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Topic: Poverty line

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	CBC News In Depth: Economy
		Critics of the use of the LICO as a benchmark for poverty say the 63 per cent level is arbitrary and doesn't translate to a state of destitute poverty.
		Poverty activists argue that it's possible to reduce relative poverty without moving to a completely communist system.
		Sarlo defines poverty as lacking the means for the basic necessities of life, such as food, shelter and clothing, and criticizes the use of LICOs as a poverty line.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/economy/poverty-line.html (1894 words)

	Poverty line - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The poverty line is useful as an economic tool with which to measure such people and consider socioeconomic reforms such as welfare and unemployment insurance to reduce poverty.
		Determining the poverty line is usually done by finding the total cost of all the essential resources that an average human adult consumes in one year.
		Using a poverty line is problematic because having an income marginally above it is not substantially different from having an income marginally below it: the negative effects of poverty tend to be continuous rather than discrete, and the same low income affects different people in different ways.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/Poverty_line (972 words)

	Poverty threshold - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living.
		In practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed nations like the United States than in the Third World.
		The poverty threshold is useful as an economic tool with which to measure such people and consider socioeconomic reforms such as welfare and unemployment insurance to reduce poverty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poverty_line (1103 words)

	Nonmetro Poverty: Assessing the Effect of the 1990s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Poverty in metro areas followed a similar pattern, declining from a high of 14.6 percent in 1993 to a low of 10.8 percent in 2000, and edging up to 11.1 percent in 2001.
		Since the poverty line is adjusted by family size, the income shortfall is expressed as a percentage of each family’s poverty line.
		In 2001, the nonmetro poor had an average income shortfall equal to 44.8 percent of the poverty line, while the average shortfall for the metro poor was greater at 47.1 percent.
	www.ers.usda.gov /Amberwaves/September03/Features/NonmetroPoverty.htm (2293 words)

	How We Measure Poverty
		Poverty thresholds are used mainly for statistical purposes and research, such as preparing estimates of the number of Americans in poverty each year.
		Poverty guidelines are issued at the beginning of each year, generally in February or March, and are used to determine eligibility for poverty programs such as the Oregon Health Plan.
		Orshansky based her poverty thresholds on the "thrifty food plan," which was the cheapest of four food plans developed by the Department of Agriculture.
	www.ocpp.org /poverty/how.htm (1415 words)

	Recent trends in poverty in PRC
		Most notably, the poverty line increases only modestly during the high inflation years of 1988 and 1989, and there is a sharp increase in the poverty line 1997 that is far in excess of inflation.
		The food poverty line is overly austere before 1998 because of a standard food bundle that is not consistent with actual consumption patterns, and the non-food expenditure share is unrealistically conservative since 1998, both leading to downward bias in the poverty line.
		Poverty incidence in all provinces and autonomous regions in the Northwest and Southwest were higher than the national average, indicating that poverty was further concentrated in remote western regions.
	www.adbi.org /discussion-paper/2004/01/04/83.poverty.targeting/recent.trends.in.poverty.in.prc (3968 words)

	Quantifying Poverty
		Many countries have a "food" or "absolute" poverty line calculated from a food basket representing minimum nutritional requirements, and a "basic needs" line that is slightly higher (Deaton 2004:3-4; Coudouel et al.
		Weighing how far below the poverty line households fallâ”their "poverty gap," or gap between household income and the national poverty lineâ”offers a useful measure of the depth of a nation's poverty (World Bank 2001:320).
		Another variation on the standard poverty line looks at "relative poverty" by assessing the proportion of a country's population that lives at less than one-third the national consumption average.
	pubs.wri.org /pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=4037 (764 words)

	Poverty in the United States, by Isabel V. Sawhill: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and ...
		The poverty rate among the elderly, for example, after declining dramatically from 35.2 percent in 1959 to 12.2 percent in 1990, is now lower than for the rest of the population.
		The failure of the aggregate poverty rate to decline in the seventies, and its subsequent rise in the eighties, suggest to some that the War on Poverty launched by the federal government in the midsixties failed.
		Indeed, the incidence of poverty was as high in the late eighties as it was in the late sixties, and the average poverty rate for the eighties was 2 percentage points higher than the average for the seventies.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/PovertyintheUnitedStates.html (2680 words)

	UNDP Poverty Report 2000
		Official statistics for 1996 estimate that more than 40% of the population is poor, while estimates based on a poverty line of $1 a day per person put the figure at more than 50%.
		Poverty is greater in rural areas, especially in higher-altitude and less accessible regions and among lower castes and ethnic minorities.
		The plan recognizes that mere acceleration of economic growth is not enough for effective poverty reduction - and that the composition of growth is important.
	www.undp.org /povertyreport/countryprofiles/nepal1.html (1056 words)

