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Topic: Practical reason

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John Searle

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		However, as it is still pure reason, the knowledge of which is here the foundation of its practical employment, the general outline of the classification of a critique of practical reason must be arranged in accordance with that of the speculative.
		Reason, from which alone can spring a rule involving necessity, does, indeed, give necessity to this precept (else it would not be an imperative), but this is a necessity dependent on subjective conditions, and cannot be supposed in the same degree in all subjects.
		Reason, with its practical law, determines the will immediately, not by means of an intervening feeling of pleasure or pain, not even of pleasure in the law itself, and it is only because it can, as pure reason, be practical, that it is possible for it to be legislative.
	eserver.org /philosophy/kant/critique-of-practical-reaso.txt (11438 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - practical reasoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Practical reasoning is a rapidly changing area of study; this article describes the state of the field as it has shaped up over the 1980s and 1990s.
		Practical reasoning is sometimes thought to be a matter of adjusting one's practical take on things, together with one's actions, in the direction of greater coherence.
		The appeal to practical identities goes some of the way towards meeting a challenge posed by Williams on behalf of the instrumentalist position, that of showing how the practical reasons of different persons in what are substantially similar situations can vary, without (as the instrumentalist does) simply referring the difference to their differing desires.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/practicalreasoning.html (4355 words)

	Practical Reason
		In practical reasoning agents attempt to assess and weigh their reasons for action, the considerations that speak for and against alternative courses of action that are open to them.
		Practical reason, on the internalist account, is the capacity to work out the implications of the commitments contained in one's existing subjective motivational set; the upshot is that motivation is prior to practical reason, and constrains it.
		Practical reason, it might be suggested, is a holistic enterprise, properly concerned not merely with identifying means to the realization of individual ends, but with coordinated achievement of the totality of an agent's ends.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/practical-reason (6481 words)

	Medieval Theories of Practical Reason (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The notion of medieval practical reason can be investigated in two ways: 1) in light of the distinction between practical and theoretical sciences in the writings of the medieval university masters in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; 2) in comparison to the modern understanding of practical reason as described by Immanuel Kant.
		Kant's practical reason attains the kind of rigor, based on pure a priori principles, which would be impossible in the ethics of Aristotle, Albert and Thomas who are content with a science of practical reason whose domain is contingent and changeable acts.
		When Kant describes practical reason as a necessary law for all rational beings, whose actions are always to be judged according to maxims completely bound to the concept of the will of a rational being, one may see parallels to the Franciscan doctrine of the autonomy of the will.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/practical-reason-med (5016 words)

	Ordinary Evil
		Practical reason is reason in or toward sound action or policy.
		I follow Aquinas in taking it that practical reason aims at practical good, even in cases where the action or policy in question is in some respects evil.
		Roughly, the formal account of practical reason is calculative, and the irrationality of anyone in possession of revealed truth determining himself to an unethical life is clear.
	www.fathom.com /course/72810002/session3.html (2229 words)

	SparkNotes: Critique of Practical Reason: Preface and Introduction
		The Critique of Pure Reason was a critique of the pretensions of pure theoretical reason to attain metaphysical truths beyond the ken of applied theoretical reason.
		However, the Critique of Practical Reason is not a critique of pure practical reason, but rather a defense of it as being capable of grounding behavior superior to that grounded by desire-based practical reasoning.
		Kant believes that although his beliefs about pure practical reason are commonsensical, insofar as common sense can grasp them, philosophers are liable to go astray and enshrine the self-serving calculations of impure practical reason in the place of pure practical reason.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/practicalreason/section1.html (1188 words)

	Kant Foundations
		If reason infallibly determines the will, then the actions of such a being which are recognised as objectively necessary are subjectively necessary also, i.e., the will is a faculty to choose that only which reason independent of inclination recognises as practically necessary, i.e., as good.
		Since every practical law represents a possible action as good and, on this account, for a subject who is practically determinable by reason, necessary, all imperatives are formulae determining an action which is necessary according to the principle of a will good in some respects.
		Hence follows the third practical principle of the will, which is the ultimate condition of its harmony with universal practical reason, viz.: the idea of the will of every rational being as a universally legislative will.
	www.uwplatt.edu /~hood/kmetamor.html (2377 words)

	Notes 10: Practical reason (2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		In practical reason, an idea of reason is an idea of some ultimate ground of what we ought to do, and that is the ML.
		We sometimes call such a person "reasonable." So perhaps a better translation of "vernünftig" is "reasonable and rational," or sometimes simply "reasonable." Only such a person is acting from all the requirements of correct practical reasoning, according to Kant.
		Our humanity is that set of capacities we have as "animated pure practical reason." One thing we have to aim at then is the development of these capacities in ourselves (we cannot neglect our talents, as K says in his third example).
	www.uwm.edu /~sensat/courses/453kant/notes10.html (3265 words)

