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Topic: Potential gradient

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Corona discharge

	biology - Ion gradient (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The chemiosmotic potential is used as energy storage, chemiosmotic coupling is one of several ways a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction can be driven by a thermodynamically favorable one, I.E by letting the ions diffuse through the high concentration side to the low concentration side through transmembrane proteins which can use them as energy.
		Some archaea, most notably halobacteria, make proton gradients by pumping in protons from the environment with the help of the solar driven enzyme bacteriorhodopsin, here it is used for driving the molecular motor enzyme ATP synthase to make the necessary conformational changes required to synthesize ATP.
		Large enough quantities of ATP cause it to create a transmembrane proton gradient, this is used by fermenting bacteria which do not have an electron transport chain, and hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient, which they use for flagella and transport of nutrients into the cell.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Ion_gradient (371 words)

	Corona discharge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		If this event occurs in an area with a high potential gradient, the positive ion will strongly either be attracted toward, or away from, the curved electrode (depending on the polarity of the corona), whereas the electron will be attracted in the opposite direction.
		In a chain-reaction or 'electron avalanche' those additional electrons are also separated from their positive ions by the strong potential gradient, causing a large cloud of electrons and positive ions to be momentarily generated by just a single initial event.
		A secondary source of corona electrons is required as the electrons are always accelerated by the field in one direction, meaning that avalanches always proceed linearly toward or away from an electrode.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/corona_discharge (2171 words)

	SOLUTION - LoveToKnow Article on SOLUTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Just as two electrified bodies are in equilibrium when their electric potentials are equal, so two parts of a chemical and physical system are in equilibrium when there is equality between the chemical potentials of each component present in the two parts.
		The chemical potentials are clearly functions of the composition of the system, and of its temperature and pressure.
		To determine thcse variables we may form equations between the chemical potentials of the different componentsquantities which are functions of the variables to be determined.
	11.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SO/SOLUTION.htm (13106 words)

	definitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Photons propagate along discrete trajectories known as vector potentials which are discrete velocity potentials that exist between all particles in the universe.
		Such topology makes a neutron the source of a time gradient field (gravity field) because it is an example of a special type of homeomorphism wherein the source velocity potentials which comprise the inner torus (electron) are mapped onto and one to one with the sink velocity potentials of the outer torus (proton).
		The surfaces composed of these velocity potentials, because they (the velocity potentials themselves) are discrete relationships between a finite number of particles, are not truly continuous in the sense of being infinitely differentiable.
	www.singtech.com /definitions.html (4778 words)

	EVOLUTION, ENTROPY AND WORK
		As soon as the source of high energy potential is interrupted, the pattern immediately collapses, and any energy which had been contributing to maintaining the structure, is immediately converted to thermal dispersion and dissipated.
		Here energy from photons coming from the high temperature source, namely the Sun, is converted to potential energy in the form of excited electrons and used to do work, namely creating higher energy molecules in the form of carbohydrates and molecular oxygen in the atmosphere.
		The key insight may be to discern the fundamental difference between plants, which engage in photosynthesis, and animals, which engage in respiration, and to recognize that there is potentially a parallel classification system between animal-like technologies which engage in combustion, or more precisely oxidation, and plant-like technologies which represent a technological analog of photosynthesis.
	www.geoman.com /jim/entropy.html (4350 words)

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