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Topic: Potential chemical warfare agent

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	Armageddon Online - Chemical Warfare & Chemical Weapons
		Chemical warfare is warfare (and associated military operations) using non-explosive chemical agents to kill, injure or incapacitate the enemy.
		The chemical used is called a chemical warfare agent (CWA), and is usually gasseous at room temperature, or is a liquid that evaporates quickly and generates toxic fumes (such liquids are said to be volatile or have a high vapor pressure).
		Chemical weapons have been used for millenia in the form of poisoned arrows, but evidence can be found for the existence of more advanced forms of chemical weapons in ancient and classical times.
	www.armageddononline.net /chemical_warfare.php (1188 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-04122005-110302
		The reactivity of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and CWA simulants on organic and oxide surfaces is not currently well understood, but is of substantial importance to the development of effective sensors, filters and sorbent materials.
		Polyurethane coatings are used by the armed forces as chemical agent resistive paints to limit the uptake of CWAs on surfaces, while the use of metal oxides has been explored for decontamination and protection purposes.
		To better understand the chemical nature of the interactions of organophosphonate simulants with these surfaces, an ultra-high vacuum environment was used to isolate the target interactions from environmental gaseous interferences.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /theses/available/etd-04122005-110302 (313 words)

	Operating Procedures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Although sufficient to alert for the possible presence of chemical warfare agents on the battlefield, the MM-1 does not confirm chemical warfare agent presence to the standards required for recognition by the United States national command authority or neutral third parties.
		Since not alerting to a potential chemical warfare agent hazard jeopardizes unprotected soldiers’ safety, the MM-1’s design specifically works to ensure an alert occurs if there is a chance a chemical warfare agent is present to produce maximum warning time and safety even at the expense of generating potential false positives.
		For example, compared to a chemical warfare agent with an interference parameter set at 1.0, to suppress an alarm for a chemical warfare agent with an interference parameter of 2.0 would require not twice but 10 times the amount of a contaminant be present in the vapor sample.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /fox_vehicle_ii/fox_vehicle_ii_s04.htm (2916 words)

	DIRECT AND INDIRECT CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT AND RELATED EXPOSURES
		Since the initial modern use of chemical warfare agents during the First World War, military planners have been acutely aware of their effects and the need to both protect personnel from them and to effectively prevent the enemy from using them.
		The hypothesis, as restated here, is that many of the targeted chemical warfare agents, which have very low flash points (comparable to kerosene), and several other toxic agent precursor compounds were ignited by the incendiary or explosive effects of the weapons used and the secondary fires initiated.
		The toxic exposure to chemical agents may have had multiple effects directly and indirectly on the body's ability to ward off what are commonly referred to as "opportunistic infections".
	www.chronicillnet.org /PGWS/Tuite/exposures.html (5307 words)

	This is Your Headline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Based on the findings of the case, investigators have determined that it is unlikely that a chemical warfare agent caused the corporal's injury.
		After noticing the indication of a low-level reading for the chemical warfare agent lewisite, the corporal then ran a spectrum analysis and printed a tape which he said indicated the presence of lewisite.
		If the agent present was lewisite, it would have caused both individuals immediate pain on contact with their skin.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /news/na_injured_marine_21mar00.html (1293 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Potential agents of chemical warfare
		Chemical agents that cause inhalational injury to the lung have been used in warfare for many centuries.
		As chemical warfare bans were being implemented, increased interest arose in agents that produced temporary disability rather than death.
		Riot-control agents are intended to temporarily incapacitate or harass a large body of people through irritation of the eyes or upper respiratory tract.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2002/11_02/lazarus.htm (3216 words)

	General Accounting Office (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the case involving the potential exposure of a servicemember to a mustard agent during an inspection of an Iraqi bunker complex, OSAGWI did not follow up adequately to confirm whether an in-theater urinalysis test was administered.
		OSAGWI concluded that the presence of chemical warfare agents in the 1st Division area was "unlikely." The detection by the 2nd Division's Fox vehicle, however, indicated the potential presence of mustard, sarin, and lewisite--all chemical warfare agents.
		One possible chemical warfare agent injury was reported during the breaching: a 2nd Division Marine riding in an amphibious assault vehicle at the time of the detection claimed his hands were burned, presumably by a chemical warfare agent, as he closed the vehicle hatch after hearing the Fox vehicle alert by radio.
	www.fas.org /spp/starwars/gao/nsiad-99-059.htm (15961 words)

	CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT 'DEFINITELY NOT' PRESENT AT CAMP MONTEREY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This narrative is the first of several "final reports" into the reported detection of chemical warfare agents associated with the Gulf War.
		The paper also states that M256 chemical warfare agent detection kit tests conducted on Sept. 14 also produced negative results for chemical warfare agents.
		This report, as well as others on potential chemical and biological warfare agent exposures during the Gulf War, can be accessed through the web site, GulfLINK http://www.gulflink.osd.mil.
	home.att.net /~vetcenter/chemagnt.htm (433 words)

