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Topic: Powhatan Confederacy

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	Powhatan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Powhatan was also the original name of the town that Wahunsunacock (the Chief Powhatan) came from (today the site of Richmond, Virginia), as well as the name of the river where it sat (today called the James River).
		The original six constituent tribes in Wahunsunacock's Powhatan confederacy were: the Powhatans proper, the Arrohatecks, the Appamattucks, the Pamunkeys, the Mattaponis, and the Chiskiacks.
		Powhatan County was named in honor of the Chief and his tribe, although located about 60 miles to the west of lands ever under their control.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Powhatan_Confederacy (733 words)

	Powhatan Confederacy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Powhatan are said to have been driven N to Virginia by the Spanish, where their chief, Powhatan’s father, subjugated five other Virginia tribes.
		On Powhatan’s death in 1618, Opechancanough, chief of the Pamunkey, became the central power in the confederacy, and he organized the general attack (1622) in which some 350 settlers were killed.
		After the Iroquois, traditional enemies of the confederacy, agreed to cease their attacks in the Treaty of Albany (1722), the tribes scattered, mixed with the settlers, and all semblance of the confederacy disappeared.
	www.bartleby.com /65/po/PowhatCon.html (397 words)

	The Anglo-Powhatan Wars
		Powhatan lacked the military capability to know the English were coming, or to block access to his lands and keep the English at the periphery of his empire.
		Powhatan had corn to trade (as well as furs and information), and he carefully orchestrated his meetings with the English to establish his authority and to gain tactical advantages during negotiations.
		Powhatan did not trade for the hostage, even though she was supposedly his so-called favorite daughter.
	www.virginiaplaces.org /nativeamerican/anglopowhatan.html (1738 words)

	Confederacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A form of government, synonymous with confederation or alliance, formed as a union of political organizations, differing from a republic in that the separate political units retain sovereignty themselves; some examples follow:
		Furthermore, a group of individuals operating for a common cause, generally perceived to be a negative term, as in the case of conspirators; see conspiracy
		Finally, federacy, a form of goverment that share both features of federations and unitary states, is etymologically linked to the word 'federacy' as short for confederacy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Confederacy (183 words)

	Gloucester History: Chief Powhatan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Powhatan, was the father of POCAHONTAS and an intimate friend of Captain John Smith and John Rolfe.
		At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown (1607), Powhatan was consolidating 30 or more tribes of the confederacy from his capital, Werowocomoco, on the Pamunkey River, land which later became Gloucester and Mathews Counties.
		Powhatan was initially friendly to the English colonists, but upon learning that John Smith was interested in metals and in finding a waterway leading to the western ocean, Powhatan perceived the English as dangerous and decided to remove them from his territory.
	www.co.gloucester.va.us /powha1.htm (164 words)

	The Flag of the Powhatan Renape of New Jersey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Powhatan are a branch of the Algonquin speaking Indians that populated the northeastern part of the United States at the time of colonization.
		At their peak, the Powhatan were members of a huge union of various bands, "The Powhatan Confederacy" based in what today would be the state of Virginia.
		The Powhatan Renape, the word Renape means "human beings", that remain today, are a smattering of those various bands that once formed the great confederation: the Chickahominy, the Eastern Chickahominy, the Mattaponi, the Nansemond, the Pamunkey, the Potomac, the Rappahannah and the Upper Mattaponi.
	hometown.aol.com /Donh523/navapage/powhatan.htm (1274 words)

	Part Two, Swanton
		Powhatan, on the north bank of James River at the falls on ground now forming an eastern suburb of Richmond.
		Peace was restored for a lime by the marriage of Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas to John Rolfe, and lasted until Powhatan's death in 1618.
		In 1622 Powhatan's second successor, Opechancanough, led an uprising against the colonists, as a result of which all of the White settlements except those immediately about Jamestown were destroyed.
	www.saponitown.com /SwantonPartTwo.htm (2880 words)

	PBS - Scientific American Frontiers:Dead Men's Tales:Pocahontas and Jamestown
		What is known about the tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy comes entirely from the archaeological record and the English settlers, who made detailed observations of all they encountered in the Americas.
		Though Powhatan's leadership had made allies of the thirty-odd tribes of the Confederacy, there had been a long history of warfare among them, and peripheral tribes still posed a threat.
		The Powhatan Confederacy was a status-conscious hierarchy in which commoners paid tribute- something like a tax- to local chiefs, or werowances, who in turn paid tributes to Chief Powhatan himself.
	www.pbs.org /saf/1203/features/pocahontas.htm (561 words)

	Geography of Native Tribes and Powhatan Confederacy
		The Powhatan Confederacy - consisted of the 6 tribes that Powhatan inherited - the Arrohattac, Appomattoc, Matoponi, Pamunkey, Powhatan, and Youghtanud.
		This relationship was one in which Powhatan maintained a great deal of power, and other groups had to demonstrate their allegiance to him.
		After mapping exercise is completed, discuss the nature of the Powhatan Confederacy -- how tribes were expected to express their loyalty to Powhatan, the ways in which Powhatan conquered tribes, and how the tribes allied together to wage war.
	curry.edschool.virginia.edu /socialstudies/projects/jvc/unit/broad/native_geog.html (983 words)

