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Topic: Poverty in Indonesia

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	Indonesia by net - ID Directory, Overview
		The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945.
		Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony.
		Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, faces economic development problems stemming from recent acts of terrorism, unequal resource distribution among regions, endemic corruption, the lack of reliable legal recourse in contract disputes, weaknesses in the banking system, and a generally poor climate for foreign investment.
	idby.net (518 words)

	Indonesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		East Timor was a province of Indonesia from its annexation in 1976 until Indonesia relinquished sovereignty in 1999.
		Indonesia's 18,108 islands, of which about 6,000 are inhabited, are scattered around the equator, giving the country a tropical climate.
		Indonesia's economy suffered greatly in the late 1990s, in part as a result of the financial crisis that struck most of Asia at the time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poverty_in_Indonesia (1433 words)

	Rural poverty in Indonesia
		Instead, in rural areas, poverty is greater than it was before the financial crisis.
		The poorest areas of Indonesia are the remote eastern islands, where 95 per cent of people in rural communities are poor.
		In some provinces, migration to foreign countries is a way to overcome unemployment and poverty caused by lack of access to land and other productive resources.
	www.ruralpovertyportal.org /english/regions/asia/idn/index.htm (546 words)

	Indonesia
		The report finds, however, that the incidence of poverty in Indonesia could be about 3-4 percentage points higher than that suggested by official estimates, if differences in the price levels between the various provinces in Indonesia are properly accounted for.
		The poverty profile shows that there are large regional disparities in the incidence of poverty, with the poorest provinces concentrated in the Outer Islands.
		While Indonesia has adopted a broad-based, labor-intensive growth path that has made it possible for a large number of the poor to grow out of poverty, not all of the poor have been able to participate in the growth process and benefit from it.
	wbln0018.worldbank.org /dg/povertys.nsf/de9638da553fbfbf8525678a0070b1af/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument (949 words)

	Measurements of poverty in Indonesia, 1996, 1999, and beyond
		Measurements of poverty in Indonesia, 1996, 1999, and beyond
		The first issue is how to produce regionally consistent poverty lines-that is, how to define a level of spending for each region that produces the same material standard of living.
		The second issue is more conceptual: how to expand the narrow measure of poverty based on spending for consumption with extensions that expand how welfare is measured and allow more consistent comparisons of different individuals' welfare levels.
	www.eldis.org /static/DOC8218.htm (258 words)

	Juwono Sudarsono : integrity in the strict sense
		Poverty in Indonesia, measured in income terms, affect 48% of Indonesia’s total population of 220 million.
		Indonesia needs to emulate China and India to have more urban agglomerations that are able to accelerate economic growth and then alleviate the poverty.
		There are a lot of researches regarding the poverty in Indonesia, from the point of view of mentality of the people to the distribution of capital and wealth.
	www.juwonosudarsono.com /archives/2007/03/indonesias_war_against_poverty_1.php (1757 words)

	Country Profile - Indonesia
		Indonesia wants to ensure that the establishment of a new institution is really needed and that the new institution is strong enough to play a vital role in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of sustainable development.
		Indeed, Indonesia is one of the centers of mega-biodiversity in the world, with 47 ecosystem types ranging from ice fields and alpine meadows in Irian Jaya, to a wide variety of humid lowland forests, from deep lakes to shallow swamps, and from spectacular coral reefs to sea-grass meadows and mangrove swamps.
		Indonesia plans to phase-out of all ODS by the end of 1997, well ahead of the Montreal Protocol phase-out date of 2010 for Article 5 countries such as Indonesia, providing that adequate financial resources are available from the Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol, and provided that appropriate substitute technologies are made available.
	www.un.org /esa/earthsummit/indon-cp.htm (18381 words)

	The Asia Foundation
		In 2001, Indonesia embarked on one of the most ambitious decentralization efforts in the world, with local districts and municipalities assuming many new responsibilities that were previously the purview of the national government in Jakarta.
		Aceh is an area in particular where limited governance capacity, a history of conflict, and the devastation of the tsunami coalesce to produce complex challenges for development and growth.
		Building on this history as a trusted development partner in Aceh, the Foundation's posttsunami response centered around bolstering the role of women in policy and reconstruction, and is currently focused on supporting economic development and women's legal empowerment initiatives.
	www.asiafoundation.org /Locations/indonesia.html (1068 words)

