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	Irish potato famine - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Famine was at least fifty years in the making, due the disastrous balance between British economic policy, destructive farming methods, and the unfortunate appearance of "the Blight" —the potato fungus that almost instantly destroyed the major food source for the majority population.
		The use of the potato and sub-division produced two interlinked side-effects; with increased calories the number of surviving male heirs was quickly increasing, while with the prospect of inheriting a land-holding, heirs married young and produced large families-hence increasing subdivision into smaller estates for their own heirs.
		The shortage of the potato crop caused a major famine known as the Irish Potato Famine.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Potato_famine (3766 words)

	Potato famine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The potato famine of the mid 19th century arose from an infestation of potato blight, Phytophthora infestans, which spread across Europe in the 1840s.
		In that the potato crop was lost, its effect was widely felt; in France and England for example.
		However, the nature of agriculture in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands meant that there, the proportion of the food-supply normally in the form of potatoes was much greater than where the soils were better and the climate less wet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Potato_famine (219 words)

	The Irish Famine
		The famine was the result of successive crop failures and the insufficient and ineffective relief for stopping the outbreak of starvation and disease.
		The famine was the most tragic and significant event in Irish history and one of the worst human disasters of the nineteenth century.
		The Irish depended on the potato and the failure of the potato crop in 1845 was disastrous.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Congress/2807 (141 words)

	The Irish Famine: Potato Blight
		In the harvest of 1845, between one-third and half of the potato crop was destroyed by the strange disease, which became known as 'potato blight'.
		It was not possible to eat the blighted potatoes, and the rest of 1845 was a period of hardship, although not starvation, for those who depended on it.
		In the years after the famine, scientists discovered that the blight was, in fact, caused by a fungus, and they managed to isolate it.
	www.wesleyjohnston.com /users/ireland/past/famine/blight.html (762 words)

	The History Place - Irish Potato Famine
		The Famine began quite mysteriously in September 1845 as leaves on potato plants suddenly turned fl and curled, then rotted, seemingly the result of a fog that had wafted across the fields of Ireland.
		The blight spread throughout the fields as fungal spores settled on the leaves of healthy potato plants, multiplied and were carried in the millions by cool breezes to surrounding plants.
		In the first year of the Famine, deaths from starvation were kept down due to the imports of Indian corn and survival of about half the original potato crop.
	www.historyplace.com /worldhistory/famine/begins.htm (1582 words)

	The Irish Potato Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Previous to the famine, the poor of Ireland became extremely dependant on the potato.
		The potato was the staple food of the Irish and previous to the famine it is estimated that approximately 3 million Irish were living completely off of the potato crop.
		The famine is also mostly responsible for the dramatic decrease of population in Ireland from eight million before the famine to six million afterwards.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~sschreib/autumn_02/introductions/famine.html (237 words)

	Irish Potato Famine -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Irish Potato Famine was the worst famine to occur in Europe in the…
		The Irish Potato Famine was the worst famine to occur...
		The potato (common potato, white potato, or Irish potato), considered by most botanists a native of the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes, is one of the world's main food crops, differing from others in that the edible part of the plant is a tuber (i.e., the swollen end of an...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9003032?tocId=9003032 (910 words)

	Encyclopedia: Irish potato famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The immediate after-effects of The Famine continued until 1851, and in the five years from 1846, over a million deaths and some two million refugees are attributed to the Great Hunger (estimates vary), and much the same number of people emigrated to Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia (see the Irish Diaspora).
		However, the traditional Irish practice of sub-dividing plots among the male children of a family, though diminishing, was still widely practiced in the poorer areas of the country.
		The initial British government response towards the early famine was, in the view of many historians such as F.S.L. Lyons 'prompt and relatively successful'.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Irish-potato-famine (3866 words)

	Ethnobotanical Leaflets
		The potato blight struck the whole of Europe in the late 1840s.The blight seems to have arrived from the United States in 1844 with a shipment of seed potatoes offloaded at Ostende in Belgium.
		The prices of potatoes relative to those of cereals were, on average, 50-100 per cent higher in the late 1840s and 1850s than in the 1830s and early 1840s.
		Losses from this disease in potatoes are of two kinds: losses caused by foliage infection which leads to premature death of the plant and consequently reduction in tuber yield; and those caused by tuber infection and loss through rotting of infected tubers in fields and stores (Singh, Roy, & Bhattacharyya 1993).
	www.siu.edu /~ebl/leaflets/blight.htm (2222 words)

	Potato Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Irish potato famine has been called the "last great European natural disaster." An estimated one-half million died from starvation and another one million from epidemics during the harsh winter of 1846-47 that followed the blight that wiped out Ireland's potato crop during the summer of 1846.
		The tragedy of the famine was rooted in the unique conditions that gradually developed in Ireland as a result of the introduction of the New World potato many years earlier.
		But, the potato, yielding enough protein to sustain a family of six and their animals, permitted population growth, which in turn, dictated more lands be devoted to the potato, allowing more population growth.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /cheri/itk115/labs/famine.htm (316 words)