	PULMONARY AGENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Chemically induced acute lung injury by these groups of agents involves a permeability defect in the blood-air-barrier (the alveolar-capillary membrane); however, the precise mechanisms of toxicity remain an enigma.
		Subsequent development as a potential chemical warfare agent led to the first battlefield use of phosgene (in shells filled solely with phosgene) at Verdun in 1917 by Germany.
		Transient burning sensation in the eyes with lacrimation and chemical conjunctivitis may coexist with mild, early-onset cough and a substernal ache with a sensation of pressure.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/army/mmcch/PulmAgnt.htm (2224 words)

	CDC \| Facts About Nitrogen Mustards
		Nitrogen mustards were produced in the 1920s and 1930s as potential chemical warfare weapons.
		HN-1 was originally designed to remove warts but was later identified as a potential chemical warfare agent.
		If you are near a release of nitrogen mustard, emergency coordinators may tell you to either evacuate the area or “shelter in place” inside a building to avoid being exposed to the chemical.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/nitrogenmustard/basics/facts.asp (1230 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Nerve Agents
		The first of these chemicals was made in 1854 and was originally developed to be used to control insects and save crops.
		Nerve agents are clear and colorless and may have no odor or a faint, sweetish smell.
		Nerve agents attack all synapses that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter...this means both the central and peripheral nervous systems are affected.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/weap.html (811 words)

	The Sources, Fate, and Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products, Part 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		All of the nerve agents are viscous liquids; however, the V agents tend to be persistent on surfaces, whereas the G agents are volatile and present a vapor hazard.
		MPA may be released to the environment during its use as a chemical warfare simulant and during manufacture of a variety of structurally similar compounds (263).
		This chemical is moderately toxic in terms of acute lethality (Table 18) but causes human nose, throat, and lung irritation at 100 ppm and severe burns to the human eye and skin upon direct contact with the liquid (307).
	www.ehponline.org /members/1999/107p933-974munro/munro-3.html (10184 words)

	Chemical Warfare Agent Detection Technology Used To Treat Lung Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The microDMx sensor is able to identify molecules that may be the cause of lung diseases such as cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by smoking.
		Dr Paul Thomas from the University's School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, who is leading the research, said: "Our vision is that one day we will be able to detect a previously undetectable tumour metabolising inside a human lung simply by asking a patient to breathe into a device like this.
		The older IMS technology which is used by the military and security services for the detection of chemical warfare agents, drugs and explosives has had little use beyond its use by the military and security services despite its ability to separate molecules on the basis of their shape and size.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=36587 (850 words)

	Educational Module on CBW: General purpose criterion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Lachrymator agents or herbicides, which were used on a large scale in the 1962-75 Indochina War, are thus not banned by the CWC as long as their production and retention are consistent with the goals of the convention.
		The discovery of a new potential chemical warfare agent thus will not undermine the CWC regime because such a compound will be automatically banned if it has no justifiable non-military purpose.
		Because it is possible to distinguish between permitted and prohibited activities, it is not necessary to determine the intrinsic threat posed by a chemical compound.
	poli.vub.ac.be /cbw/cbw/103020110.html (382 words)

	ScienceDaily: Chemical Warfare Agent Detection Technology Used To Treat Lung Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is often caused by exposure to toxic chemicals or long-term exposure to tobacco...
		Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night.
		Cardiac arrest -- A cardiac arrest is the cessation of normal circulation of the blood due to failure of the ventricles of the heart to contract effectively during systole.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/01/060123163954.htm (1662 words)

	Sea Dumping in Australia: Historical and Contemporary Aspects - Chemical Warfare Agent Sea Dumping off Australia: ...
		Chemical warfare agent sea dumping off Australia (continued)
		Although the disposal of material in the sea is now very restricted, historically, the disposal of unwanted waste in the ocean has been a common practice in many parts of the world.
		The stocks of CWA in Australia were held under General MacArthur's Chemical Warfare plan for the South West Pacific Area (SWPA).
	deh.gov.au /coasts/pollution/dumping/history/chemical-introduction.html (576 words)

	The Good, the Bad and the Slimy
		Additionally, leeches-usually dark gray or fl creatures about the size of a man's little finger- inject a chemical when they clamp onto the body that serves as a natural anticoagulant to keep the blood flowing.
		In fact, he and his colleagues have isolated two potentially beneficial compounds, one that may be able to dissolve life-threatening blood clots and one that may help prevent the spread of certain cancers.
		Echoing similar comments made by his colleagues, Kasahara called the ability to derive beneficial uses from potentially lethal compounds and microbes a pleasant irony.
	www.usc.edu /hsc/info/pr/hmm/01summer/slimy.html (2018 words)