	Agenda 21 - Indonesia
		Poverty is defined in the REPELITA (Five Year Development Plan) as "a situation of inability to meet basic needs due to limited access to capital, insufficient value for commodities produced, and restricted opportunity to participate in the development".
		Indonesia's population (1993) is estimated at 185 million and is projected to increase to 257 million by the end of the planning horizon of Agenda 21 - Indonesia (2000).
		Indonesia's goals to date are consonant with broad international goals of 'shelter for all' and have been represented by substantial progress thus far.
	www.un.org /esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/indonesa/social.htm (1942 words)

	World Bank on Poverty \| Indonesia Matters
		In a series of comprehensive reports on the poverty situation in Indonesia the World Bank says, among many other things, that 17.8% of people are regarded as living in poverty currently, this being measured by those who have less than $1.55 in purchasing power parity terms per day.
		Indonesia’s maternal mortality rate (307 deaths in 100,000 births) is three times that of Vietnam and six times that of China and Malaysia; only about 72% of births are accompanied by skilled personnel.
		In cities he says the level of poverty is at 39% while in rural areas it is 53%.
	www.indonesiamatters.com /946/world-bank-on-poverty (638 words)

	Indonesia Case Study
		In fact, the Nike representatives in Indonesia are up front in saying that it was American public pressure that pushed Nike to require its contractors to improve pay, benefits and working conditions over the past three years.
		But Indonesia's recent experience shows that the path to development is not a one-way street, and it calls into question the once-popular "flying geese" theory of economic development, according to which less-developed countries (say, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia) follow richer nations (Japan and Korea) up the production hierarchy on an inevitable path to industrialization.
		Indonesia's biggest problem is political turmoil, which events have shown can do as much as economic mismanagement to undermine stable macroeconomic policies, free trade, imports of high technology and investment in education.
	www.fordham.edu /economics/mcleod/indonesia_case2.htm (7260 words)

	Indonesia[62]
		Indonesia is also concerned about the increasing number of measures taken to limit agricultural and fish exports for reasons of sanitary or phytosanitary standards, technical barriers to trade, and the environment (Figure 1).
		Indonesia has also adopted the position that reciprocity for tariff reductions made by developed countries should not be required of developing countries, when this is inconsistent with their “development, financial, and trade needs”, when the objective is to protect subsistence farmers, or when the goal is food security.
		Indonesia’s commitments with the IMF are tied to specific loans with an implementation period ending in December 2002.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/Y4632E/y4632e0l.htm (8463 words)

	AusAID: Country Programs - Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Indonesia's main industries are petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilisers, plywood, food, rubber and tourism.
		Australia is helping Indonesia build its counter-terrorism capacity, including building the capacity of the Indonesian police force on counter-terrorism and transnational crime, restricting the flow of financing to terrorists, and enhancing travel security by strengthening airport, immigration and customs control capabilities.
		Poverty in Indonesia is heavily concentrated among those with little or no formal education.
	www.ausaid.gov.au /country/country.cfm?CountryId=30 (842 words)

	Indonesia - Fighting Poverty in Indonesia
		During the span of 30 years, Indonesia had managed to significantly reduce poverty.
		The unprecedented economic crisis briefly disrupted that positive track record, but Indonesia is currently bouncing back to push economic growth and bring down its poverty numbers since the peak of the crisis.
		Lasting poverty reduction requires the cooperation of numerous parties, including civil society, government, and donor agencies.
	web.worldbank.org /WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20176969~hlPK:385022~menuPK:382201~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:226309,00.html (247 words)

	[Alternatives] : Environmental governance and sustainability to abate poverty in Indonesia
		The primary objective of this action is to abate poverty by engaging local communities in the conflict -affected provinces of Central Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua in initiatives that seek to re-establish sustainable livelihoods.
		By addressing poverty in remote, conflict affected communities, this project will put more resources in the hands of community members (both men and women), thus empowering them to send their children to schools, establish new local businesses, access better health services, improve their nutrition and use their resources in a sustainable manner.
		The overarching goal of this project will be to combat poverty in Indonesia’s eastern provinces by increasing and securing income generating opportunities for farmers and fisherfolk in combat affected communities.
	www.alternatives.ca /article2508.html (2680 words)