	Notes 9: Practical reason (1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		To study willing as such is to study what all willing, and thus what all practical reasoning has in common, regardless of the origin of the motives of such willing.
		The first step in clarifying it is to realize that for Kant practical reasoning is a process of selecting or constructing principles of action, principles that he calls "maxims".
		But these maxims are practical laws, which reasonable individuals follow regardless of their natural desires, because they have given these laws to themselves.
	www.uwm.edu /~sensat/courses/453kant/notes09.html (3306 words)

	Table of contents for Practical reasoning and ethical decision
		Practical Reasoning and Intentional Action 141 I The range of intentional action xxx II The phenomenology of reasoning xxx III The reconstructive role of practical arguments xxx IV Inferentialism and the realization of practical arguments xxx V Unconscious and self-deceptive elements in practical reasoning xxx VI Practical reasoning and reasoned action xxx 6.
		General Principles of Practical Appraisal 213 I The special role of moral reasons xxx II A range of substantive principles of practical reason xxx and practical reasoning III Hypothetical imperatives xxx IV Three kinds of normative principle xxx V Two kinds of inference xxx VI Toward sound practical principles xxx 9.
		Practical Reasoning and Moral Judgment 232 I Moral judgment and moral decision xxx II A framework of moral principles xxx III Moral principles as constituents in practical reasoning xxx IV Normative hierarchies xxx 10.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip0515/2005018550.html (359 words)

	SUMMA THEOLOGICA: Is prudence only in the practical, or also in the speculative reason? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		vi, 5) that just as he who reasons well for the realization of a particular end, such as victory, is said to be prudent, not absolutely, but in a particular genus, namely warfare, so he that reasons well with regard to right conduct as a whole, is said to be prudent absolutely.
		And yet it may also be replied that the act itself of the speculative reason, in so far as it is voluntary, is a matter of choice and counsel as to its exercise; and consequently comes under the direction of prudence.
		Every application of right reason in the work of production belongs to art: but to prudence belongs only the application of right reason in matters of counsel, which are those wherein there is no fixed way of obtaining the end, as stated in Ethic.
	www.newadvent.org /summa/304702.htm (582 words)

	webpsy
		That is, a practical reason must have hypothetical form: e.g., “If one intends to avoid pain in the future, then one ought to brush one’s teeth.” According to the Humean view, someone who accepts the antecedent of such a conditional has a reason to accept the consequent.
		The norms of theoretical reason and the hypothetical norms of practical reason are central to the definition of having a belief and having an end, respectively.
		The very idea of a reason, Williams argues, is that it must involve some appeal to the actual motivation of the person (although the appeal need not be instrumental in nature).9 It is not possible to be susceptible to practical reasons without being susceptible to hypothetical reasons.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~jharold/prcig.html (6638 words)

	Encyclopedia: Critique of Practical Reason
		The Critique of Practical Reason is the second of Immanuel Kant's three critiques, first published in 1788.
		It deals with his moral philosophy, and picks up from the Critique of Pure Reason.
		Many of the themes and arguments of this book are spelled out far more clearly in his Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Critique-of-Practical-Reason (156 words)

	PRACTICAL REASON AND DESIRE
		Then the inputs to this process of practical reasoning included a false belief -- the belief that the stuff was gin -- and omitted a relevant true belief -- the belief that the stuff was petrol.
		So this reasoning, and your action of mixing the stuff with tonic and drinking it, which was motivated by means of this reasoning, were not 'objectively rational'.
		For this reason, the argument from the HTM to the HTPR is invalid.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~mert1230/desire.htm (8106 words)

	The Canon of Pure Reason
		Kant maintains that in the view of reason in its theoretical employment, it is necessary to assume that everyone has ground to hope for happiness to the extent his conduct renders him worthy of it.
		Since we are necessarily constrained by reason to represent ourselves as belonging to an intelligible moral world, we must assume that moral world to be a consequence of our conduct in the world of sense (in which no such connection is exhibited), and therefore to be for us a future world.
		Practical reason has not attained to the immediate knowledge of God and cannot deduce from the idea of God the moral laws themselves.
	www.bright.net /~jclarke/kant/canon2.html (870 words)

	The Postulates of Practical Reason by Kant
		Since, nevertheless, it is required as practically necessary, it can only be found in a progress in infinitum towards that perfect accordance, and on the principles of pure practical reason it is necessary to assume such a practical progress as the real object of our will.
		Nevertheless, in the practical problem of pure reason, i.e., the necessary pursuit of the summum bonum, such a connection is postulated as necessary: we ought to endeavour to promote the summum bonum, which, therefore, must be possible.
		The worth of a character perfectly accordant with the moral law is infinite, since the only restriction on all possible happiness in the judgement of a wise and all powerful distributor of it is the absence of conformity of rational beings to their duty.
	www3.baylor.edu /~Scott_Moore/God_immortality.html (1832 words)

