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	The American Experience \| John Brown's Holy War \| People & Events \| Pottawatomie Massacre
		The fifth victim floated nearby as John Brown and his men washed blood from their swords in Pottawatomie Creek.
		A blunt talking abolitionist, he was the captain of the Pottawatomie Rifles, a small group of free-state men living near the creek from which they took their name.
		The last major outbreak of violence was the Marais des Cynges massacre, in which Border Ruffians killed five Free State men.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/brown/peopleevents/pande07.html (882 words)

	Pottawatomie Massacre - New World Encyclopedia
		The Pottawatomie Massacre occurred during the night of May 24 and the morning of May 25, 1856.
		The Pottawatomie Rifles was a group of abolitionist Kansas settlers of Franklin and Anderson counties, both of which are situated along the Pottawatomie Creek.
		The Pottawatomie Rifles and other anti-slavery groups set out on the morning of May 22, 1856, when they heard of the sack of Lawrence and the arrest of Deitzler, Brown, and Jenkins.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Pottawatomie_Massacre (1024 words)

	Pottawatomie massacre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Known and widely publicized as the "Pottawatomie Massacre", it was one of the many bloody episodes in Kansas preceding the American Civil War known collectively as "Bleeding Kansas".
		Five men were killed in the Pottawatomie Massacre, including James Doyle and his two sons, who were hacked to pieces by Brown's men.
		From there, they crossed the Pottawatomie, and some time after midnight, forced their way into the cabin of James Harris at sword-point.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pottawatomie_Massacre (947 words)

	Pottawatomie Massacre - KS-Cyclopedia - 1912
		Between the Pottawatomie and Mosquito creeks was a pro-slavery settlement, just north, between the Mosquito and Marais des Cygnes, was a free-state settlement, while south of the Pottawatomie was a mixed complexion of politics.
		On May 21, 1856, the Pottawatomie Rifles were called together, when it was heard that an attack was to be made on Lawrence, for the purpose of going to the defense of the town.
		Crossing the Pottawatomie and Mosquito creeks the party went north until Doyle's house was reached.
	skyways.lib.ks.us /genweb/archives/1912/p/pottawatomie_massacre.html (657 words)

	"Identification of the Stranger at the Pottawatomie Massacre," by James C. Malin, Kansas State Historical Quarterly, ...
		As the Pottawatomie massacre occurred after the date of the appointment of the special committee the Antislavery majority took the ground that these outrages were outside the scope of their powers.
		Christian's story implied that the murder of Glanville occurred very soon after the Pottawatomie massacre, and Bondi based his whole refutation on that assumption, and went further, insisting that to be true it must have occurred prior to June 15.
		Immediately after the Pottawatomie massacre in May the settlers on Pottawatomie creek, irrespective of views on the slavery controversy, assembled, denounced the crime, and pledged themselves to bring the criminals to justice.
	www.kancoll.org /khq/1940/40_1_malin.htm (3478 words)

	A Footnote to the Pottawatomie Massacre, 1856, Kansas Historical Quarterly, Autumn 1956
		A Footnote to the Pottawatomie Massacre, 1856, Kansas Historical Quarterly, Autumn 1956
		The indignation meeting of the settlers along Pottawatomie creek was actually held on May 27, indicating that the letter, although dated May 28, was probably written the day before.
		After denouncing the massacre, the settlers, "without distinction of party," pledged themselves to aid in bringing the guilty parties to justice.
	www.kshs.org /publicat/khq/1956/56_3_johannsen.htm (1720 words)

	Pottawatomie Massacre, 1856 \| John Brown history \| Kansas History \| www.kansashistory.us
		In August, 1839, I enlisted in Co. I, Capt. Benjamin L. Bell, Second United States Dragoons, and served five years in the Florida war, waged against the Seminole and Creek Indians, a part of the time under the command of General Taylor, and was discharged in August, 1844, at Fort Washita, Indian Territory.
		Sherman, Dutch henry's brother, and marched him into Pottawatomie creek, where he was slain with swords by Brown's two youngest sons, and left lying in the road.
		After crossing Middle Creek at Mount Vernon, John Brown, with the rest of the party who accompanied him on the Pottawatomie expedition, fell back from the balance of the company and struck off to the left of the main Pottawatomie road, in the direction of the cabins of john Brown, Jr., and Jason Brown.
	www.kansashistory.us /pottamassacre.html (2492 words)

	AAA Midwest Traveler - Kansas
		In a four-hour rampage, nearly 200 men and boys were killed, and the town was sacked and burned.
		It was the worst civilian massacre of the Civil War.
		Word of the May 1856 Pottawatomie Massacre spread across the country and all-out war began in Kansas.
	www.ouraaa.com /traveler/0603/fea_kansas_m.html (1589 words)

	Clarke Historical Library - Native American - War of 1812
		Also, he warns them that all those who ally themselves to "the pottawatomie who calls himself a prophet" will be destroyed.
		"Massacre at Fort Dearborn, Territory of Michigan, October 8, 1812." Vol.
		Includes his reasoning for surrendering relating to the possibility of a massacre at the hands of the Indians.
	clarke.cmich.edu /nativeamericans/mphc/warof1812.htm (1479 words)

