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	Pragmatism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In practice, this means that for pragmatists, theoretical claims should be tied to verification practices--i.e., that one should be able to make predictions and test them--and that ultimately the needs of humankind should guide the path of human inquiry.
		Different pragmatists have different models of experimentation—some are basically scientific (Charles Sanders Pierce), others so pluralistic and relativist (William James) as to be almost anti-scientific.
		However, all pragmatists embrace some process(es) of ongoing inquiry and transformation of knowledge as part of the basic task of human societies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pragmatism (657 words)

	Intersections Between Pragmatist and Continental Feminism
		Pragmatist philosophy incorporates this lesson by insisting that all of experience, including human experience, needs to be understood as an interaction between organism and environment.
		Contemporary pragmatist feminist and continental feminist philosophers generally agree with this claim, rejecting the notion that the category of woman (and man) and the conception of femininity (and masculinity) are simply given in nature.
		Pragmatist and continental philosophy thus presents feminists with a variety of resources for thinking through the benefits and dangers of different conceptions of the Other, including the role of the Other in the constitution of both self and community.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/femapproach-prag-cont (6255 words)

	Richard Rorty's Platonists, Positivists, and Pragmatists
		Pragmatists think that the history of attempts to isolate the True or the Good, or to define the word "true" or "good," supports their suspicion that there is no interesting work to be done in this area.
		The pragmatist can agree with Davidson that to define such a predicate-to develop a truth-theory for the sentences of English, e.g, -would be a good way, perhaps the only way, to exhibit a natural language as a learnable, recursive structure, and thus to give a systematic theory of meaning for the language.
		The pragmatist sees it as empty-indeed, he sees many of Nagel's discussions of "the subjective" as drawing a line around a vacant place in the middle of the web of words, and then claiming that there is something there rather than nothing.
	www.marxists.org /reference/subject/philosophy/works/us/rorty.htm (10271 words)

	Pragmatist Feminism
		Pragmatists, such as John Dewey, William James and Jane Addams, were interested in the intersection of theory and practice, bringing philosophic thinking into relationship with the social and political environment.
		Pragmatists emphasize that we must include particular and individual experiences in a pluralistic discussion of multiple realities, and that all parties involved in the issue be involved in any creation of a solution.
		Pragmatists, she says, "are more likely to emphasize that everyone is a significantly and valuably Other … and tend to celebrate otherness by seeking out and welcoming difference as an expression of creative subjectivity" (1996, 267).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/femapproach-pragmatism (6559 words)

	William James: The Meaning of Truth: Chapter 8: The Pragmatist Account of Truth and its Misunderstanders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		If the reality assumed were cancelled from the pragmatist's universe of discourse, he would straightway give the name of falsehoods to the beliefs remaining, in spite of all their satisfactoriness.
		The pragmatist's conduct in his own case seems to me on the contrary admirably to illustrate his universal formula; and of all epistemologists, he is perhaps the only one who is irreproachably self-consistent.
		For the pragmatist, on the contrary, all discarnate truth is static, impotent, and relatively spectral, full truth being the truth that energizes and does battle.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/James/James_1911/James_1911_08.html (6120 words)

	Percy4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, unlike the realist, the pragmatist cannot claim that we have any reason to regard theories as "true" and admits that every theory is likely to be replaced by some future theory with which it is logically inconsistent.
		Typically the pragmatist bases theory acceptance on the degree to which it has survived a wide variety tests, which include much more than the narrow positivistic conception that a theory is tested solely by the observational consequences one can deduce from it.
		The pragmatist insists we have a much "wider" array of "evidential considerations" to employ over and above those which can be deduced from the theory, or in other words, the relationship of "deductive implication" is far too narrow to characterize the rich concept of "evidence" as it is in historical fact employed in actual science.
	www.loyno.edu /~folse/Percy4.html (381 words)