	The Great Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Great Famine, also known as the Potato Famine, The Great Hunger and An Gota Mor, reduced the population of Ireland by three million people, or 36%, during the middle of the 19th century.
		While the famine was initiated by a potato blight, its actual causes are rooted much deeper in the economic system in place at the time and the attitude of the English to the people of Ireland.
		This famine and the resultant deaths were due to a natural disaster worsened by English policies, policies which were tailored to the needs of English businesses and the general well-being of the English public at the expense of the Irish.
	www.irishclans.com /articles/greatfamine.html (1095 words)

	Digital History
		During the summer of 1845, a "blight of unusual character" devastated Ireland's potato crop, the basic staple in the Irish diet.
		A few days after potatoes were dug from the ground, they began to turn into a slimy, decaying, flish "mass of rottenness." Expert panels convened to investigate the blight's cause suggested that it was the result of "static electricity" or the smoke that billowed from railroad locomotives or the "mortiferous vapours" rising from underground volcanoes.
		Irish peasants subsisted on a diet consisting largely of potatoes, since a farmer could grow triple the amount of potatoes as grain on the same plot of land.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /historyonline/irish_potato_famine.cfm (504 words)

	Search Tuna Report for Irish Potato Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The potato was the crop of choice because it could be grown in poor soil and because it produced a large yield even in a small area.
		The Irish Famine: Potato Blight In the harvest of 1845, between one-third and half of the potato crop was destroyed by the strange disease, which became known as 'potato blight'....
		The Great Irish Famine Curriculum A half million were evicted from their homes during the potato blight, and a million and a half emigrated to America, Britain and Australia, often on-board rotting, overcrowded "coffin ships"....
	searchtuna.com /ftlive/1254.html (5955 words)

	Irish infestation
		Potatoes were the most productive staple starch for Ireland's cool, damp climate, but the island also grew barley, oats and wheat.
		Although many potato varieties were grown in Ireland -- as a kind of insurance against crop diseases -- virtually all were susceptible to Phytophthora infestans, a virulent pathogen whose Greek name means "plant destroyer" and which turns plants into a fl, dead mush.
		In 1845, late blight obliterated one-quarter to one-third of the Irish potato crop.
	whyfiles.org /128potato_blight (847 words)

	The Potato Famine
		The combined forces of famine, disease and emigration depopulated the island; Ireland's population dropped from 8 million in 1841 before the Famine to 5 million in the years after.
		The potato arrived in the U.S. in 1622 with the first settlers and was a common source of food by the mid-1700s.
		It is now able to mate with the well-established A1 mating type (the cause of the Irish potato famine) and this sexual recombination results in a huge number of different variants of the disease.
	plantpathology.tamu.edu /kbgs/potatofamine.htm (1569 words)

	Irish Potato Famine
		Combined with milk, potatoes supply almost all food elements required for a healthy diet.(13) To fulfill the daily nutritive requirement in the mid-1800s, each person had to eat 3 kilograms (six and a half pounds) of potatoes.
		To counter overpopulation, people moved to less fertile areas were the potato was one of the few sources of food that could be grown.(21) Most of these lands were under the ownership of absentee landlords, who wanted to maximize the output with little or no investment into the population.
		Although the potato crops from 1847-1851 were unaffected by the blight, famine conditions intensified due to a lack of seed potatoes for planting new crops and an inadequate amount of potatoes having been planted for fear that the blight would persist.(28) Tenant farmers held short-term leases that were payable each six months in arrears.
	www.american.edu /TED/potato.htm (1494 words)

	Lessons from the Great Potato Famine
		The trauma of the potato famine burned beyond the slicing of that nation's population.
		Perhaps the blight flening the potatoes also flened the hearts of Ireland's English oppressors who decided, after two years of famine relief, that charity had gone far enough, and the peasants had best be left to their own devices.
		Although Americans have not had the "benefit" of a tragedy on the scale of the Irish potato famine, it is not too late to hope that enough of us will commit our lives to resisting the heinous forces that threaten our families, communities and environment.
	www.populist.com /02.5.fallon.html (1302 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Irish Potato Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Unfortunately, it was this strain that was vulnerable to the disease known as the blight (Phytophthora infestans), which first arrived in 1845.
		Between 1845 and 1848, famine caused by the blight and other political factors contributed to the death of about one million people.
		For a more detailed study of the organism behind the Irish Potato Famine, see the Organelle Genome Megasequencing Program, a consortium of Canadian genetic research groups, which provides information on the disease's genetic sequence.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php?id=577&print=1 (221 words)

	The Potato Then & Now: The Irish Potato Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Others speculate that the potato washed up on the beaches of Ireland as part of the shipwreck of the Spanish Armada, which had sunk off the Irish coast in a violent storm.
		The potato's popularity was based on the potato producing more food per acre than any other crops Irish farmers had grown before.
		By the 1800's, the potato was so important in Ireland that some of the poorer parts of the country relied entirely on the potato for food.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /potato/history/ireland.asp (645 words)

	ipedia.com: Irish potato famine Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Irish Potato Famine, also called The Great Famine or The Great Hunger, is the name given to a famine which struck Ireland between 1846 and 1849.
		Part of the problem was also the small size of Irish landholdings, a result of excessive family size (due in part to the disappearance of traditional methods of contraception and growing sexual activity outside marital relationships), among the poorer segments of society least able to provide for their children.
		The use of the potato and sub-division produced two interlinked side-effects; with increased calories the number of surviving male heirs was quickly increasing, while with the prospect of inheriting a land-holding, young heirs married young, producing large families, hence more subdivision.
	www.ipedia.com /irish_potato_famine.html (3538 words)