	Bruce, Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century. Ch. III
		Orapaks was one of the residences of Powhatan, and was situated east of the modern city of Richmond.
		In the first voyage to the Falls of the Powhatan, special note was made of the plain stretching from the palace of the werowance to the banks of the river, and planted for the greater part in maize.
		Powhatan, when he first came to the knowledge of the English, was supposed to have reached his eightieth year, but he had lost but little of his youthful vigor, his figure was still unbent, and he was still capable of enduring every form of hardship.
	www.dinsdoc.com /bruce-1-3.htm (11855 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Confederacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Confederacy CONFEDERACY [Confederacy] name commonly given to the Confederate States of America (1861-65), the government established by the Southern states of the United States after their secession from the Union.
		Powhatan Confederacy POWHATAN CONFEDERACY [Powhatan Confederacy] group of Native North Americans belonging to the Algonquian branch of the Algonquian-Wakashan linguistic stock (see Native American languages).
		Hyperinflation and the confederacy: an interdisciplinary lesson in economics and history.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/03041.html (731 words)

	VA Studies - VS.3g
		The boundaries of the Powhatan confederacy reached from the Potomac River, west to the fall line of Virginia (which is the boundary between the Coastal Plains and the Piedmont) and south to the Virginia-North Carolina border.
		The Powhatans viewed the English as newcomers who were possibly useful and potentially dangerous because of the firearms they carried.
		The Powhatans saw the fort as a sign of both permanence and of distrust on the part of the English.
	vastudies.pwnet.org /vs3/vs3_g.htm (940 words)

	Powhatan Language and the Powhatan Indian Tribe (Powatan, Powhatten, Powhattan)
		Language: The Powhatan language was an Algonkian tongue, also known as Virginia Algonkian, once spoken by dozens of tribes in tidewater Virginia.
		Though Powhatan is known today primarily as the father of the highly romanticized heroine Pocahontas, in fact he was a powerful leader who controlled most of eastern Virginia.
		The marriage of Pocahontas to a prominent settler was meant to ensure peace between the Powhatan and British Empires, but she and her father both died prematurely, and after a few ill-fated attempts at rebellion, the Powhatan Confederacy was destroyed by the British in 1644.
	www.native-languages.org /powhatan.htm (444 words)

	Powhatan Confederacy
		A confederacy is usually the joining together of equal groups with an equal voice in government.
		It is thought that Powhatan's people came from a more southerly part of America, but were forced north when the Spanish came.
		Powhatan was the head chief among his people, but not a king.
	www.edhelper.com /ReadingComprehension_35_575.html (324 words)

	Powhatan Info
		This paramount chief came from the town of Powhatan, near the falls of the James River and he used his hometown name to refer to himself and his chiefdom.
		The situation continued to worsen until a colonist captured Pocahontas, a favored daughter of the chief Powhatan, in April 1613.
		The paramount chief Powhatan died soon after in 1618 and the mantle of power passed officially to his brother Opitchapam, but it was a second brother Opechancanough who held the real authority.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~dfriend/powhatan.htm (1646 words)

	The Powhatan Confederacy
		Powhatan was at first fascinated by English tools, but that interest was soon dampened by threats to native lands and food supplies.
		The nearly 100-year-old Opechancanough was captured in 1646 and died, probably a victim of murder, in Jamestown.
		Memorabilia related to The Powhatan Confederacy is at auction on eBay.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1155.html (506 words)

	Chapter Summary
		Powhatan knew of the white men who had appeared occasionally along the Atlantic coast, but the power of his confederacy was such that these strangers did not worry him.
		Powhatan's world of hunters and gatherers would be replaced by one of settlers with weapons, tools, and ideas foreign to the Native Americans.
		Despite Powhatan's overtures and John Smith's forays to trade with the Indians, by January 1608, only 38 of the original settlers were alive to welcome the Virginia Company's supply ships and new colonists.
	www.bedfordstmartins.com /history/cap/content/cp03/cp03cy01.htm (2606 words)

	Jamestown
		Powhatan allowed the group toexplore the area below the falls of the river and at an island, Newport set up a cross and took possession of the land in the name of the King of England.
		Powhatan, who had followed the group, was offended by the planting of the cross and began to return to his village.
		Powhatan yielded to her wishes and the Captain's life was spared.
	www.genealogical-gleanings.com /Jamestown.htm (11551 words)

	Colonization--James River Plantations: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary
		Under Powhatan’s direction corn was supplied to the colonists at Jamestown, but later during the winter months this ceased as Powhatan sought to starve the English out.
		Powhatan abdicated his position in favor of his brother Opechancanough in 1614, wearying of the constant warfare and diseases that were beginning to decimate his people.
		Some young Powhatan men attended the College of William and Mary to learn the ways of the colonists, but were excluded from religious activities by the largely Anglican society.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nR/travel/jamesriver/colonization.HTM (2474 words)

