap/html/es990577k.html (2725 words)

	Megalomania's Method of Making Perchlorates
		Anhydrous barium perchlorate is prepared by heating a mixture of solid barium chloride and nitrosyl perchlorate, or by heating a mixture of barium carbonate and ammonium perchlorate.
		Anhydrous copper perchlorate is prepared by heating in vacuum at 200 °C a mixture of nitrosyl perchlorate and your choice of either copper monoxide, copper dichloride, or copper nitrate.
		Potassium perchlorate is prepared by slowly adding 50 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to 2-5 g of potassium chlorate.
	www.roguesci.org /megalomania/explo/perchlorates.html (1117 words)

	Ammonium Perchlorate - Oxidizer
		In 1948 Aerojet replaced Potassium Perchlorate with Ammonium Perchlorate in a move to reduce smoke and increase impulse (thrust per unit propellant burned per second) in the rocket engines.
		Ammonium Perchlorate is a salt that has a molar mass of 117.4889 g/mol.
		Ammonium Perchlorate has a density of 1.95 g/mol, and is very soluble in water, as well as many other solvents.
	web1.caryacademy.org /chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/2000/AmmoniumPerchlorate/oxidizer.html (270 words)

	Galery1, potassium perchlorate 2
		Potassium perchlorate / potassium permanganate is one of the few good examples of a crystal with mixed anions.
		This little specimen was grown from about 1,500 ml solution to which only a few small crystal pieces of potassium permanganate had been added.
		As you may know the permanganate anion is one of the strongest inorganic "dyes" known, even traces can produce a slight pinkish hue.
	www.crystalgrowing.com /xx_galer.y/kclo4_2.htm (73 words)

	Flash Powders
		Chlorate flash mixtures decompose faster than perchlorate flash mixtures and are more sensitive to shock, flame, spark and friction.
		Potassium permanganate mixes are regarded as sensitive and unstable.
		Chlorate/aluminum-based flash powders II Chlorate and sulfur/sulfide mixes are known to be very sensitive to shock, flame, spark and friction.
	members.shaw.ca /gryphon223/PFP/flash.html (1051 words)

	Deflagrating reactions.
		Potassium Bromate is similar to KNO3 as an oxidizer, but because of the larger Bromine molecule holding on to the Oxygen it is more unstable and therefore results in a more violent reaction.
		Potassium Perchlorate is the standard today at the fireworks industry.
		The explosive force of this composition is lower than that of the ‘Potassium perchlorate bursting charge #1’.
	www.powerlabs.org /chemlabs/deflagrants.htm (1750 words)

	Pyrocreations.com - Miscellaneous compositions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Comments: A standard fl powder priming cannot be used with stars that contain ammonium perchlorate, since a double decomposition reaction forms the highly hygroscopic ammonium nitrate.
		Comments: Used for strobe stars of ammonium perchlorate base to prevent nitrates from the outer priming to react with the ammonium perchlorate.
		This can be done by dissolving the potassium nitrate in a minimum amount of boiling water, adding the charcoal and sulfur and precipitating the potassium nitrate in the form of fine particles by adding a large amount of isopropyl alcohol and cooling the solution as fast as possible to 0°C, followed by filtering and drying.
	www.pyrocreations.com /miscellaneous_compositions (1256 words)

	Cheap-Chemicals.com: Chemicals
		It is also used as a nutrition supplement to prevent goiter and other iodine deficiencies in the human body and it is an effective bactericide and fungicide.
		In the process of food preservation, potassium nitrate is a common ingredient of salted meat.
		One area of natural occurrence of potassium perchlorate is in potassium nitrate from Chile (Chile saltpeter), which may be used in chemical fertilizers originating from Chile.
	www.cheap-chemicals.com /chemicals.asp?Sort=P (559 words)

	The Archive
		Mix the iron oxide with the potassium benzoate and mill this mixture until a very fine powder is obtained.
		The explosive force of this composition is higher than that of the ‘Potassium perchlorate bursting charge #1’, especially when the particle size of the carbon is small.
		When the ratio perchlorate to aluminum is changed to 35/65 a small flame with yellowish fire dust of long duration is obtained.
	www.freewebs.com /the-archive/Compositions.htm (6920 words)