	The Object at Hand - John Brown's Picture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Osawatomie, on Pottawatomie Creek, some 30 miles south of today's sprawl of Kansas City, Kansas, the old man created and captained a guerrilla band, the Liberty Guards, to revenge the sack of Lawrence.
		Abolitionists twisted this "Pottawatomie Massacre" to improve the image of their cause, but in the eyes of many Americans it branded Brown as a fanatic and even a murderer.
		Washington was the son of a former slave and an Asian mother, and when the massacre occurred, he was living in Liberia.
	www.smithsonianmagazine.com /issues/1997/august/object_aug97.php?page=2 (620 words)

	John Brown and the Pottawatomie Killings (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While members of the rifle company, including four of Brown's sons, asserted that their Captain did not commit any of the actual murders himself, he was the undisputed leader and made the decisions as to who should be spared.
		While neither John Brown nor any members of his company were apprehended for their involvement at Pottawatomie, his two eldest sons-- who were with their own rifle company near Lawrence at the time of the murders-- were seized by mobs and nearly lynched.
		The Pottawatomie killings remain a gruesome and enigmatic facet of the prelude to War which took place in the Kansas Territory.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~HYPER/HNS/Kansas/jbrown.html (532 words)

	John Brown (abolitionist) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Brown (May 9, 1800 – December 2, 1859) was an American abolitionist, and one of the first white abolitionists to advocate, and to practice, guerrilla warfare as a means to the abolition of slavery.
		He first gained national attention when he led a company of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis, in which he fought two major battles against pro-slavery southerners, directed the Pottawatomie massacre on the night of May 24, 1856, and freed 11 slaves from slaveholders in neighboring Missouri.
		In the months that followed, Brown would say that he had not participated in the killings during the Pottawatomie Massacre, though he did approve of them; near the end of his life, he acknowledged being present while the killings took place.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist) (5716 words)

	The Ultimate List of massacres - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Massacres are individual events of deliberate mass killing, especially of noncombatant civilians or other innocents.
		After Czech agents, with British assistance, assassinate Nazi Protector of Bohemia-Morovia, and former Deputy Chief of the Gestapo, Reinhard Heydrich the small Czechoslovakian town of Lidice is surrounded by the German SS and all men and teenagers over 16 are rounded up and shot.
		In reprisal for the Malmedy massacre sixty German soldiers are executed by a unit of the US 11th Armored Division outside the town of Chenogne.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/List_of_massacres (2112 words)

	Talk History Forum - Never ever a Paradise 1--Rwandan Genocide (Site not responding. Last check: )
		August 20, 1191 Massacre of the Saracens 2750 Akko Richard the Lionheart slaughters the civilian population of Akko.
		June 1221 Herat Massacre 1,600,000 Herat Ghengis Khan destroys the city and massacres the population.
		1570 Novgorod Massacre 10,000-100,000 Novgorod Republic Ivan the Terrible slaughters the population of Novgorod.
	www.talk-history.com /forum/showthread.php?t=1751 (1606 words)

	OttawaHerald.com -- Ottawa's source for E-News
		Many of the free-staters in Franklin County were members of the Pottawatomie Rifle Company, one of the most fanatical and belligerent free-state militia units.
		The unit, putatively commanded by John Brown Jr., the son of abolitionist fury John Brown, was often at the forefront of active resistance to slave-state settlers and state officials.
		The group later became infamous for the Pottawatomie Massacre, in which the elder Brown and members of the group murdered slave-state settlers living near modern-day Lane in retaliation for the slave-staters' fiery raid on Lawrence.
	www.ottawaherald.com /ottsub/news/progress2006/150yrsc2.shtml (1352 words)

	Analogies: Was Timothy McVeigh Our John Brown?
		We remember the Pottawatomie killings where Brown is responsible for the death of five pro-slavery settlers, but before Pottawatomie, at least six free-state settlers had been gunned down by Missourians, and the law had done nothing about that.
		Of course, the problem with this view is that Brown’s actions at Pottawatomie, even if Finkelman is right that Doyle had threatened Brown’s life, would have been unjustified by either civilian laws of self-defense, or by the rules of war.
		A number of those killed in Pottawatomie were involved in killings and had threatened to kill the Browns.
	hnn.us /articles/139.html (2072 words)

	William G. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas: Franklin County: The Pottawatomie Massacre
		By the "Pottawatomie Massacre" is meant the killing of James P. Doyle, and his two sons--Drury and William Doyle--Allen Wilkinson and William Sherman, by John Brown and a party of men under his command.
		The massacre occurred on the night of the 24th and morning of the 25th of May, 1856, not far above the junction of Mosquito Creek with the Pottawatomie.
		The object of the massacre was to protect the Free-state settlers, by terrorizing in the most effectual manner the Pro-slavery men, settlers and non-settlers.
	www.assumption.edu /ahc/Kansas/CulFranklinCounty.html (2182 words)

