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Topic: Potsdam Proclamation

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Potsdam Declaration

Potsdam Agreement

Potsdam Conference

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Operation Downfall

Surrender

Occupied Japan

Hiroshima

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Bombing of Tokyo in World War II

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	Potsdam Agreement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Potsdam Agreement, or the Potsdam Proclamation, was an agreement on policy for the occupation and reconstruction of Germany and other nations after fighting in the European Theatre of World War II had ended with the German surrender of May 8, 1945.
		It was drafted and adopted by the major victorious powers, the USSR, USA and UK, at the Potsdam Conference between July 17 and August 2, 1945.
		The proclamation stated that the full force of the United States, the British Empire and of China would strike the final blows upon Japan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Potsdam_Agreement (1177 words)

	Harry Truman and the Potsdam Conference
		Their song was that France would go Communistic, so would Germany, Italy and the Scandinavians, and there was grave doubt about England staying sane." The Potsdam Conference, a meeting of the victorious leaders of the Allies in Europe, attempted to confront the delicate balance of power of the opposing governmental structures, democracy and communism.
		Research the Potsdam Conference and the postwar power struggle in depth focusing on the issues that were important to the Big Three.
		Be sure to discuss Poland; German reparations and division; acceptance of Italy, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria into the United Nations; how to end the war in the East; the movement of populations from Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Italy; and the creation of a Council of Foreign Ministers to administer the agreed upon zones of occupation.
	www.trumanlibrary.org /teacher/potsdam.htm (1453 words)

	The Hiroshima Myth by John V. Denson
		While at the Potsdam Conference the experiments proved successful and Truman advised Stalin that a new massively destructive weapon was now available to America, which Byrnes hoped would make Stalin back off from any excessive demands or activity in the post-war period.
		On July 26, he issued the Potsdam Proclamation, or ultimatum, to Japan to surrender, leaving in place the unconditional surrender policy, thereby causing both Truman and Byrnes to believe that the terms would not be accepted by Japan.
		The Japanese were deathly afraid of Communism and if the Potsdam Proclamation had indicated that America would accept the conditional surrender allowing the Emperor to remain in place and informed the Japanese that Russia would enter the war if they did not surrender, then this would surely have assured a quick Japanese surrender.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig2/denson7.html (1941 words)

	"One China" principle becomes universally accepted: Premier(04/05/04)
		Visiting Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao said on May 3 that the Potsdam Proclamation has made it clear that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China and the "One China" principle has been universally accepted by the international community.
		The Potsdam Proclamation has made it clear that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, Wen said, adding that the returning of Taiwan to her motherland after the Second World War was due to thedefeating of evil by justice.
		The 1943 Cairo Declaration, the 1945 Potsdam Proclamation and the UN Resolution 2758 passed at the 26th General Assembly in 1971 had all affirmed Taiwan's legal status as an inalienable part of China, and the "One China" principle has been universally accepted by the international community, Wen said.
	www.china-embassy.org /eng/xw/t94775.htm (560 words)

	[No title]
		The upshot was that, when the final Potsdam Proclamation was broadcast to Japan, it called for the “unconditional surrender” of all Japanese armed forces.
		Despite the ambiguity of the Potsdam Proclamation’s terms on the Emperor, the Japanese did not reject the proclamation outright.
		In insisting on different terms in the Potsdam Proclamation and deleting the critical language of paragraph 12, Byrnes was swayed mainly by public opinion and the fear of adverse domestic political consequences if he were seen as too lenient on Japan.
	www.ps.uci.edu /~markm/AtomicBombs.doc (2424 words)

	Hiroshima: Was It Absolutely Necessary?
		The Potsdam Proclamation had called for "Japan to decide whether she will continue to be controlled by those self-willed militaristic advisers" (Potsdam 2, pg.
		However, this line was not included in the surrender demand, known as the Potsdam Proclamation, that was broadcast on July 26th, in spite of Stimson's eleventh hour protestations that it be left in (Diary of Henry L. Stimson, 7/24/45, Yale Univ. Library, New Haven, Conn).
		None of the three were mentioned in the Potsdam Proclamation, nor were they used to try to bring surrender before an atomic bomb was exploded upon the people of Hiroshima.
	www.spectacle.org /696/long.html (5989 words)

	The Smithsonian and the Enola Gay
		At Potsdam, he said, "the decision whether or not to use the atomic bomb to compel the surrender of Japan was never even an issue.
		The Potsdam Proclamation, issued July 26 by the heads of government of the US, UK, and China,[46] warned of "utter devastation of Japanese homeland" unless Japan surrendered unconditionally.
		It is often referred to as the Potsdam Declaration, but that term applies to an altogether different document issued August 2 by the US, the UK, and the USSR as a general report on the conference.
	www.afa.org /media/enolagay/03-02.asp (5003 words)