	Poverty threshold at AllExperts
		The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live.
		The poverty threshold is useful as an economic tool with which to measure such people and consider socioeconomic reforms such as welfare and unemployment insurance to reduce poverty.
		Using a poverty threshold is problematic because having an income marginally above it is not substantially different from having an income marginally below it: the negative effects of poverty tend to be continuous rather than discrete, and the same low income affects different people in different ways.
	en.allexperts.com /e/p/po/poverty_threshold.htm (1373 words)

	Poverty Thresholds and Poverty Guidelines
		Poverty guidelines for the years since 1982 and other historical information appear on the web page "Poverty Guidelines, Research, and Measurement" of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
		The poverty guidelines are sometimes loosely referred to as the "federal poverty level" or "poverty line," but these terms are ambiguous, and should be avoided in situations (e.g., legislative or administrative) where precision is important.
		The poverty guidelines that HHS released in February 2005 are labeled as year 2005 poverty guidelines.
	www.irp.wisc.edu /faqs/faq1.htm (1520 words)

	Poverty Assessment Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Income poverty is measured in relation to an official poverty line — a level of income or consumption expenditures designated as the minimum needed by an individual or household to avoid poverty.
		Poverty lines are generally set by national governments, and used together with household survey data to measure the incidence of poverty.
		Some countries set their poverty lines in terms of income, others in terms of expenditure; in either case, both cash and own-production (e.g., output from a family farm) are included.
	www.povertytools.org /faq.htm (5335 words)

	Poverty Fact Sheet Series - Defining Poverty, HYG-5700-98
		The poverty measure was developed in the early 1960s as an indicator of the number and proportion of people with inadequate incomes for needed consumption of food, other goods, and services.
		Poverty guidelines are published by the Department of Human Services and used to determine the eligibility of families for various assistance programs.
		Unlike poverty thresholds, if the family's size and income match the poverty guidelines, then the family is considered poor, and not considered on the threshold of being poor.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/5000/5700.html (1888 words)

	Poverty Analysis - Choosing and Estimating a Poverty Line
		Poverty lines are cut-off points separating the poor from the non-poor.
		Relative poverty lines: These are defined in relation to the overall distribution of income or consumption in a country; for example, the poverty line could be set at 50 percent of the country’s mean income or consumption.
		For monetary measures, these absolute poverty lines are often based on estimates of the cost of basic food needs (i.e., the cost a nutritional basket considered minimal for the healthy survival of a typical family), to which a provision is added for non-food needs.
	web.worldbank.org /WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20242879~menuPK:435055~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html (677 words)

	Poverty Analysis - Choosing and Estimating Poverty Indicators
		The poverty measure itself is a statistical function which translates the comparison of the indicator of well being and the poverty line which is made for each household into one aggregate number for the population as a whole or a population sub-group.
		Incidence of poverty (headcount index): This is the share of the population whose income or consumption is below the poverty line, that is, the share of the population that cannot afford to buy a basic basket of goods.
		Poverty severity (squared poverty gap): This takes into account not only the distance separating the poor from the poverty line (the poverty gap), but also the inequality among the poor.
	web.worldbank.org /WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20242881~menuPK:435055~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html (808 words)

	Poverty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Using the upper poverty line, the number increases to 26.9 million compared to 12.9 million in 81/82, 20.7 million in 90/91, at an annual increasing rate 4.2% over the period (81/82-99/2000) and 3% during (90/91-99/2000), which is higher than the population growth rates during those two periods: 2.25% and 2.1% annually.
		Besides, almost one third of the population suffers from human poverty; as people not expected to live till the age of 40 years are estimated at 44.7% and children under 5 with low weight are estimated at 12%.
		This indicates the prevalence of implications of poverty in Egypt.
	www.aucegypt.edu /src/wsite1/background/nationalprofile/Poverty.htm (243 words)

	Minnesota Budget Project - Poverty Rates Increase
		For four years, the poverty rate fell in the United States. However, this progress was eroded in 2001, due to the recession. According to data from the Census Bureau, the percentage of Americans living below the federal poverty line grew from 11.3% in 2000 to 11.7% in 2001.
		Poverty is also more prevalent among young people than among any other age group, with 16.3% of people under 18 years old being poor, compared to 10.1% of persons age 18 to 64 and 10.1% of persons 65 and older.
		As an alternative to using the federal poverty line, the JOBS NOW Coalition prepares family budget figures based on a “no frills” standard of living in Minnesota. They find that the family budget for a single parent family of three is more than twice as high as the federal poverty line for that family size.
	www.mncn.org /bp/pov2002.htm (573 words)

	UN Aims to Cut Poverty in Half as Experts Wonder How to Measure It - Social and Economic Policy - Global Policy Forum
		Yet over time, Professor Deaton noted, the poverty lines in both countries were adjusted to keep pace with overall price inflation, not the price of food or the share of food in the average family's budget.
		Once the poverty line is set in local currency, the consumption of a representative sample of households must be compared with the line to determine the percent of people getting by on less than $1 a day.
		This may not be a cause that celebrities are ready to line up for, but improving poverty data will put the world in a better position to monitor progress and evaluate poverty reduction strategies by the time the poverty line is moved up to $2 a day.
	www.globalpolicy.org /socecon/develop/2005/0203measuring.htm (1269 words)