	Chemical warfare agent disposal (Dr. George O. Bizzigotti)
		The biggest difficulty in evaluating the potential for ecological damage of ocean dumping is the uncertainty in when agents will be released from the munitions that were dumped and the duration of those releases.
		CW munitions typically range from 3 percent to almost 50 percent CW agent by weight, so one can see how this adds to the difficulty in keeping track of the size of the problem.
		From: gbizzigo@mitretek.org (Dr. George O. Bizzigotti) Subject: Re: Chemical Warfare Agent Chemistry Resource Date: 11 Apr 1997 Newsgroups: sci.chem On 11 Apr 1997 15:48:45 GMT, dwhr02@tattoo.ed.ac.uk (D W H Rankin) wrote: >There have been a number of media reports over the last year of CW's >washed up on coastlines around Galloway (SW Scotland) and Cumbria.
	yarchive.net /chem/chemical_warfare_agent_disposal.html (1155 words)

	Observations from Chemical Warfare Agent Facility Destruction
		Further, a declassified signals intelligence (SIGINT) intercept report, Footnote10 recent UNSCOM reporting, Footnote11 and a recent press interview with a former Iraqi commander Footnote12 indicate that chemical rounds were deployed to the front with the Iraqi forces and that Iraqi commanders had limited or pre-designated authority to use them.
		Chemical agent sensor and analysis equipment data from manufacturers,U.S. Army FM Series 3, and Jane's NBC Protection Equipment 1995-1996.
		Footnote25 While the smoke and toxic debris from the bombings of the chemical warfare agent research, production, and storage facilities were not always visible, there is no reason to believe that, except for the decomposition of the agents themselves, they would behave any differently than any other airborne effluent debris.
	www.chronicillnet.org /PGWS/tuite/science2.html (5581 words)

	CDPHE News Release Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		DENVER—Several small vials were found Wednesday morning during routine cleanup activities at the Former Lowery Bombing and Gunnery Range, two of which are suspected to contain the chemical warfare agent lewisite, which is similar to mustard agent.
		The vials were found in the Jeep Demolition area, which is approximately one and one-half miles south of Quincy Avenue and one-half mile west of South Powhaton Road.
		Lewisite and mustard are blistering agents, which burn and blister the skin or any other part of the body they contact and can cause Cancer.
	www.cdphe.state.co.us /release/2002/032002.html (309 words)

	chemical and chemical resources, chemical biological, chemical research
		Sun Chemical is the world's largest manufacturer of printing inks and coatings; a leading manufacturer of printing plates and films, and one of the largest.
		The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint programme of three Cooperating Organizations - ILO, UNEP and WHO,.
		The Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project examines the panoply of issues associated with chemical and biological weapons.
	www.artcrimes.info (257 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Phosgene Oxime
		The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.
		Phosgene oxime is a manufactured chemical that was developed as a potential chemical warfare agent, but its use on the battlefield has never been documented.
		It is not likely that you would be exposed to phosgene oxime; it has never been known to have been used in chemical warfare.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfactsd5.html (912 words)

	[No title]
		In 1997 and 2000, DOD sponsored modeling of potential chemical warfare agent exposure for Gulf War veterans resulting from U.S. demolition of Iraqi chemical weapons at Khamisiyah in March 1991.
		This is consistent with DOD's observation that throughout this period there were no reports of chemical warfare agent detections, or of any service members experiencing symptoms consistent with acute chemical warfare agent exposure.
		These units were located within a 31-mile radius of Kamisiyah, Iraq, where chemical weapons were destroyed March 4-15, 1991.
	www.sarpy.com /veterans/documents/BRAINCANCERLINKTOSARINUPDATE02.doc (151 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #5967560 - Chemical ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry of chemical warfare agent simulants using laser produced metal ions
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		Chemical ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry of chemical warfare agent simulants using laser produced metal ions
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5967560 (149 words)

	Chemical warfare agent detection technology used to treat lung disease
		The microDMx sensor is a microfabricated chip which operates as a programmable chemical filter allowing specific ion species to be selected and detected by the application of RF and DC electric fields.
		Dr Paul Thomas is a Senior Lecturer in the University of Manchester's School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, which is part of the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences.
		The aim of the initial collaboration is to collect data in order to build up a library of molecular profiles for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-01/uom-cwa012306.php (798 words)

	Chemical warfare agent detection technology used to treat lung disease
		AmericanHealth911.com - We are the #1 Blue Cross agency in the country We can help you with Blue Cross health insurance for Individuals and Families, Medicare Supplements and Part D for Seniors, and Group health insurance for businesses of all sizes.
		Chemical warfare agent detection technology used to treat lung disease
		A new technique based on the same technology used to detect chemical warfare agents and explosives is being employed by scientists at The University of Manchester to treat hospital patients with lung disease.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=15535 (663 words)

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