	Challenging the A-Bomb
		Doug Long points out that the three most important factors regarding Japanese surrender were the retention of the Emperor, the threat of Soviet invasion and the threat of atomic attack, yet none of these were mentioned in the Potsdam Proclamation broadcast to the Japanese government in late July, 1945.
		In part the Proclamation read: “There must be eliminated for all time the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest." It stated that “stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals."
		Alperovitz is also critical of the decision to eliminate the Soviets as one of the signers of the Proclamation.
	www.angelfire.com /ga/wkb/abombchallenge.html (1423 words)

	Sixty years since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings Part II: American imperialism and the atom bomb
		Because of uncertainty that the test would succeed, Truman went to Potsdam with his Secretary of State James Byrnes with the aim of again gaining a promise from the Soviet Union that it would enter the war against Japan.
		According to Alperovitz, the combination of the Soviet invasion, which eventually took place on August 8, and a guarantee to the Japanese state that the position of the emperor would not be threatened, would have put an end to the war without an invasion and without the use of the atom bomb.
		Under the direction of Byrnes, the Potsdam Proclamation—an ultimatum to Japan demanding unconditional surrender—was worded in such a way that the guarantee to the emperor was not given.
	wsws.org /articles/2005/aug2005/hiro-a08.shtml (3186 words)

	Taiwan As Part of China Shall Not Change
		She also negated the authority of the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation, saying that the only effective agreement was the San Francisco Peace Treaty, and that the treaty didn't specify that Taiwan's sovereignty belongs to China.
		Her remarks are in disregard of historic facts, and have exposed her true colors of being ignorant of the history of her own country and splitting the motherland, the article said.
		The Cairo Declaration and Potsdam Proclamation are both widely recognized as legally effective documents of international law.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/china/2000/000602-prc-pd1.htm (657 words)

	Emperor Hirohito
		In August 1945 Hirohito used his influence to help the peace movement and although the Potsdam Proclamation did not guarantee his lawful status, Hirohito said that it had to be accepted.
		Even though the Emperor told MacArthur that he was responsible for the war, MacArthur realized that he could not reconstruct Japan or maintain its political stability without the Emperor.
		Hirohito was not tried for war crimes, but he was required on 1 January 1946 to issue a 'non-divinity proclamation ' prepared by the Allies.
	expage.com /page/wwiigen31 (374 words)

	Kazutoshi Hando, The Pacific War Research Society, Japan's Longest Day (Tokyo: Kodansha International, Ltd., 1968), pp. ...
		Togo asserted that since the Potsdam Proclamation was the sole basis for peace negotiations, he believed that no announcement of it should be made until the government was able to take a firm stand one way or the other.
		As the Proclamation, he said, had been broadcast throughout the world, the Japanese people could not fail to hear of it; before that happened, they ought to be officially informed by their government.
		In the end, a compromise was reached; since the government could neither ignore the Proclamation entirely nor publish it along with strong protests until it knew where it stood, the Cabinet agreed to release the news vaguely-almost as though the Proclamation had been promulgated in dreamland, not Potsdam.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/hando/hando.htm (11264 words)

	Decision to Drop atomic bomb
		President Harry S. Truman, English Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin met in Potsdam, Germany between July 17 and August 2, 1945, to discuss strategies to end the war in the Pacific.
		The Potsdam Declaration was broadcast to the Japanese by the Allied Forces.
		A committee of scientific, corporate, military and government leaders was formed by Secretary of War Stimson to formulate policy on "the whole field of atomic energy, in its political, military and scientific aspects." The committee's major function was to determine if the bomb should be used with or without warning.
	www.atomicmuseum.com /tour/decision.cfm (437 words)

	Hiroshima: the Article
		The proclamation demanded "the unconditional surrender of all the Japanese armed forces" (U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Relations of the U.S., The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam), vol.
		The Potsdam Proclamation had called for "Japan to decide whether she will continue to be controlled by those self-willed militaristic advisers" (U.S. Dept. of State, Potsdam 2, pg.
		However, the constitutional monarchy line was not included in the surrender demand, known as the Potsdam Proclamation, that was broadcast on July 26th, in spite of Stimson's eleventh hour protestations that it be left in (Diary of Henry L. Stimson, 7/24/45, Yale Univ. Library, New Haven, Conn).
	www.doug-long.com /hiroshim.htm (3441 words)

	Political status of Taiwan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China, this agreement was given legal force by the Instrument of Surrender of Japan in 1945.
		The Unification supporters refer to the fact that the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation were cited in both the Japanese Instrument of Surrender and The Treaty of Peace between Japan and the People's Republic of China, completing the returning of sovereignty from Japan to China.
		Although the interpretation of the peace treaties was used to challenge the legitimacy of the ROC on Taiwan before the 1990s, the introduction of popular elections in Taiwan has compromised this position.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan (6414 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The proclamation of V-J Day must wait upon the formal signing of the surrender terms by Japan.
		His Majesty the Emperor is prepared to authorize and ensure the signature by his Government and the Imperial General Headquarters of the necessary terms for carrying out the provision of the Potsdam declaration.
		We hereby undertake faithfully to obey all further proclamation, orders and directives deemed by the Commanding General, United States Armed Forces, Western Pacific, to be proper to effectuate this surrender.
	history.acusd.edu /cdr2/BYRD/DECLARAT/JAP_SURR.TXT (2785 words)

