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Topic: Potato fungus

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	Learn more about Fungus in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms, usually ranked as a kingdom in Linnaean taxonomy.
		A lichen is a very close mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism, usually a cyanobacterium or green alga.
		The water molds, of which potato blight is the best known example, show a hyphal organization and were once considered fungi.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /f/fu/fungus.html (1101 words)

	Tracking the Fungus Behind the Famine
		The plant disease that killed the potatoes was caused by a fungus, Phytophthora infestans (fie-tof-thor-uh in-fes-tans).
		Potatoes were the main dish at every meal and often the only food on the table because they yield the most amount of food per acre of land.
		So when the fungus hit, there was almost nothing left for the peasants to eat but grass and weeds.
	www.microbe.org /news/potato_fungus.asp (647 words)

	OLYMPUS MIC-D: Brightfield Gallery - Potato Blight Fungus (Phytophthora infestans) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Potato late blight, caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most important potato diseases in the world.
		Disease outbreaks are caused by vegetative reproduction (self-cloning) of the fungus and require cool temperatures and moist conditions.
		Controlling the fungus is difficult because it has a complicated life cycle with distinct and strikingly different spore forms ranging from motile zoospores (produced by self-cloning) to thick-walled oospores (produced by sexual reproduction).
	www.mic-d.com /gallery/brightfield/potatoblight.html (354 words)

	Potato fungus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The spores of this water mold overwinter on infected tubers, particularly those that are left in the ground after the previous year’s harvest, and arespread rapidly in warm wet conditions when blight can have devastating effects, destroying entire crops.
		Prevention and control of potato blight can be achieved by planting only good quality seeds obtained from certified suppliers.Do not save your own seed for replanting, and try to ensure that no ‘volunteer’ tubers are left in the soil afterharvest.
		Growing potatoes should be earthed up regularly in order to minimise the risks of spores being washed down into the soilreaching the tubers.
	www.therfcc.org /potato-fungus-225689.html (480 words)

	The Origin of Plant Pathology, Potato Famine, Downy Mildew of Grapes and Tree Diseases
		Potatoes soon became a standard on their sailing ships because it was noted that sailors who ate potatoes did not suffer from scurvy.
		The potato was believed to be responsible, in part, for agrarian revolution of the 17th and 18th Century as well as for the population increase in Europe during this period.
		In biology we tend to emphasize that the fungus, Phytophthora infestans, was responsible for the mass starvation that occurred, and it certainly was responsible for the failure of the potato crop.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/wong/BOT135/LECT06.HTM (10780 words)

	CNN.com - Crop killing fungus spreads around the globe - October 22, 2000
		Scientists are growing five acres of potatoes of every variety imaginable, trying to develop ones resistant to the fungus behind the Irish famine, which killed 1 million people and forced a mass migration to the United States in the mid-1800s.
		The fungus attacks the short, leafy potato plant and sometimes the tubers themselves, devastating one of the world's most important food staples.
		The fungus is particularly devastating in Russia, where many people grow potatoes in small garden plots and can't afford to spray fungicide.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/americas/10/22/famine.fungus.ap (977 words)

	Potato late blight, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The fungus is dispersed by wind-borne sporangia, which are produced on branched hyphae (sporangiophores) that emerge from the stomata of infected leaves in humid conditions (see diagram).
		The potato blight fungus also is thought to have its centre of origin in this region, so it is sensible to seek sources of genetic resistance to the pathogen in the wild potato plants of this region.
		However, within a few years of each R gene being introduced widely into potato cultivars, the fungus was found to be able to attack these plants – the resistance was overcome by new strains (termed physiologic races) of the pathogen that developed in response to the selection pressure imposed by the specific R genes.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/blight.htm (1277 words)

	Monsanto Genetically Engineers Potato That Resists Common Fungus
		Fumigation kills both the fungus and some harmful nematodes, but is not a particularly attractive option for most growers because of the cost and health hazards from the chemicals.
		The protein was not effective against Phytophthora infestans, the potato late blight fungus that caused the Irish potato famine of 1845-1851.
		If the engineered potato passes further tests, it could be a significant advance in fighting fungal infections, said William E. Fry, a plant pathologist at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. "If the initial results are consistent and carry through, this is going to be a nice contribution," he said.
	www.monsanto.co.uk /news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=4148 (562 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Phase Contrast Photomicrography Gallery - ...
		Illustrated in the photomicrograph above is a thin section of potato tissue infected with this deadly fungus.
		The potato plant is a native of South America and has been cultivated by Native Americans for thousands of years.
		Late blight continues to be a threat with the emergence of a new strain in the United States during the 1990s.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/techniques/phasegallery/potatoblight.html (279 words)

	Ethnobotanical Leaflets
		The potato blight struck the whole of Europe in the late 1840s.The blight seems to have arrived from the United States in 1844 with a shipment of seed potatoes offloaded at Ostende in Belgium.
		The prices of potatoes relative to those of cereals were, on average, 50-100 per cent higher in the late 1840s and 1850s than in the 1830s and early 1840s.
		Losses from this disease in potatoes are of two kinds: losses caused by foliage infection which leads to premature death of the plant and consequently reduction in tuber yield; and those caused by tuber infection and loss through rotting of infected tubers in fields and stores (Singh, Roy, & Bhattacharyya 1993).
	www.siu.edu /~ebl/leaflets/blight.htm (2222 words)