	Shaun's Cause Paper (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of which was a lunatic named John Brown he organized a raid on a few Pottawatomie pro-slavery settlers, after an attack on the free soil town of Lawrence.
		There was some violence evident before the attacks on the pro-slavery settlers at Pottawatomie, such as the raid of Lawrence, the center of free soil in Kansas, were a posse of 200 men pillaged the city and the house of the governor.
		The attacks at Pottawatomie led to mayhem, and for the next several monthsí small groups of men would kill the opposition and pillage their homes.
	www.online.lassen.cc.ca.us /causesample2.html (788 words)

	Bleeding Kansas (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In May 1856, an 800-man "posse" made up of border ruffians from Missouri sacked Lawrence, wrecking the newspaper offices and burning the hotel and the home of the Free-Soil governor.
		Four days later, fanatic abolitionist John Brown and four of his sons seized five proslavery settlers from their homes along Pottawatomie Creek and, in front of the settler's families, hacked them to death with broadswords.
		Fascinating Fact: Brown and his sons evaded capture and were never indicted or punished for the Pottawatomie massacre.
	civilwar.bluegrass.net /secessioncrisis/bleedingkansas.html (314 words)

	The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. The Collection. Newly Discovered Documents
		In 1855, in the midst of Bleeding Kansas, the abolitionist John Brown directed the murder of five pro-slavery neighbors.
		The event, known as the Pottawatomie Massacre, became one of Brown’s most notorious acts.
		The brothers built their settlement in Osawatomie, along the Pottawatomie Creek, and called it "Brown's Station." The boys, imbued with their father’s abolitionist spirit, had quickly joined the fight against slavery.
	www.gilderlehrman.org /collection/docs_archive/docs_archive_BleedingKansas.html (2009 words)

	Franklin County, Ks History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Born in the year 1800, he came to the area as an interpreter for the Pottawatomie.
		On the night of May 24-25, 1856, a small band of abolitionists led by John Brown murdered five pro-slavery men along Pottawatomie Creek.
		This was one of the most famous events in "Bleeding Kansas." Brown was later captured after his unsuccessful raid on Harper's Ferry, (West) Virginia in 1859.
	www.bleedingkansas.org /Franklin_County.html (297 words)

	The Ivan Boyd Prairie Preserve, Kansas Heritage Group
		First came the Shawnees, then the Kickapoos and Pottawatomi, then the river tribes of the Kaskaskia, Peoria, Wea and Piankeshaw, and then the Sac and Fox, fresh from Illinois, where their leaders, Blackhawk and the Prophet, had led them in a vain uprising against the wave of European settlers moving into the Rock River valley.
		It's well to remember that it was the emigrant tribes, moved from their native woodlands, who were the first of the easterner to face the immensity of the prairie and the rigors of the plains, and no one asked them what they felt.
		It is only proper that so many of our place names -- Wyandotte, Shawnee Mission, Miami and Pottawatomie counties, and others -- bear their names, since they were the first to settle these lands after Osage and Kanza had made way for them.
	www.kansasheritage.org /prairie/boyd.html (1206 words)

	The Kansas Territorial Experience - The Englishman in Kansas
		The thing that I was interested in was not included in Gladstone's account: the Pottawatomie Creek massacre that occurred immediately after Lawrence was founded.
		Tom Kreissler: The Pottawatomie massacre was provoked not so much by the siege here in Lawrence, but by the actions in Washington, D.C., when one senator beat another senator (Sumner) almost senseless.
		Some of them implied that he was insane and argued that his actions in the Pottawatomie massacre proved that.
	www.kuce.org /kt/session2/discussion.html (5337 words)

	JOHN BROWN (ABOLITIONIST) FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: )
		John Brown (May 9, 1800 – December 2, 1859) was a militant American abolitionist, and one of the first white abolitionists to advocate, and to practice, guerilla warfare as a means to the abolition of slavery.
		He first gained national notoriety when he led a company of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis, fighting two major battles with proslavery militias, directing the Pottawatomie massacre on the night of May 24th, 1856, and liberating 11 slaves from slaveholders in neighboring Missouri.
		Brown later said that he had not participated in the killings during the Pottawatomie Massacre, but that he did approve of them.
	www.taketherake.com /John_Brown_(abolitionist) (4059 words)

	St. John's Jesuit High School
		Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks, the most notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek.
		He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves.
		Pottawatomie Massacre - John Brown let a party of six in Kansas that killed 5 pro-slavery men.
	www.sjjtitans.org /web/main/academics/pugh/review4.shtml (5950 words)

	Pottawatomie Top 10 Bestselling Search: Pottawatomie (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Argument in the case of A. Coquillard, assignee of J. Bertrand, against the Pottawatomie Indians,: And in reply to the opinion of the Second Comptroller...
		The life and times of John Brown: Including the Pottawatomie Massacre, Battle of Black Jack, battle at Osawatomie and raid on Harper's Ferry
		Pottawatomie Indian cases 15J and 71A before United States Indian Claims Commission: Rebuttal testimony bearing upon valuation (The Library of American Indian affairs) (The Library of American Indian affairs)
	www.indology.net /books-Pottawatomie.html (152 words)

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