	POTSDAM CONFERENCE
		One result of the conference was a 26 July joint proclamation by the U.S., Great Britain and China, the three main powers then fighting Japan.
		This "Potsdam Declaration" described Japan's present perilous condition, gave the terms for her surrender and stated the Allies' intentions concerning her postwar status.
		Main entrance of the Cecilienhof Palace, where the Potsdam "Big Three" meetings were held.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/events/wwii-dpl/hd-state/potsdam.htm (581 words)

	Truman Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The provisions in this Proclamation were accepted by the Empire of Japan when they signed the Instrument of Surrender document.
		The provisions of this Proclamation by the Heads of Governments United States, China and The United Kingdom are as follows:
		It is not yet the day for the formal proclamation of the end of the war nor of the cessation of hostilities.
	www.freedomdocuments.com /Truman.html (2505 words)

	ZNet \| Iraq \| A New Look at Hiroshima and Nagasaki
		Once information about the power of the atomic bomb test in New Mexico reached Truman in Potsdam on July 21st, observers reported that Truman appeared very energized and became more aggressive toward the Soviets in negotiating the many outstanding issues on the table regarding especially the postwar settlements in Europe and Asia.
		According to Hasegawa, the United States constructed its end-game diplomacy with Japan not to seek its surrender, but to justify using the atomic bomb.Â This was the import of the Potsdam Proclamation and the US insistence on retaining the stance of âunconditional surrender.â
		But the most important point about the Potsdam proclamation, according to Hasegawa, was that it was drafted with the intention of being rejected, and thus justifying using the atomic bombs.Â Referring to James Byrnes, Trumanâs Secretary of State, Hasegawa summarizes his stance at Potsdam thusly:
	www.zmag.org /content/print_article.cfm?itemID=8457§ionID=15 (203 words)

	Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: History:
		Proclamation Calling for the Surrender of Japan, Approved
		The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.
		Source: Foreign Relations of the United States: Conference of Berlin (Potsdam), 1945, volume 2, 1474-1476.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/pre-cold-war/hiroshima-nagasaki/potsdam-conference-proclamation_1945-07-26.htm (684 words)

	NCESA - Articles - Hiroshima: Historian Reassess - 4
		When Truman and Byrnes cut the critical assurances to the emperor out of paragraph 12 of the draft Potsdam Proclamation, they did so against the recommendation of virtually the entire top American and British leadership.
		Truman's journal also indicates that he understood that the proclamation in final form--without the key passage--was not likely to be accepted.
		Some historians, of course, continue to hold that the bomb's use was militarily necessary--or perhaps inevitable because of the inherited technological, bureaucratic, and military momentum that built up during the war.
	www.ncesa.org /html/hiroshima4.html (1224 words)

	The Potsdam Proclamation \| The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb \| History of the Atomic Age \| atomicarchive.com
		The Potsdam Proclamation left the emperor's status unclear by making no reference to the royal house in the section that promised the Japanese that they could design their new government as long as it was peaceful and more democratic.
		While anti-war sentiment was growing in Japanese decision-making circles, it could not carry the day as long as unconditional surrender left the emperor's position in jeopardy.
		American policy makers, however, anxious to end the war without committing American servicemen to an invasion of the Japanese homeland, were not inclined to undertake revisions of the unconditional surrender formula and cause further delay.
	www.atomicarchive.com /History/mp/p5s10.shtml (531 words)

	Hiroshima (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Potsdam Proclamation, drawn up by the allies at the Potsdam conference, demanded the immediate and unconditional surrender of, but Japan rejected the Proclamation.
		Japan protested the atomic bombing saying that the new type of weapon used was a violation of international law.
		However, it soon thereafter accepted the Potsdam Declaration and surrendered unconditionally to the Allied Forces.
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/evans/his135/Events/Hiroshima45/Hiroshima.html (1431 words)

	[No title]
		In his memoirs, Truman said a consensus had been reached in July, during the Big Three meeting at Potsdam, by Secretary of State James Byrnes, Stimson, Leahy, Marshall, and Arnold that the bomb should be used.(40) In fact, the advice was not as clear-cut as Truman depicted it in his memoirs.
		Although Arnold supported the decision, he declared his view at Potsdam that use of the bomb was not a military necessity.(41) Leahy had reservations about the decision also.
		And at a meeting with Truman July 20 during the Potsdam conference, Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, commander of allied forces in Europe, advised against using the atomic bomb (although he said later his reaction was personal and not based on any analysis of the circumstances).(42)
	www.afa.org /enolagay/sson3.html (3576 words)

	Nuclear Files: Library: Biographies: Joseph Grew
		Assistant Secretary of War John McCloy drafted a proposed surrender demand for the Committee of Three, which was incorporated into Article 12 of the Potsdam Proclamation.
		The original language of the Proclamation would have increased the chances for Japanese surrender as it allowed the Japanese government to maintain its
		Grew knew how important the emperor was to the Japanese people and believed that the condition could have led to Japanese surrender without using the atomic bombs.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/library/biographies/bio_grew-joseph.htm (356 words)

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