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	Prague linguistic circle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Prague Linguistic Circle founded as Cercle Linguistique de Prague (in Czech Pražský lingvistický kroužek) in Prague, became known around the world as the Prague School.
		After WWII, the circle was disbanded but the Prague School continued as a major force in linguistic functionalism (distinct from the Copenhagen school or English Firthian — later Hallidean — linguistics).
		Among its founders was the eminent Czech linguist Vilém Mathesius (President of PLC until his death in 1945).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prague_School (259 words)

	Prague School - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Prague School, originally known as the Prague Linguistic Circle, a group of scholars with a common approach to linguistics who were working in...
		Proponents of another form of linguistics that flourished in Prague in the 1930s looked outside the structure of a language and attempted to explain...
		Tesla was born in Smiljan, Croatia, and educated at the Polytechnic School in Graz, Austria, and at the University of Prague.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Prague_School.html (125 words)

	CTS-99-03
		Prague became a conglomerate of numerous traditions, cultural influences and scientific aspirations.1) To many intellectuals at that time it provided a refuge, a place of stopover where they could live and work.
		In line with the then prevailing empirical approach, linguistics in the 19th century was concerned with the sound, not the content or meaning, of the words.
		Apart from this diachronic approach to the study of a language or historical linguistics there was also a synchronic approach (descriptive linguistics), entailing the study of a linguistic system in a particular state, without reference to time.
	www.cts.cuni.cz /reports/1999/CTS-99-03.htm (2496 words)

	Roman Jakobson, "Selections"
		The linguistic aspect of this split personality is the patient's inability to use two symbols for the same thing, and it is thus a similarity disorder.
		Since linguistics is the global science of verbal structure, poetics may be regarded as an integral part of linguistics.
		Linguistics is likely to explore all possible problems of relation between discourse and the 'universe of discourse': what of this universe is verbalized by a given discourse and how is it verbalized.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /wyrick/debclass/Jakob.htm (2164 words)

	Prague Linguistic Circle home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Prague Linguistic Circle was one of the most influential schools of linguistic thought in pre-war linguistics.
		In the spring of 1996, many renowned linguists came to Prague to pay homage to the heritage of the Prague Linguistic Circle and to Roman Jakobson during a conference to 70 Years of Existence of the Prague Linguistic Circle and 100th Anniversary of Roman Jakobson's Birthday.
		Although the 'classical period' of the Circle can be dated between 1926, the year of the first meeting, and the beginning of WWII, its roots are in much of the earlier work of its members, and also it did not completely cease its work with the outbreak of the war.
	www.bohemica.com /plk (1087 words)

	Modern Literary Theory
		These linguistic movements began in the 1920s, were suppressed by the Soviets in the 1930s, moved to Czechoslovakia and were continued by members of the Prague Linguistic Circle (including Roman Jakobson, Jan Mukrarovsky, and René Wellek).
		The Prague Linguistic Circle viewed literature as a special class of language, and rested on the assumption that there is a fundamental opposition between literary (or poetical) language and ordinary language.
		Linguistics (the study of verbal signs and structures) is only one branch of semiotics but supplies the basic methods and terms which are used in the study of all other social sign systems (Abrams, p.
	www.kristisiegel.com /theory4.htm (3806 words)

	University of Chicago: Department of Anthropology: Courses and Workshops
		Prague Linguistic Circle theories, conveyed to North American audiences mostly via the work in English and presence of Roman Jakobson after World War II, are a well-acknowledged intellectual source for contemporary linguistic anthropology.
		A core category of the Circle’s linguistic theory is largely unknown to American scholars: “language culture” or “language cultivation” (jazykov� kult�ra).
		This paper considers linguistic evidence for the endurance of the collective as a model for the organization of work and workplace relationships in a situation that is usually framed as aggressively post-socialist, the "bazaar" or marketplace where independent merchants sell their wares in an enactment of (supposedly) cut-throat capitalism.
	anthropology.uchicago.edu /courses/michicago/2001.shtml (5079 words)

	yourDictionary.com.Comprehensive and Authoritative Language Portal
		This is the organization that determines the IPA phonetic symbols used to represent linguistic sounds accurately.
		Association of Linguistic Typology encourages the study of cross-linguistic diversity and the patterns underlying it.
		Linguistic Society of America is the major international linguistic association.
	www.yourdictionary.com /othrsite.html (857 words)

	John Benjamins: Book details for Prague Linguistic Circle Papers [PLCP 4]
		Prague Linguistic Circle Papers / Travaux du cercle linguistique de Prague N.S. viii, 376 pp.
		The fourth volume of the revived series of “Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Prague” brings three contributions (by J. Vachek, O. Leška and V. Skalička) connected with the classical period of the Prague School, as well as papers delivered at the conference “Function, Form, and Meaning: Bridges and Interfaces”, held in Prague in 1998.
		The volume represents a contribution to the continuing fruitful interaction between the work of the Prague School and the more and less closely related approaches of linguists in other countries.
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=PLCP_4 (308 words)