	Townhall.com :: Columns :: Reagan, thankfully, was no pragmatist by Jonah Goldberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Time and again, in scores of newscasts, obituaries and op-eds, a great many in the media establishment seem to think that what made Reagan a good president wasn't so much his idealism but his willingness to throw it out the window when it was politically convenient.
		After all, when the very liberal Senator Paul Wellstone died tragically in a plane crash in 2002, the nearly universal consensus among the same journalists was that what made him a great man was his refusal to compromise his ideological agenda.
		To call the Gipper a pragmatist is to confuse ends and means so totally so as to lose any comprehension of the difference between the two.
	www.townhall.com /columnists/jonahgoldberg/jg20040609.shtml (812 words)

	COL224 - American Pragmatist Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pragmatists aim their inquiry neither at the shining ideals of the a priori, nor the "cold hard facts" of positivist science, but at jumping in midstream and fine-tuning our attitudes and orientation to the "live" problems of experience and public life.
		Famous pragmatist thoughts inc lude Peirce's view that belief amounts to the establishment of a habit, and James' argument that what to believe (and believe in) presents a moral choice, not simply a dictate of reason.
		Pragmatists have been especially unwilling to segregate facts from values, mind from physical nature, essence from relations and context.
	www.wesleyan.edu /wesmaps/course0001/col224s.htm (310 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		If he is not, than he could not truly be a pragmatist, even if he thinks he is, because he would not really be optimizing his chances; and a pragmatist would always optimize his chances.
		A pragmatist, as stated earlier, should always seek to maximize his chances: that is what pragmatism IS. He should consider every factor that he can, and base his decisions on every fact and possibility that he could derive.
		Other pragmatists, even if, or perhaps especially if, they are just normal, `little' people, without great personal resources, would all help to nibble away at the power bases of the people currently in power.
	www.logicsouth.com /~lcoble/dir9/pragmat.txt (871 words)

	[No title]
		One reason why many feminists resist this pragmatist view of the political utility of philosophy is that masculinism seems so thoroughly built into everything we do and say in contemporary society that it looks as if only some really massive intellectual change could budge it.
		The main advantage of the way pragmatists present these doctrines is that they make clear that they are not unlocking deep secrets, secrets that feminists must know in order to succeed.
		Neither pragmatists nor deconstructionists can do more for feminism than help rebut attempts to ground these practices on something deeper than a contingent historical fact - the fact that the people with the slightly larger muscles have been bullying the people with the slightly smaller muscles for a very long time.
	gort.ucsd.edu /jhan/ER/rr.html (2316 words)

	Walter Okshevsky - Richard Rorty on the Power of Philosophical Reflection and the Pragmatist Conception of Critical ...
		This range of doubt, I argue, is a direct result of his assessment, on his pragmatist criteria, of the authentic powers, conditions and limits of philosophy as traditionally pursued.
		Our examination of the logical origins of Rorty's own pragmatist account of the nature, conditions and limits of critical thought and liberality of mind within his account of the authentic power of philosophical reflection will show these to comprise coherent and central educational aims once properly comprehended within a pragmatist framework.
		And second, whether the account of criteria for the resolution of conflicts between traditions of inquiry provided by Alasdair MacIntyre's recent work is both applicable to and able to challenge successfully Rorty's claims regarding the impossibility of a rational justification of choice between rival whole languages or vocabularies.
	www.ed.uiuc.edu /EPS/PES-Yearbook/97_docs/okshevsky.html (4528 words)

	[No title]
		In a historicist or even pragmatist way that anticipates Michel Foucault's discussion of an "aesthetics of existence,"^5^ Sartre came to demonstrate that the whole notion of private creativity--so much a reified part of our collective Western culture--needed to be reinvested with a sense of public effectiveness.
		But it is a curious sort of "statesman" that Sartre becomes for, unlike the comprehensive "theorist" we expect him to be, Sartre refuses to speak for others, to "lead" them on their behalf, or to presume to understand their historical needs and desires (unlike the authoritative West he supposedly represents) better than they do themselves.
		I say "revisionism" because the pragmatist Sartre, if we think of him as a local aesthetician, no longer believes in a final revolutionized state, but instead in the ongoing need to invent provisional democratic situations which, because they risk becoming hegemonic in their own right, constantly require revision and modification.
	jefferson.village.virginia.edu /pmc/text-only/issue.191/trembath.191 (5018 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Middle East / Abbas is pragmatist who opposes violence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mahmoud Abbas, the man who exit polls said overwhelmingly won Sunday's Palestinian presidential election, is a demonstrated pragmatist who opposes violence but can still be expected to drive hard bargains in any future peace talks with Israel.
		Long the No. 2 man in the Palestinian hierarchy after the late Yasser Arafat, the 69-year-old Abbas is well liked both at home and abroad despite a gray, businesslike image that always stood in sharp contrast to Arafat's theatrics.
		Born in 1935 in the ancient city of Safed, in what is now Israel, Abbas and his family fled to Syria during the upheavals that accompanied the Jewish state's creation in 1948.
	www.boston.com /news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/01/09/abbas_is_pragmatist_who_opposes_violence (736 words)