	Potato Fungus Returns With Better Defenses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is spreading widely through potato regions in the United States and abroad, so the costs of control, and losses in spuds, are going higher.
		The resurgence of blight became a serious problem in the early 1990s, when "a new strain of late blight [fungus] came in that is resistant to a key fungicide," said plant physiologist John Helgeson, at the University of Wisconsin.
		Once an infection begins, the potato plant may be a goner, along with many of its siblings in the field.
	dev.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2000/06/03/056.html (1020 words)

	P. Infestans bulletins
		Mahany found the potent fast-moving fungus known as late blight in one corner of his 600 acres of potatoes this summer and immediately plowed it under.
		In what scientists are calling the worst threat to America's potato crop in decades, an aggressive new strain of the blight that devastated Ireland in the 19th century is sweeping across the nation, showing remarkable resistance to all chemical fungicides.
		The fungus is believed to migrate primarily on seed tubers (potatoes to be planted for the next year's crop).
	www.geocities.com /willboyne/nosurrender/Infest.html (2723 words)

	Spray-On Bacteria Stop Potato Rot Fungus
		The bacteria, which are harmless to humans, colonize potato wound sites and form a kind of living bandage that keeps the fungus at bay.
		Potatoes often sustain damage during harvest or transport.
		The trick is to buy the potatoes enough time for their wounds to close up and shut out dry rot, which otherwise causes a flish, gnarled blemish that ruins the potato's marketability.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/jun02/fungus0602.htm (1056 words)

	myc.STRAMENOPILES,news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A virulent potato fungus is killing the Northeast crop; farmers are hunting seeds free of disease.
		Late blight fungus thrives in cool, damp conditions, producing fl or purple lesions on a potato plant's leaves and stem and leaving it unable to photosynthesize.
		(The fungus is apparently a few steps ahead of the potato in the evolutionary arms race.) So the Purdue researchers used an osmotin gene that had already been isolated from tobacco plants and attached it to a promoter, a DNA sequence that activates the gene and allows it to be turned on continuously.
	lsb380.plbio.lsu.edu /mycology/myc.STRAMENOPILES,news (941 words)

	The Irish Potato Famine Fungus
		Losses from this disease in potatoes are of two kinds: losses caused by foliage infection which leads to premature death of the plant and consequently reduction in tuber yield; and those caused by tuber infection and loss through rotting of infected tubers in fields and stores (Singh, Roy, and Bhattacharyya 1993).
		Thus, the introduction of the fungus into Europe and the United States in the 1840s in cultivated potatoes from Mexico is highly improbable if not impossible (Abad and Abad 1997).
		It has been difficult to develop potato and tomato varieties with stable resistance to late blight because although specific resistance genes are known, they are overcome rapidly by mutants in local fungus populations (Fry and Goodwin 1997).
	www.eat-online.net /english/education/irish_potato.htm (2221 words)

	GRAIN \| Seedling \| 1995 \| THE POTATO BLIGHT IS BACK
		But unlike 150 years ago, today the potato is also widely grown by the poor in Africa and Asia, and the blight constitutes a direct threat to their livelihoods.
		As a fungus, it propagated clonally and gradually mutated in the cool, humid, forests that dominated the valleys of Mexico's central highlands.
		If potato breeders were unduly complacent about late potato blight in the sixties and seventies, they were properly alarmed by the mid-eighties.
	www.grain.org /seedling?id=108 (2941 words)

	Potato Famine Fungus Is Back (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The potato famine was the major cause of the failure of potato crops, but the cultural and economic institutions in Ireland and Great Britain contributed a great deal to the disaster as well.
		Although the area should be a prime area for growing potatoes, in fact it is all but impossible to grow the tuber in the area.
		Since potatoes are an extremely important crop around the world, fighting the fungus is extremely important.
	www.overpopulation.com /articles/2000/000045.html (418 words)

	Rhizoctonia Disease of Potato fact sheet
		Rhizoctonia solani is a fungus that attacks tubers, underground stems, and stolons of potato plants.
		The fungus penetrates young, susceptible tissue, causing cankers that slow or stop the expansion of the infected stem or stolon.
		The longevity of the population is determined by the initial density of sclerotia at the start of the rotation period, the soil conditions, and the amount of microbial activity in the soil.
	vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu /factsheets/Potato_Rhizoctonia.htm (1078 words)

	New strain of Irish Potato Famine fungus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The fungus responsible for the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s is back and could be more threatening than ever.
		Agricultural scientists are finding the fungus, Phytopthora infestans, better known as late blight, difficult to control, said William Fry, a Cornell professor of plant pathology.
		Fry believes the new strain of the fungus is a greater threat to potato and tomato crops in the United States and Canada than were previous strains because it is resistant to the most effective fungicide, and because the strain is more aggressive.
	www.news.cornell.edu /Chronicle/98/3.19.98/fungus.html (572 words)