	Overview: Varieties of Formalism
		Remember that this is a linguistic theory, and that Saussure was not interested in literary analysis per se.
		The Prague School) was founded in the 1920s; its members were Eastern and Central European theorists (including the Russian Roman Jakobson; another prominent members was Jan Mukarovsky).
		Prague School analysis is most frequently employed on poems (the reasons probably have a lot to do with convenience).
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /wyrick/debclass/ovform.htm (1220 words)

	Markedness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Markedness is a linguistics concept that developed out of the Prague School (also known as the Prague linguistic circle).
		A marked form is a non-basic or less natural form.
		There are few strict criteria to determine which forms are considered more marked and which are not.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Markedness (224 words)

	Bohumil Trnka - WikiLingua (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Czech scholar Bohumil Trnka (3.6.1895 in Kletečná – 14.2.1984 in Prague), professor of English and older English literature at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, was one of the founders of the Prague Linguistic Circle (1926), its first secretary, and one of the most important representatives of the Prague Linguistic School.
		This comprehensive volume covers all main fields of his linguistic research: general linguistics, synchronic phonology, historical linguistics (diachronic phonology and morphology), synchronic morphology, syntax and style, and last but not least, statistical linguistics.
		On the 6th International Linguistic Congress in Paris (1948), Trnka was one of the nine elected members of the committee for linguistic statistics, which was established at the congress to promote quantitative research.
	www.uni-trier.de /uni/fb2/ldv/ldv_wiki/index.php/Bohumil_Trnka (604 words)

	Formalism: Russian and Prague schools
		The Formalist schools of linguistics have shed much light on the detailed texture of poems, but their theories remain contentious, generally lacking field studies or laboratory evidence.
		Metonymy, he announced, refers to the combination of linguistic units on the horizontal or syntagmatic axis.
		The critical theory of the Prague School is rich, diverse, and not easy to evaluate.
	www.textetc.com /theory/formalists.html (2301 words)

	99Impact
		When one examines attentively Jakobson's criticisms of Saussure's view of linguistic evolution, either in the «proposition 22» for the Congress in The Hague (1928) or in the «1929 Thesis» it is possible to bring out the strict opposition between both paradigms.
		He applies the notion of linguistic family to the anthropological concept of acculturation, which consists in the adaptation of cultural characters borrowed from a culture to another one.
		The peculiarity of neo-lamarckism intellectual atmosphere of the Prague Linguistic Circle is that for Trubetzkoy, Jakobson and Savickij, it was not important to know if a cultural organism chosed its physical environment or on the contrary if the physical environment thoroughly determined the cultural organism.
	www2.unil.ch /slav/ling/recherche/biblio/99Impact.html (2825 words)

	Prague linguistic circle: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Structuralism is an approach that grew to become one of the most widely used methods of analyzing language, culture, philosophy of mathematics, and society in the second...
		Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study....
		The PLC included Russian emigrés such as Roman Jakobson[For more facts and a topic of this subject, click this link], EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/prague_linguistic_circle.htm (223 words)

	MLLL5063Dictionary
		Friedrich Schleiermacher in Romantic period: the "hermeneutical circle": The circe is the movement from a guess at a 'whole' meaning of a work to an analysis of its parts in relation to the whole, followed by a return to a modified understanding of the 'whole' of the work.
		The prague School was to unite Russian Formalism with Saussurean linguistics and developed a concept of structure.
		De Saussure is regarded as having established linguistics as a science by minimizing the importance of the concept of reference, to view language as an independent system.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /L/A-Robert.R.Lauer-1/MLLL5063Dictionary.html (4315 words)

	Toronto Slavic Quarterly: A Suticase Full of Manuscripts: Petr Bogatyrev and his legacy
		Bogatyrev's later works especially those written in Prague in the thirties increasingly show the semiotic tendency of the so-called Prague School, i.e., the Prague Linguistic Circle founded in 1926.
		The first, introduced by the theorist of the Prague Linguistic Circle, Jan Mukařovský;, is devoted to the memories of Bogatyrev's friends and colleagues from different periods of his life.
		The Russian formalists as well as their colleagues in the Prague Linguistic Circle were active participants in the cultural life of the places they lived in.
	www.utoronto.ca /tsq/09/ambros09.shtml (1007 words)

	LINGUIST List 8.1394: Functional & Systemic
		Especially in American linguistics, function and structure are often viewed almost as polar opposites; in addition, structure is often understood as being only a matter of linguistic form - or expression - as opposed to content.
		In the present volume, nine Czech linguists and eight authors from abroad present new ideas in various domains from basic properties of the system of language to discourse types and to history of linguistics in the 20th century.
		Fundamental issues of structural linguistics are discussed by C.H. van Schooneveld and F. Cermak, those of quantitative linguistics by M. Tesitelova, of sentence structure by H.-H. Lieb, Y. Tobin, J. Panevova, T. Gross and J.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/8/8-1394.html (522 words)