	American Elements: Potassium Supplier & Technical Information
		Potassium is the seventh most abundant element on earth.
		Lower purity compounds are used in pyrotechnics for its violet color on ignition and in glass and ceramic glazes to produce this color.
		Potassium also used as a nutrient in plant growth.
	www.americanelements.com /kk.html (112 words)

	Perchlorate potassium - potassium Potassium Perchlorate 100g Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
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	perchlorate-potassium.harmonia.waw.pl (1090 words)

	Where can I buy potassium perchlorate ? - UK Rocketry & Pyro forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Perchloric acid is highly oxidising and very dangerous.
		Potassium Perchlorate is made by double decomposition of sodium perchlorate and Potassium salt (for example Potassium nitrate).
		If you consider Sulphuric Acid for making Potassium Perchlorate then you are putting yourself into a considerable risk that can result in more then just a limb blown off.
	www.ukrocketry.co.uk /forum/index.php?showtopic=167 (967 words)

	Perchlorate Water Contamination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		for over 50 years it has been known that perchlorate can affect the thyroid and cause other health problems.
		perchlorate contamination affects the drinking water of more than 20,000,000 Americans.
		recent studies show that lower doses of perchlorate can cause more damage than was previously believed.
	www.our-water.com (75 words)

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	dyxmyp.h.fc2.com /potassium-perchlorate (150 words)

	A collection of pyrotechnic compositions
		Preparation: It is best prepared by melting the potassium nitrate and sugar together, but this is a dangerous operation and could result in accidential ignition during preperation.
		Mix the iron oxide with the potassium benzoate and mill this mixture untill a very fine powder is obtained.
		Preparation: The potassium nitrate, sulfur and pine charcoal are previously mixed densily as in the manufacture of fl powder.
	www.wfvisser.dds.nl /compoDB.html (7280 words)

	Firework Chemicals
		Here you will find all the common oxidizers and fuels such as potassium perchlorate, potassium nitrate (saltpeter), sodium nitrate, strontium nitrate, aluminum and other metal powders used in making fireworks.
		Used as a surface treatment to suppress the corrosion and reactivity of magnesium; infrequently as an oxidizer; and as a catalyst to aid in the decomposition of potassium perchlorate, often in primes.
		Potassium dichromate enables the oxidizer to part with its oxygen with a lower input of energy than would otherwise be needed.
	www.skylighter.com /mall/chemicals.asp?Sort=P (467 words)

	Potassium Perchlorate - UK Rocketry & Pyro forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		i figured out today that potassium sulphate could be made by mixing potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid from this i think i can change it to KCLO4 but i dont know how.
		potassium perchlorate is easily prepared in quantity by electrolisis of Sodium chloride or chlorate.
		If you have time and use quantities of perchlorate this is the easiest option.
	www.ukrocketry.co.uk /forum/index.php?showtopic=444&view=getlastpost (571 words)

	Safety & Health Services - Chemical Compatibilty
		Many perchlorates of nitrogenous bases (e.g., hydroxylamine, urea, methylamine, ethylamine, isopropylamine, 4-ethylpyridine, diaminoethane) and organic perchlorates are explosives.
		Potassium forms an unstable, explosive peroxide and super oxide coating when stored under mineral oil.
		Potassium cyanide will absorb moisture from the air and will form a syrup.
	www.bnl.gov /esh/shsd/Programs/Program_Area_Chemicals_Compatibility.asp (4487 words)

	Star Formulations
		Magnesium must be protected by coating with potassium dichromate if used with ammonium perchlorate.
		Addition of potassium dichromate to the composition will not ensure cessation of the reaction.
		This moisture would then cause the magnesium and ammonium perchlorate to react producing heat, and eventually spontaneous combustion.
	members.shaw.ca /gryphon223/PFP/stars.html (139 words)

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