	Phytopthora infestans
		Ithaca, NY CA (3/16/98)- A new variant of Phytopthora infestans, the fungus that caused the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s, now poses a major threat to US agriculture, report researchers at Cornell University.
		Reduced yields, increased potato blight during storage and shipping, and heightened fear of the new aggressive strains of late blight are just some of the issues they have to deal with.
		Unless it is detected early, the fungus does not respond to antifungal treatments.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA12/potato398.html (681 words)

	CNN - Potato research: Fighting the blight - October 23, 1998
		For generations, potato late-blight fungus has been the enemy of the world's potato farmers.
		Fry, who has studied the fungus for 25 years, says several things make the new strain more virulent, including a resistance to chemicals that kill fungi.
		The International Potato Center, a research organization, has used cross-breeding and molecular biology to create potatoes that are blight-resistant, says Wanda Collins, deputy director.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/science/9810/23/t_t/potato.research (327 words)

	Fungus kills potato beetles
		Potato plants have a new champion to save them from the nasty Colorado potato beetle, and it's a naturally occurring soil fungus called Beauveria bassiana.
		Researchers at the Lethbridge Research Centre in Alberta are testing the fungus for its potential as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly pest control method for Canadian potato growers.
		The fungus has already been manufactured as a leaf spray in the United States, but is not particularly effective.
	res2.agr.ca /research-recherche/ann-dir/2x5x6_e.html (146 words)

	Phytophthora infestans, cause of late blight of potato and the Irish potato Famine, Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The water is necessary for the spores to swim to infect the leaves of the potatoes; the tubers and roots of the potato are more resistant to the pathogen.
		Late blight of potato is an example par excellence of the impact that a "fungal" disease has had on the political, economic and social atmosphere of several nations.
		Sometime after 1800, Europeans found the potato tuber (really an underground stem anatomically) was edible, and it was quickly adapted as a staple crop-the climate and soil in Europe was similar to that of the Andes and thus ideal for cultivation.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/m2001alt.html (2083 words)

	State Begins Quarantine on Import of Non-Certified Potato and Tomato Transplants
		Montana's certified seed potato crop is mainly grown in eight western and central counties.
		New strains of late blight fungus are resistant to the most effective fungicide and could be capable of sexual reproduction and possibly long-term survival in soil and crop residues.
		While potato seed or transplants brought into the state in compliance with the late blight quarantine should be free of the disease, Jacobsen recommends that home gardeners can be assured of planting disease free stock if it is certified disease free and was grown in Montana.
	www.montana.edu /wwwpb/ag/ban.html (624 words)

	Agricultural Research: Spray-on bacteria stop potato rot fungus - Brief Article
		Slininger, a chemical engineer, and Schisler, a plant pathologist, are close to developing a biological approach to controlling dry rot by using bacteria that are natural antagonists of the main fungus that causes this tuber disease--Fusarium sambucinum.
		So during the first 2 weeks of storage, handlers subject the new arrivals to a temperature of 59[degrees]F and 95 percent relative humidity to stimulate natural wound healing.
		More than half the U.S. potato crop, valued at $2.5 billion, is treated with CIPC to extend storage time and improve marketability.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3741/is_6_50/ai_88109753 (1150 words)

	Cornell News: Late Blight 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A virulent strain of the fungus that caused the Irish Potato Famine is devastating crops in North America, Cornell scientist says
		Agricultural scientists are finding the fungus, Phytopthora infestans, better known as late blight, difficult to control, says William Fry, a Cornell University professor of plant pathology.
		Fry believes the new strain of the fungus is a greater threat to potato and tomato crops in the U.S. and Canada than were previous strains because it is resistant to the most effective fungicide, and because the strain is more aggressive.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/March98/LateBlight.bpf.html (593 words)

	Cornell Science News: Cornell to host potato late blight conference, Oct. 7-8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The indigenous strain of the fungus has been controlled with fungicides, but it appears that exotic strains are more resistant.
		Sometime during the 1970s, another potato shipment carrying the fungus made its way from Mexico to Europe, bringing exotic strains of P. infestans.
		Also attending are Peter Gregory, deputy director for research, International Potato Center, Lima, Peru; Ronnie Coffman, director of research, Cornell's Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.; William E. Fry, Cornell professor of plant pathology; and Robert L. Plaisted, Cornell professor emeritus of plant breeding.
	www.news.cornell.edu /science/Oct96/blight.bpf.html (449 words)

	Cornell News: The Fungus-Fighting Potato
		This small, mild-mannered white potato is able to fend off late blight as well as other pests such as golden nematodes, scab and potato virus Y (PVY) in a single bound.
		The new potato, says Plaisted, is the best clone available that is resistant to both races of golden nematode.
		In 1984 Plaisted obtained seeds from the International Potato Center in Peru that had resistance to multiple races of the golden nematode, a soil-borne pest.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/Feb00/PotatoBlight.bpf.html (730 words)

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