	A True Palestinian Pragmatist
		Though the Americans and Israelis view him as a pragmatist, his own people deem him a lackey who has sold out the Palestinian cause in favor of Western patronage.
		Rather, it is Abu Shanab and Barghouti who represent the center of Palestinian politics and are the true pragmatists.
		As long as wavering pragmatists like him are struck down instead of being embraced, the interminable cycle of violence in the Middle East will continue.
	www.obermayer.us /aer/articles/2003/WP0830Barfi.htm (810 words)

	Act Your Age
		Pragmatists might be willing to use new technology, if it's the only way to get their problem solved.
		To be successful, you eventually have to sell your product to the Pragmatists and Conservatives, but these two groups behave very differently from the groups on the ends of the bell curve.
		In fact, they are so desperate for a solution that they are willing to break ranks with their Pragmatist peers and be the first of their kind to try your product.
	software.ericsink.com /Act_Your_Age.html (1666 words)

	Jeffrey Ayala Milligan - Teaching at the Crossroads of Faith and School: The Teacher as Prophetic Pragmatist
		West argues that pragmatism fails to adequately appreciate the significance of political and economic forces; therefore, progressive Marxist social analysis is an indispensable analytic tool, balancing this weakness of pragmatism even as pragmatism compensates for Marxism's inadequate theorization of culture.
		Such interaction might then foster a level of understanding and exchange between worldviews which would in turn foster a degree of humility from the recognition that one's own community may not have all the ethical answers and strength from the challenges to one's own moral understanding such interaction would inevitably bring.
		The teacher as prophetic pragmatist would fortify the student in her moral journey while always keeping in mind that, at the particular crossroads the teacher occupies, there are many roads to the good and perhaps many goods.
	www.ed.uiuc.edu /EPS/PES-Yearbook/97_docs/milligan.html (4044 words)

	Pentti Määttänen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Interaction and practice have been stressed by several pragmatist theories, and this approach requires a conception of mind and experience different from that of traditional epistemology.
		From the pragmatist point of view a work of art is an experience that is constructed in time, that transcends the limits of individual subjectivity and is inexhaustible for an individual.
		Their views are different in many ways, but it is possible to speak about a pragmatist point of view in a loose sense.
	triad.kiasma.fng.fi /awe/PENTTI_MAATTANEN/Writing.html (4687 words)

	Sami Pihlström: Putnam and Rorty on their Pragmatist Heritage
		Admittedly, Rorty writes about the pragmatist tradition "in the way original thinkers write about the views of their predecessors."[1] Even so, his critics may be right in claiming that his readings of the classical pragmatists are problematic at best and seriously distorting at worst.
		Even though it is natural for a pragmatist to emphasize our linguistic practices in relation to metaethics, such a conclusion need not be drawn on any pragmatist principles.
		Had they learned their pragmatistic lessons well enough, they would neither ascribe any "overcoming philosophy" tendency to any of the classical pragmatists nor manifest such a tendency in their own work.
	www.helsinki.fi /science/commens/papers/pragmatistheritage.html (5745 words)