	2005 Federal Poverty Guidelines
		The poverty guidelines are not defined for Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau.
		The poverty guidelines (unlike the poverty thresholds) are designated by the year in which they are issued.
		The poverty guidelines may be formally referenced as “the poverty guidelines updated periodically in the Federal Register by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under the authority of 42 U.S.C. Go to Further Resources on Poverty Measurement, Poverty Lines, and Their History
	aspe.hhs.gov /poverty/05poverty.shtml (757 words)

	Understanding Poverty
		The current official poverty definition still operates under this assumption, even though consumption habits of the average household have changed dramatically since 1965 (e.g., the 1965 definition assumed that all meals were home cooked).
		Although widely considered to be inadequate, the official poverty definition will likely remain unchanged because legislation related to poverty is often indexed in terms of the poverty line.
		Although poverty rates among minority populations are decreasing, the disparity in the poverty rate by race/ethnicity demonstrates that poverty still occurs at a significantly greater rate among non-whites.
	condor.depaul.edu /~poverty/understanding_poverty.htm (926 words)

	Unitus. Innovative Solutions to Global Poverty
		Poverty is a macro problem, with causes as wide as they are deep.
		While the causes of poverty might be macro, the effects are felt on a micro level, creating hardship for communities, families, men, women and children.
		Its worst attribute is that poverty breeds poverty; it is virtually impossible to break free from its grasp.
	www.unitus.com /sections/poverty/poverty_pov_main.asp (643 words)

	IUCN Pakistan - Poverty
		Poverty in Pakistan is an increasing social problem and represents the critical challenge to be addressed by the Government of Pakistan.
		It is estimated that about 32% of Pakistan's population are below the food poverty line rising from a level of 26% in 1988 (GoP, 2002), and about 44% are below the poverty line on the human poverty index (UNDP, 2002).
		It is being discovered - particularly through the use of Participatory Poverty Assessment - that many of the impacts of environmental degradation accrue to the poor, exacerbating poverty.
	www.iucn.org /places/pakistan/poverty/poverty.htm (508 words)

	Oxfam - UK Poverty Programme - Poverty in the UK - the facts
		This is the ‘poverty line’ which has been accepted recently across the European Union to measure the extent of poverty in member states; it is not the same as a comprehensive definition of poverty, which includes many other dimensions.
		Groups in the UK at greater risk of poverty include women, as well as children: nearly 1 in 4 women lived in poverty in 1999/2000, compared with 1 in 5 men – even before taking account of the ‘hidden poverty’ that may exist in households where income and other resources are not shared fairly.
		And the way people living in poverty are treated by others, and often have no voice in decisions affecting their lives, is similar in the UK and elsewhere.
	www.oxfamgb.org /ukpp/poverty/thefacts.htm (1632 words)

	Child Trends DataBank - Children in Poverty
		Aside from physical and mental health, poverty in childhood and adolescence is associated with a higher risk for negative cognitive and academic outcomes, including decreased cognitive abilities and development, less school attendance, lower reading and math test scores, increased distractibility, and higher rates of grade failure and early high school dropout.
		Families are considered to be in poverty if their pre-tax money income (that is, not including in-kind benefits such as food stamps and not including the earned income tax credit) is less than a money income threshold that varies by family size and composition.
		Poverty rates for this indicator were calculated using the March Current Population Survey, a joint project of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau.
	www.childtrendsdatabank.org /indicators/4Poverty.cfm (1496 words)

	Status of Seniors in St. Louis County
		It was the number of children and the number of adults age 18-64 below the poverty line that increased by about 14,400 during the 1990s.
		The number of St. Louis County residents age 65 and older below the poverty line declined from 7,625 in 1990 to 7,259 in 2000.
		Table 1 shows that although only 5.3 percent of seniors have a poverty level income there are 17 of the 37 areas in which more than 5.3 percent are above the poverty line.
	www.oseda.missouri.edu /senior/poverty.shtml (749 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		They based their evaluation of the poverty line income on two absolute poverty lines, a food line and general line construed on actual expenses of households on food.
		The poverty line is a monetary value — such as the minimally adequate level of expenditures deemed necessary to satisfy basic needs — but the choice of the value is necessarily somewhat arbitrary and will fluctuate with varying assumptions.
		A conception of poverty may be absolutist in the sense that the insistence that individuals must possess capabilities of ultimate interest (such as the ability to participate meaningfully in the life of one's society or to gain and use knowledge) to an adequate degree in order to be non-poor is made universally.
	hdr.undp.org /docs/network/hdrstats_net/CRMalaysia-povertyline.htm (8209 words)

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