	Rene Wellek - premier scholar of literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is likely that he is the premier scholar of literature in modern times because he combined all-round mastery of the specialisms of modern literary studies, with encyclopaedic reading in several languages, clear writing, a humane vision and commitment to reason.
		Ren Wellek's father moved from Prague to work as a government lawyer in Vienna, the capital of the massive Austo-Hungarian empire.
		In 1918 the Welleks moved to Prague where the high school taught literature in three languages, Latin, German and Czech.
	www.the-rathouse.com /ReneWellek.html (1198 words)

	Prague linguistic circle - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Prague linguistic circle
		Group of linguists, including the Russian-born Roman Jakobson and the Russian Nicolai Trubetzkoy (1890–1938), who were active in Prague in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
		Their theory of phonology (the study of sounds in languages) analysed sounds into sets of oppositions.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Prague+linguistic+circle (105 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		For a linguistic theory to be functional, it must be explicative and critical, it must go beyond the limits of a simply descriptive and taxonomic approach to language analysis, and to achieve this it must reckon with the social processes of linguistic production in relation to a critical theory of ideology.
		For a linguistic theory that goes beyond the dualism of competence and experience and of deep structures and surface structures, Ponzio draws on suggestions from Peirce and his particular sign theory.
		The "interpretive linguistic theory" (ideated for application to both verbal and nonverbal signs) explains one's ability to comprehend the utterance or verbal sign in general in terms of its relation to another utterance that interprets it, an utterance acting as interpretant in Peirce's sense.
	www.semioticon.com /semiotix/semiotix5/newsletterindex5.htm (10006 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Defended her CSc thesis ("candidate of sciences") on negation and presupposition in the semantic structure of the sentence in 1976 and her DrSc thesis ("doctor of sciences") on the semantic structure of the sentence in 1987; both academic degrees were received in general linguistics at the Faculty of Philosophy, Charles University, Prague.
		Chairperson of the organizing committee of the COLING conference in 1982 in Prague and of the International Summer School in Computational Linguistics in 1991 in Prague.
		Principal investigator of several large-scale projects in the past, Eva Hajièová is currently the main investigator of a large project on semi-automatic machine translation from English to Czech within the Academic Initiative of IBM and of the project concerning automatic retrieval from full-text documents.
	www.racai.ro /awd/awd9/hajikoval.html (384 words)

	[No title]
		II Prague With the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, the Welleks (and infant Elizabeth) moved to the ancient cathedral city of Prague, that picturesque settlement at the entrance to Eastern Europe.
		V London Since prospects for a professorship at Prague seemed remote, Wellek from 1935 to 1939 was Lecturer in Czech Language and Literature at the School of Slavonic Studies of the University of London.
		At the center of his convictions were the autonomy of the aesthetic experience, the human meaning of art, the necessity for responsible interpretation, the interdependence of theory and experience, and the interconnection of analysis, interpretation, and evaluation.
	www.the-rathouse.com /THE_CAREER_OF_RENE_WELLEK.doc (4515 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.459: History of Ling, Ling Semiotics, Socioling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It concentrates on linguistic forms and constructions which are remarkably different in each language despite the fact that they share the same familiar classifications and labels.
		It is argued that these so-called universal concepts function differently in each language system because they belong to distinct language-specific semantic domains which are marked by different sets of semantic features.
		Of particular importance is the quantification of an individual's relationship to an emerging ideology of language standardization, and the way that relationship interacts with written language variation.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/6/6-459.html (320 words)

	Roman Jakobson
		His first area of work that was recorded was the Moscow Minguistic Circle in 1915 and the Prague Linguistic Circle in 1926.
		Last but not least, linguistic universals are the study of the general features of language in the world.
		It is hard to sum up Roman Jakobson’s work in just a few words as he studied many areas and worked with wide variety of people throughout many years of his work.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/fghij/jakobson_roman.html (355 words)

	CHAPTER VII
		To this he added knowledge of the Russian Formal School and of functional linguistics as developed in the Prague Linguistic Circle during the second half of the 1920s.
		The recent resurgence of the Prague School of Structuralism occurred in a situation in which "Classical" Structuralism was taken over critically by Post-structuralism, Neo-structuralism, Deconstructionism, Post-modernism.
		The structurally oriented activity of the Prague Linguistic Circle was terminated at the end of 1948; from the beginning of the 50s Structuralism was unambiguously rejected by the official Stalinist ideology, and Mukaovský disclaimed Structuralism in 1951.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series04/IVA-4/chapter_vii.htm (4505 words)

	Introduction to Modern Literary Theory
		Archetypes, according to Jung, are "primordial images"; the "psychic residue" of repeated types of experience in the lives of very ancient ancestors which are inherited in the "collective unconscious" of the human race and are expressed in myths, religion, dreams, and private fantasies, as well as in the works of literature (Abrams, p.
		Some common examples of archetypes include water, sun, moon, colors, circles, the Great Mother, Wise Old Man, etc. In terms of archetypal criticism, the color white might be associated with innocence or could signify death or the supernatural.
		These linguistic movements began in the 1920s, were suppressed by the Soviets in the 1930s, moved to Czechoslovakia and were continued by members of the Prague Linguistic Circle (including Roman Jakobson (YAH-keb-sen), Jan Mukarovsky, and René Wellek).
	www.kristisiegel.com /theory.htm (6076 words)

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