	Truth and Reality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is expressed in Peirce’s ‘pragmatic’ clarification of the concept of truth as ‘the opinion which is fated to be agreed to by all who investigate’, but, although endorsed by James and Dewey, it had little role in their philosophical thought.
		The pragmatist insight which it obscures is found in James’s insistence that a variety of practical and aesthetic interests can have a role in determining whether a system of beliefs agrees with reality, indeed that there are different versions of reality which answer to different practical concerns and are not in competition.
		For a pragmatist like Peirce, concepts should be explained by reference to experience: we explain what it is for something to be hard by showing how our actions upon hard things have different empirical consequences from similar actions from soft things.
	www.shef.ac.uk /~phil/staff/hookway/truth_and_reality.htm (7278 words)

	SSRN-Solving Problems v. Claiming Rights: The Pragmatist Challenge to Legal Liberalism by William Simon
		The practical development is the emergence of a style of social reform that seeks to institutionalize the Pragmatist vision of democratic governance as learning and experimentation.
		It then introduces the contrasting premises of the Pragmatist approach as they appear in a variety of recent works of legal scholarship.
		It illustrates the Pragmatist approach with a discussion of two case studies - one of drug courts and one of "second generation" employment discrimination remedies.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=459325 (397 words)

	Deming as Pragmatist - research paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Regardless of any direct or indirect connection between the two, the startling fact is that Dewey and Deming articulated the same points on a number of issues, held similar beliefs, and even shared a propensity towards using the same language to describe their respective positions on the same issues.
		According to The Dictionary of Philosophy, the pragmatist is unprejudiced by dogmatic presuppositions.
		The pragmatist adheres to the principle of Contextualism, that is; every problem must be put into its concrete behavioral and social setting.
	deming.eng.clemson.edu /pub/den/deming_as_prag.htm (9121 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Middle East / Palestinians to vote; pragmatist favored
		RAMALLAH, West Bank -- Palestinians, weary and impoverished from more than four years of fighting with Israel, are expected to elect a soft-spoken pragmatist, Mahmoud Abbas, as their next president today, in voting across the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
		The election, held nearly two months after the death of longtime Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, has generated broad hopes -- probably exaggerated, according to analysts -- for reviving peacemaking with Israel, lifting the economy from devastation, and restoring order in Palestinian towns where lawlessness has taken hold.
		Polls conducted in the past week have suggested that Abbas would receive 52 percent to 65 percent of the votes, Barghouthi would get 22 percent to 25 percent, and the other five candidates would split the rest.
	www.boston.com /news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/01/09/palestinians_to_vote_pragmatist_favored (482 words)

	Labor History: Young Sidney Hook: Marxist and Pragmatist - Review
		Christopher Phelps's excellent study of the early thought of Sidney Hook is a further exploration of the pragmatic strain in American Marxism.
		According to Hook, any attempt by the party to establish a Marxist orthodoxy on certain issues could only contradict what he held to be the pragmatist core of Marxist thought.
		Hook was close to, if not actually a member of the Communist party from 1924 until he began to criticize it openly in 1933.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0348/is_1_40/ai_54308714 (1043 words)

	Asia Times
		Russia and the US have a number of shared interests, but they also have some extremely prickly differences, most of which are over conflicting geopolitical interests generated in part by ideological differences.
		In the wake of the US-led war against Iraq, the mini-summit will finally demonstrate to the star-struck couple that their elopement was a marriage between an American "neo-con" and a Russian "romantic pragmatist" in search of different destinies.
		Bilateral energy relations and trade are also compelling reasons for the US and Russia to recast their recently troubled relationship, all the more so because strengthened business contacts can help soften the impact of state-to-state political disagreements, like over the issue of Iraq over the past few months.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/EE21Ag01.html (1019 words)

	UW Press - : Pragmatist Realism
		Literary realists have often been dismissed by later writers of the modernist and post-structuralist schools for their lack of aesthetic sophistication and etymological naïvete.
		In Pragmatist Realism, Sämi Ludwig argues that the artistic quality of realist texts is better appreciated by approaching them from a cognitive perspective, rather than from a linguistic or formalist one.
		Ludwig notes that literary realism arose from the same cultural scene as the pragmatist philosophy of William James and Charles Sanders Peirce, and that cognitive psychology built upon pragmatist philosophy.
	www.wisc.edu /wisconsinpress/books/3442.htm (333 words)

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