	The Irish Famine
		A contemporary comment was that "God sent the blight, but the English made the famine: and to some extent this was true because the governments of both Peel and Lord John Russell did little to help the Irish population.
		The peasants were almost totally dependent on the potato as a source of food because this crop produced more food per acre than wheat and could also be sold as a source of income.
		The blight destroyed the potato crop of 1845 and by the early autumn of that year it was clear that famine was imminent in Ireland.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/famine.html (698 words)

	History of the Irish Potato Famine - Victory Heirloom Seeds
		To the Irish, famine of this magnitude was unprecedented and unimaginable.
		Ireland's famine and those of the 20th century have similar, complex causes: economic and political factors, environmental conditions, and questionable agricultural practices.
		When the famine hit in 1845, the Irish had grown potatoes for over 200 years--since the South American plant had first arrived in Ireland.
	www.victoryseeds.com /news/irish_famine.html (838 words)

	Tracking the Fungus Behind the Famine
		The plant disease that killed the potatoes was caused by a fungus, Phytophthora infestans (fie-tof-thor-uh in-fes-tans).
		This is called vegetative propagation (prop-uh-gay-shun) and this is how potatoes were grown and spread across Ireland (potatoes originated in South America and were brought to Europe in the 1600s).
		Potatoes were the main dish at every meal and often the only food on the table because they yield the most amount of food per acre of land.
	www.microbe.org /news/potato_fungus.asp (647 words)

	What Caused the Irish Potato Famine?
		As a result they died by the hundreds of thousands when a blight appeared and ruined their food source, in the midst of one of the fastest economic growth periods in human history.
		Landlords benefitted from the fact that the potato did not deplete the soil and allowed a larger percentage of the estate to be devoted to grain crops for export to England.
		Even more importantly, the Famine is a source of great economic errors, such as: Famines are the fault of the market and free trade, and starvation results from laissez-faire policy.
	www.mises.org /freemarket_detail.asp?control=88 (1711 words)

	Ireland History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However this in not true, the potato was brought to Ireland in the 1500s by ships returning from South America where the potato originated.
		When the farmers got up the next morning and went to their potato fields to dig up their crop they found the "spuds" had turned fl and were of a soft mushy like texture.
		The potato famine of 1848 was the most devastating Irish famine in history.
	www.clevehill.wnyric.org /aphist/Irelandhistory.html (2202 words)

	Researcher identifies pathogen strain responsible for Irish potato famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Using DNA fingerprinting analysis of 150-year-old leaves — evidence that had not previously been studied — Ristaino ruled out the longtime prime suspect behind the famine: the Ib haplotype, or strain, of the late- blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, which was presumed to have originated in Mexico.
		The Ib haplotype — the one previously presumed to be the culprit behind the Irish potato famine and other epidemics before Ristaino’s groundbreaking 2001 study — was present only in more modern samples from Central and South America.
		The late-blight pathogen led to the Irish potato famine, which killed or displaced millions of Irish people, and other epidemics across the world.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu:8050 /agcomm/magazine/spring04/researcher.htm (542 words)

	Irish Potato Famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the autumn of 1845 the potatoes, on which in many localities the lower classes depended for their food supply, suddenly turned fl, became mushy and to a large extent inedible.
		In Ireland, as might be expected, the potato famine led to one of the greatest tragedies of the century.
		Throughout the famine years and immediately after, old-style and new-style landlords were consolidating their estates.
	mars.acnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/potato.html (2433 words)

	The Great Irish Famine
		During the worst months of the famine, in the winter of 1846-47, tens of thousands of tenants fell in arrears of rent and were evicted from their homes.
		The great potato famines of 1845-51 reduced the population from 8 million to 6.6 million through starvation, disease and emigration to Britain and America.
		The potato had become the staple food for most of the rural population, but with the war's end came a change from tillage to pasture.
	www.nde.state.ne.us /SS/irish/irish_pf.html (16021 words)

	Researcher Identifies Irish Potato Famine Pathogen
		DNA Evidence Calls Irish Potato Famine Theory Into Question (June 13, 2001) -- For years, scientists thought they knew which strain of late blight caused the great Irish potato famine of the 1840s, a catastrophic crop failure that killed more than 1 million people, forced...
		Extracted DNA May Reveal Cause Of Great Irish Potato Famine (March 2, 2000) -- One of modern science's most baffling mysteries may soon be solved by a North Carolina State University scientist and the tiny fragments of DNA she's extracting from dried potato leaves.
		A Virulent Strain Of The Fungus That Caused The Irish Potato Famine Is Devastating Crops In North America, Cornell Scientist Says (March 13, 1998) -- The fungus responsible for the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s is back, and could be more threatening than ever.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/03/040319073313.htm (799 words)

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