	Powhatan Renape Nation History - Rankokus American Indian Reservation
		Foreign disease alone probably accounted for halving the Powhatan population by the end of the 17th century.
		The Powhatan Renape Nation's origins were in the late 19th century, where one by one, our people came in to settle a tiny subdivision known as Morrisville and Delair in Pennsauken Township.
		IN 1982 the Powhatan Renape Nation negotiated an agreement with the State of New Jersey to take over 350 acres of state owned land in the town of Westampton.
	www.powhatan.org /history.html (764 words)

	The Powhatan Confederation
		Pocahontas, the Powhatan princess who befriended the Jamestown colonists, married the Englishman John Rolfe in 1614, and is believed by many to have saved John Smith's life -- that is why the world knows the Powhatan Confederacy.
		Her father, Powhatan, almost alone, united the small scattered Algonquian tribes of present-day Virginia and Delaware into a thirty tribe group in the late 1500s.
		Powhatan and his people welcomed the English settlers in 1607 and helped them survive the first winter here by teaching them how to grow corn and tobacco, providing them medicine, and helping them hunt.
	www.answerpoint.org /columns2.asp?column_id=912&column_type=homework (848 words)

	Swtext Virgina Tribes 1d
		The Powhatan belonged to the Algonquian linguistic stock, their nearest relatives probably being the Algonquian tribes of Carolina and the Conoy.
		In 1785 Jefferson reported the Powhatan Indians reduced to two tribes, the Pamunkey and Mattapony, embracing only about 15 men, but he must have overlooked great numbers of these Indians, for at the present time there are several bands, including the Chickahominy, Nansemond, Pamunkey, Mattapony, Upper Mattapony, Rappahannock, Wicocomoco, Potomac, Powhatan, and Werowocomoco (Speck, 1925).
		The Powhatan population was estimated by Mooney (1928) as 9,000 in 1600; Smith (1884) allows them 2,400 warriors; in 1669 a census gave 528 warriors or about 2,000 population, the Wicocomoco being then the largest tribe.
	www.hiddenhistory.com /PAGE3/swsts/virgnia1.HTM (4868 words)

	she-philosopher.com: Gallery exhibit (Powhatan's map on deerskin mantle)
		POWHATAN’S MANTLE IS A LARGE, ornamental deerskin cloak, with shell beadwork symbolically mapping the balance of power among southeastern Indians of the Chesapeake tidewater region, circa 1608.
		The dynamics experienced by Powhatan’s Virginia in the seventeenth century of a foreign influx, a strong and protracted resistance from the dominant Indians near the coast, and an eventual decline and dispersal of the native population would recur farther south [i.e., in North Carolina] in the early eighteenth century.” (43)
		The Powhatan Algonquians spontaneously produced maps on at least three occasions, ranging in scope from a simple one showing the course of the James River to an ambitious map depicting their place at the center of a flat world, with England represented by a pile of sticks near the edge.
	www.she-philosopher.com /gallery/powhatan-map.html (6951 words)

	Powhatan Frequently Asked Questions: Powhatan Ancestry: Descendents of Pocahontas and John Rolfe
		If you are successful in finding a link between yourself and the Powhatan Confederacy, or if you can show a relationship with existing members we would be pleased to keep your information on file for the use of others who can show they were linked to your family tree.
		There are, no doubt, many persons who can trace their ancestry back to the Powhatan Confederacy, such as ourselves.
		In the sixteen or so generations since that time, in each generation, individuals who were descended from a marriage of a Powhatan person and a non-Powhatan person had a choice as to whether he or she wished to take on the identity of one parent or the other.
	www.powhatan.org /powfaq.html (612 words)

	Colonial Taxes in Virginia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Nonetheless, if you "follow the money" to trace authority and power, Powhatan was the one receiving wealth that was generated by others.
		The Potomack tribe, with a fortified vollage at the mouth of modern-day Potomac Creek, ignored Powhatan's directives to withold corn from the English when he was trying to starve the colonists into submission.
		In one famous incident, Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas was not only unable to collect a tribute from the Potomacks - she was captured and sold to the English.
	www.virginiaplaces.org /taxes/taxpowhatan.html (253 words)

	Opechancanough
		Openchancanough, Chief of the Pamunkey, was King of The Powhatan Confederacy from 1618-1644.
		Half brother to Wahunsonacock [known to the English as Chief Powhatan ] Openchancanough was responsable for the abduction of Captain Smith in 1608 and for both the massacre of 1622 [which Abraham Piersey, and both John Woodson and his wife survived] and the massacre of 1644 [in which John Woodson was killed].
		While we have come to believe that Powhatan was the holder of the native power in Virginia, Carl Bridenbaugh in his book published 1980 and entitled "Jamestown 1544-1699" reveals his younger half brother Opechancanough as the formidable force behind the throne.
	www.cynthiaswope.com /withinthevines/jamestown/natamer/Opechancanough.html (5635 words)

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