	SparkNotes: Critique of Practical Reason: Summary
		Overall, the Analytic contains the arguments for the categorical imperative as the one true moral principle and for the identity of morality and freedom, the Dialectic exposes the primary error of all previous ethicists and proposes the postulates of pure practical reason, and the Doctrine of Method proposes a new method for moral education.
		The Analytic, which is set up like a geometric proof, takes several steps to reach its primary conclusion, that the one ultimate moral principle is to only act such that the maxim of your will could hold universally.
		The Dialectic accuses all previous ethical writers of having made the same mistake, the mistake of having regarded the morally worthy as aiming at the highest good instead of seeing the highest good as that which is aimed at by morality.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/practicalreason/summary.html (796 words)

	Kieran Setiya - Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Similarly, it is only in a narrow sense of "reason" that "reason alone can never be a motive to any action of the will".
		Argues that practical irrationality is akin to moral culpability: it is defective practical thought which one could legitimately have been expected to avoid.
		It is thus a mistake to draw too tight a connection between failure to be moved by reasons and practical irrationality (as in a certain kind of "internalism"): one's failure may be genuine, but not culpable, and therefore not irrational.
	www.pitt.edu /~kis23/Papers.htm (299 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Practical Reason and Norms: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		All three questions are answered by taking reasons as the basic normative concept, and showing the distinctive role reasons have in every case, thus paving the way to a unified account of normativity.
		Rules are a structure of reasons to perform the required act and an exclusionary reason not to follow some competing reasons.
		Exclusionary reasons are explained, and used to unlock the secrets of orders, promises, and decisions as well as rules.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0198268343 (504 words)

	Journal of July 9, 2001
		So far then all we have done is establish that we are free, and for which reason we know that we are under the rules of the realm of freedom.
		It therefore proves that it is practical, for it conceives of a rule of conduct under the presupposition that it will be implemented, for this is always the thought of reason when we reason, i.e., we only do it because we expect an effect.
		In a sense all that pure reason does is to lump all the prudent thinking on the part of individuals together and thinks prudently still, but now in terms of a subject which is multifaceted.
	www.mindspring.com /~kantwesley/Journals/Journals_2001/Journals_0107/Journal_010709_.html (822 words)

	Amazon.com: Critique of Practical Reason (Great Books in Philosophy): Books: Immanuel Kant,T. K. Abbott (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		This new edition, prepared by an acclaimed translator and scholar of Kant's practical philosophy, presents the first new translation of the work to appear for many years, together with a substantial and lucid introduction.
		The 'Critique of Practical Reason' is the second volume in Immanuel Kant's major Critique project.
		While Kant's work is important for many philosophical reasons (e.g., his splendid arguments for how our minds shape our experiences), this book just happens to find Christianity the most rational of all faiths per lots of convoluted "reasons" as shallow as they are boring.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1573920630?v=glance (1679 words)

	Kant, Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics ToC: The Online Library of ...
		transition from the metaphysic of morals to the critique of pure practical reason.
		I. — Of the Deduction of the Fundamental Principles of the Pure Practical Reason.
		— Of the Primacy of Pure Practical Reason in its Union with the Speculative Reason.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/BookToCPage.php?recordID=0212 (873 words)

	Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant
		On the path of empirical inquiry then (physics), the conception of God remains always a conception of the perfection of the First Being not accurately enough determined to be held adequate to the conception of Deity.
		When I now try to test this conception by reference to the object of practical reason, I find that the moral principle admits as possible only the conception of an Author of the world possessed of the highest perfection.
		The same may be said of the other conceptions of reason of which we have treated above as postulates of it in its practical use.
	www.4literature.net /Immanuel_Kant/Critique_of_Practical_Reason/42.html (396 words)

	Amazon.com: Kant: Critique of Practical Reason (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Practical principles are propositions that contain a general determination of the will, having under it several practical rules.
		Critique of Pure Reason, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Juvenal Satire
		Constructions of Reason : Explorations of Kant's Practical Philosophy by Onora O'Neill in Front Matter (1), Front Matter (2), and Front Matter (3)
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521599628?v=glance (1886 words)

	Close Range: Stability and Practical Reason
		Matt Weiner Opiniatrety makes some very good points about how the temporal stability of a belief plays into questions concerning practical reason; roughly, temporal stability is important to the extent that it underwrites our capacity to carry out plans of action.
		Now modally unstable beliefs don't ipso facto generate the same sorts of problems for practical reasoning as temporally unstable beliefs, since modally unstable beliefs can be quite temporally stable.
		X has a justified true belief that his fiance has been faithful and, as a result, he decides to go through with the marriage.
	rationalhunter.typepad.com /close_range/2004/06/stability_and_p.html (645 words)

	The Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant eBook by BookRags
		The Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant eBook by BookRags
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		The Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/5683 (191 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Critique of Practical Reason: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Buy Critique of Practical Reason with Critique of Judgement today!
		Critique of Pure Reason: Unified Edition; Paperback ~ Immanuel Kant, Werner S. Pluhar (Translator)
		At once accurate, fluent, and accessible, Pluhar's rendition of the Critique of Practical Reason meets the standards set in his widely respected translations of the Critique of Judgement (1987) and the Critique of Pure Reason (1996).
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0872206173 (371 words)

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