	Resource Center \| View resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		By emphasizing the earnings-side of the poverty story, we complement earlier studies of poverty that have tended to emphasize consumption determinants, often to the exclusion of earnings impacts.
		The biggest poverty impacts are due to liberalization of developed country trade policies — and among these policies, it is the removal agricultural trade barriers that lead to the greatest reduction in Indonesia’s poverty headcount.
		In the short run, the poverty headcount actually rises for self-employed, non-agricultural households, as well as for households that are wholly dependent on transfers for their income.
	www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu /resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=1208 (488 words)

	Indonesia Case Study
		When he refers to $1 day poverty, and in general why does Keady understate the daily wage of footwear workers (hint: overtime and transportation/attendance bonuses).
		Indonesia, which allows only one government-controlled labor union, has been accused of holding down wages in order to attract foreign investment.
		During my visit to Indonesia, Nike began requiring its contract factories to begin offering free, after-working-hours education to their workers, with recommended pay increases for graduates.
	www.gdsnet.org /classes/Indonesia_Case2.htm (7390 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945.
		Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony.
		Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has restored financial stability and pursued sober fiscal policies since the Asian financial crisis, but many economic development problems remain, including high unemployment, a fragile banking sector, endemic corruption, inadequate infrastructure, a poor investment climate, and unequal resource distribution among regions.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/id.html (1211 words)

	USAID: Indonesia
		Indonesia faces remarkable challenges as it takes on three major tasks: economic reform, a transition to democracy after 30 years of military authoritarian rule, and a massive decentralization of power to nearly 400 local governments.
		Indonesia's policy makers continue to be slow in seizing opportunities to implement necessary economic structural reforms such as bank and corporate restructuring, privatization, and fiscal reform.
		Small but vocal militant groups were outspoken in their initial reaction to the war in Afghanistan; moderate voices, and the government itself, have increasingly gained footing and are working to restore the image of Indonesia as a country tolerant of diversity and committed to cooperating in dealing with terrorism.
	www.usaid.gov /pubs/cbj2003/ane/id (1117 words)

	On Indonesia and the economy: Making poverty history
		Behind this passion is his decade-long experience in Africa, where he observes first-hand the plight of people living in extreme poverty, a condition marked by the inability to meet even the most basic needs for survival.
		The experience taught him âa considerable amount about extreme poverty, the power and limits of globalization, and the indomitable strength of the human spirit in the face of adversity.â (p.
		His objectives to end poverty, then, are âto end the plight of one-sixth of humanity that lives in extreme poverty and struggles daily for survivalâ and âto ensure that all of the worldâs poor, including those in moderate poverty, have a chance to climb the ladder of developmentâ (p.
	abgaduh.blogspot.com /2005/05/making-poverty-history.html (836 words)

	AusAID: Country brief - Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An objective of Australia's Indonesia aid strategy is to improve economic management through support for critical measures for accelerated structural reform, including assistance for revenue enhancement, financial sector restructuring and supervision, and debt management.
		It is crucial for Indonesia's political and social stability and prospects for economic recovery that the 2004 elections are perceived as credible, both domestically and internationally.
		The aim of the project is to enhance the capacity of the Government of Indonesia to develop and adopt policies for water supply and sanitation that encourage consumer/user demand-driven and participatory initiatives and to test policy-related options in selected provinces that encourage consumer/user demand-driven water supply and sanitation initiatives for poor communities.
	www.ausaid.gov.au /country/cbrief.cfm?DCon=3010_2150_4972_2067_3443&CountryId=30 (3165 words)

	Asiabooks Catalogue - Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It describes programs on poverty reduction and development, and the communities' perceptions of its causes and trends and review the implementation of projects supported by the ADB in Central Sulawesi and East Kalimantan.
		The authors criticise the policies of the government of Indonesia as well as those of other transnational agencies on what has happened and what should be done.
		It covers an important area of cultural and social history in Indonesia, with pieces linking the death practices of so-called tribal groups with historical changes in the country, from on-going changes in Islam to the roles of forms of modernity.
	www.asiabooks.gil.com.au /catalogue/indonesia_01.html (2620 words)

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